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TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE
IN
SOUTH-EAST AFRICA
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE
IN
SOUTH-EAST AFRICA
BEING THE NARRATIVE OF THE LAST ELEVEN YEARS SPENT BY
THE AUTHOR ON THE ZAMBESI AND ITS TRIBUTARIES ; WITH
AN ACCOUNT OF THE COLONISATION OF MASHUNALAND
AND THE PROGRESS OF THE GOLD INDUSTRY
IN THAT COUNTRY
BY
FREDERICK COURTENEY SELOUS, C.M.Z.S.
GOLD MEDALLIST OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY
AUTHOR OF
' A hunter's WANDERINGS IN AFRICA '
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAP
THIRD EDITION
LONDON
ROWLAND WARD AND CO., LIMITED
'THE JUNGLE,' i66 PICCADILLY
1893
All rights reserved
552401
<i /2 S>
TO
ALL THOSE
WHO TOOK PART IN
THE EXPEDITION TO MASHUNALAND,
IN REMEMBRANCE OF
THE GREAT ENTERPRISE IN WHICH WE WERE ALL
PRIVILEGED TO TAKE A PART,
I DEDICATE
THIS BOOK
PREFACE
In the following pages I have written the story of the
last eleven years of my travels in the interior of South
Africa. During the first six years of that period,
namely, from the beginning o£„l882. tCLthe^ad of 1887,^
I was principally engaged in collecting specimens of the
magnificent fauna which once abounded throughout the
land, but many forms of which are day by day becoming
scarcer, whilst some, alas ! are already verging upon
extinction. My occupation naturally led me into parts
of the country where game was still plentiful, and as in
South Africa wherever there is game there are lions too,
I now and then encountered some of these animals, and
had one or two interesting experiences with them, of all
of which I have given some account. The first nine
chapters of the book deal with the experiences of these
six years ; but in addition to lion stories and hunting
adventures, there will be found much matter of more
general interest, such as some notes upon my own
personal experiences amongst the South African Boers ;
accounts ^f the two expeditions sent against the Batau-
wani by Lo Bengula ; the devastations committed by
the Matabili in Mashunaland ; notes upon the Bushmen,
etc.
b
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
Chapters XL, XII., and XIII. deal with accounts of
journeys beyond the Zambesi to the countries of the
Mashukulumbwi and Barotsi tribes. My experiences
amongst the former people were eminently unpleasant at
the time, but have supplied me with the materials for
two chapters that may be of interest to those of my
readers who appreciate tales of adventure.
All the remaining chapters, with the exception of the
last two, which are devoted to a narration of hunting
reminiscences, some of which date back to many years
ago, deal with the past history and present condition of
Mashunaland. The gold industry of Mashunaland is
still in its infancy, but that the gold is there is, I think,
no longer doubted in the best-informed circles of the
London financial world. Before this work is through
the press the first sectiorr~oPthe railway from the east
coast to Mashunaland will be completed through the
district infested by the deadly "tse-tse" fly, and will, it is
to be hoped, be carried on from there into the heart of
the country without delay. Mining machinery will then
be poured into the gold-producing districts, and it is not
too much to hope and expect that before the end of this
century large mining towns will have sprung up in each
of the gold-bearing districts. Each of these mining
centres will support a large farming population, so that
as the mining towns grow so will the land be occupied
and cultivated, till at no distant date the homesteads
of British and South African settlers will be scattered
throughout the length and breadth of the breezy downs
of Mashunaland. Thaji-England owes-theacquisition of
this rich country — this new land of such great projnise
PREFACE
ind such immeasurable possibilities — to the wisdom,
bresight, and strength of purpose of Mr. Cecil Rhocles,
:Tie present Premier of the Cape Colony, is, I think,
ully recognised in this country. The knowledge that
many years of travel as a hunter and collector of natural
history specimens had given me of the topographical
features of the country, enaljled me to play my part in
the actual occupation of Mashunaland, and that I may
yet live to see that far-off country, endeared to me by
so many stirring reminiscences, grow and increase in
prosperity until it has become a rich and prosperous
portion of the British Empire, is my most earnest desire.
Some chapters of this book have already appeared
in print in the shape of articles to the Field newspaper,
and I have to thank the editor of that publication for
his kindness in allowing me to reprint them here. My
best thanks are also due to Messrs. Armour, Lodge,
Whymper, and Wolf, for the care and trouble they have
bestowed on the drawings depicting hunting scenes and
phases of native life, with which the book is illustrated.
The representations of hunting scenes and other inci-
dents of adventure were all drawn from my own oral
descriptions, and much care has been bestowed upon
them. I am indebted to the kindness of the President
and Council of the Royal Geographical Society for the
map at the end of the book, which I hope will enable
my readers to follow my routes ; and also for some of
the plates representing scenes on the Zambesi and in
Mashunaland, which were originally produced by the
Society to illustrate a paper written by myself, entitled
" Twenty Years in Zambesi," which appeared in the
X TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
Geographical Journal for April 1893. My best thanks
are also due to_Messrs. E. A. Maund, W. Franceys, and-
WTEllertOn Fry, for the numerous photographs of views
taken by them in the interior of Africa, all of which
were generously placed at my disposal from which to
select suitable subjects for illustrations.
The manuscript of the book has been most carefully
read over by Mr. John Coles, F.R.A.S., the Map
Curator of the Royal Geographical Society, and travel-
editor of the Field newspaper, who has always taken
more than a friendly interest in my career as a hunter,
naturalist, and explorer. At his suggestion I have
adopted the spelling of native names recommended by
the Royal Geographical Society.
Finally my thanks are due to my publishers, Messrs.
Rowland Ward and Co., for the great pains they have
taken to turn out the book in the best possible manner.
The best artists procurable have been employed, and Mr.
Rowland Ward has himself spent much time in personally
supervising the many spirited drawings which cannot but
add to any value the book may have.
The Author.
Wargrave.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
Return to England in l88r — Mandy's ostrich farm near Port Elizabeth — Resolve
to give up hunting — Return to South Africa — Variety entertainment at Port
Elizabeth — Go to Kimberley — My horse Diamond — African horse sickness —
Ride to Klerksdorp — Dutch hospitality — Notes on the Boers — Reach Klerks-
dorp and fit out expedition to the interior — Meet Mr. Arnot — ^Journey through
the Transvaal — Reach De Lange's farm — A snake-stone — Proceed to the Lim-
popo— Death of my horse Diamond — Dry weather — Antelope - shooting —
Butterfly-collecting — Ox killed by crocodile — Death of Bems Niemand.
Page I
CHAPTER II
Drought and heat — Determine to ride on to Bamangwato — Lions heard roaring —
Ride by moonlight — Moruling " vley " dry — Off saddle at the Brack Reeds —
Adventure with lioness — Reach Bamangwato — Kindness of Khama — Rainy
weather sets in — Return to my waggon — Form hunting camp in Mashunaland
— Shoot three sable antelopes — Set gun for hya:na — Gun goes off without
result — Lions ! lions ! the lions have caught the big dog — Sable antelope skins
carried off by lions — Waiting for daybreak — Unsuccessful search for the lions —
Return to camp — Set guns for the lions — Blucher comes back — But eventually
dies — Hysena shot — Shoot three tsessebe antelopes — Lion shot — Ride on to a
second lion — Wound the lion — Lose sight of him, and follow up his spoor —
Laer in trouble — Second lion killed — Another hyiena shot . . Page 19
CHAPTER III
Collecting specimens of natural history — Meet Mr. and Mrs. Dorehill — Shoot
leopard — Start for the Zambesi — Reach Manyanga's village — Timidity of the
natives — Shoot sable antelope — Chikasi's village — My donkey is killed by
hyienas — Cross the Mutiki river — Reach Se-fu-pi's — Mount Inyambari —
Descend to the valley of the Zambesi — The Umsengaisi river — Impala ante-
lopes— Reach the Zambesi — Jose Miguel Lobo — Start for Zumbo — Pass Peri-
zengi's town — Black rhinoceros spoor — Sleep at Matakania's town — Cross the
Panyami — A jovial host — Reach Kanyemba's — Arrival at Zumbo — Hospitality
of the Portuguese — Collecting butterflies on the River Loangwa — Ruins of old
Zumbo — Start for Mashunaland — Wild jasmine bushes — Cross the River Angwa
xii TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
— Desertion of our guide — A rough country — Fever^Get back to my waggon
— Return to Matabililand and tlie Transvaal — Revisit Mashunaland in 1883 —
Form hunting camp on the Manyami river .... Page 44
CHAPTER IV
Prepare for journey to the Mazoe and Sabi rivers — Lichtenstein's hartebeest — Shoot
wart-hog and tsessebe antelope — Shoot roan antelope cow with fine horns —
Eland-hunting — Large wart-hog shot — Cross the Manyami — Fine country —
Devastations of the Matabili — Ostrich-shooting — Find ostrich's nest — Wound
cock ostrich — A cold wet night — Resume my journey — Roan antelope shot —
Reach Sadza's villages — Eland - hunting — Hya;na carries off eland skin —
Hyaena killed — Another eland shot — Skin spoilt by the natives — Reach the
Sabi — Description of natives of this district — Search for Lichtenstein's hartebeest
— Mount Gato — Cross the Masheki — Large baboon shot — Scarcity of game —
Cross the Sabi — Black rhinoceros shot — Lion heard at night — Return to main
camp ........... Page 72
CHAPTER V
First expedition sent by Lo Bcngula against the Batauwani — Difficulties of the
journey — Expedition only partially successful — Vitality of .savages — Failure of
the second expedition to Lake Ngami — Pulinglela, a brother of Lo Bengula,
shot — Many Matabili drowned in the Botletli — Horrors of the return journey
across the desert — Murder of Buslmien — The Mas.irwas — Their language —
Racial affinities — Weapons, etc. — Great antiquity of the Bushman race — Re-
searches of Dr. Hillier — Further notes on the M.asarwas — Their sense ofi
locality — The Bakalahari — Chameluga, the wizard of Situngweesa — Prosperity \
of his people — Their country devastated by the Matabili — Murder of Chame- I
luga — Escape of his son — Flight of liis people — Massacre of Mashunas on |
the Bembisan river ......... Page 10 1
CHAPTER VI
Break up camp — Waggon breaks down — Send Laer to Grant's camp for another
wheel — Follow on horseback — Laer meets five lions — Return to my waggons
— .Shoot a leopard — Oxen attacked by a lion at the Umfuli — Laer kills
the lion — Move camp to the River Zweswi — Shoot another large lion —
Return to Matabililand — The Sea-Cow row — Unjust treatment at the hands of
the Matabili .......... Page 118
CHAPTER VII
Return to the Transvaal — Meet Mr. Montagu Kerr — We travel together to Mata-
bililand— Mr. Kerr starts for Lake Nyassa — Journey to the Mababi — Man-
eating lion — Another lion story — Return to Sode Gara — Giraffe -hunting —
A tropical thunderstorm — Meet Mr. Watson — Trek out to Tati . Page 139
CHAPTER VIII
Ride to Bulawayo — Exposure to rain — Determine to hunt in Maslrunaland again —
Make an early start for the hunting veld — The white rhinoceros — My best
CONTENTS
shooting horse lamed — Cross the Umniati rh-er — Reach the Umgezi — The
klipspringer antelope — Lioness shot on the Umgezi river — Reach the Zweswi
— Large herd of elephants — Hya;na shot — Zebra wounded — A day with the
elephants — Six elephants killed ...... Page 155
CHAPTER IX
Chop out the tusks of the dead elephants — Immense numbers of vultures — The
stallion lame — Resolve to proceed to the Manyami river — Form a main camp —
Game plentiful — Hyaena shot — My big cauldron — Trek to Golodaima's kraals —
Another hyiena shot — Hyaena killed at the Tchangani river — Find the big bull
elephant — Shoot another fine bull — Obtain specimens of Lichtenstein's harte-
beest — Return to Matabililand — A sable antelope amongst the cattle — Several
of our best dogs are killed — Danger of approaching wounded antelopes.
Page 1 80
CHAPTER X
Return to England in 1 886 — Another hunting expedition to Mashunaland — Twelve
lions shot — Discovery of the caves of Sinoia — Various journeys made from the
main camp on the Manyami river — Return to the Transvaal — Start for the
Zambesi — Reach Panda-ma-tenka — Civil war in the Barotsi country — Letter
from Mr. Arnot — Cross the Zambesi at Wankie's — Death of Daniel — Reach
Shampondo's — Have trouble with the Batongas — Their extortionate character —
Death of Father Teroede — Murder of David Thomas — Reach tlie River Muga
— Two impala antelopes shot — Zebra (Burchell's) shot — Scarcity of game —
Hire fresh guides — Return of Shamedza's men .... Page 195
CHAPTER XI
A rough country — Scarcity of water and game — Surefootedness of the donkey — Death
from acute dysentery — The country improves — Obtain guides to Monzi's — Roan
antelope shot — Herd of wildebeests seen — Pleasant travelling — Delightful
climate — Abundance of game — Reach Monzi's — Friendly relations with the
people — Proceed northwards — The first Mashukulumbwi village — Interview
with Sikabenga's men — Cross the Magoi-ee river — Reach the Ungwesi — Shoot
three Lichtenstein's hartebeests — Arrival at Minenga's village — A musical
entertainment — Shoot zebras and hartebeest — Description of the Mashuku-
lumbwi— Night attack on our camp — Escape into the long grass — Alone in
Central Africa — Swim across the Magoi-ee river — Commence a lonely journey.
Page 209
CHAPTER XII
Reach our first camp on the Magoi-ee river — Await the arrival of some of my own
people — Proceed on my journey — Shoot a wildebeest — Suffering from cold —
Reach a small native village — Lose my rifle — Narrowly escape getting shot —
Reach Monzi's — Resolve to make for Sikabenga's town — Experiences by the
way — Arrive at Sikabenga's — .Start for Panda-ma-tenka — Arrive at Shoma's —
Fall in with Paul and Charley — Twelve of my people killed — Escapes of the
survivors — Recross the Zambesi — Reach Panda-ma-tenka — Some explanations
concerning the attack on my camp ...... Page 226
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
CHAPTER XIII
Resolve to visit the Barotsi chief Lewanika — Shoot five elands — Meet Harry
Ware — Cross the Zambesi — Reacli the Kasaia river — Great abundance of
game — Horses frightened by zebras — Owl and chameleon — Reach Sesheki —
Kindness of the missionaries — Anecdote of Sepopo — The Loanja swamp —
Uninteresting country — Scarcity of game — Cross the Lumbi river — The mission
station at Sefula — Visit to Lialui — Lewanika, chief of the Barotsi — Mr.
Coillard — The Barotsi valley — Natives saluting the chief — Unhealthiness of the
climate — Embark on the Zambesi — Bird life on the river — Visit to the grave
of Nonambing — Pleasing scenery — Elephants and buffaloes — The Falls of
Gonyi — Canoe capsized by a hippopotamus — Loss of goods — Pass the Nambwi
rapids — Arrive at Kazungula — Great drought — ^Journey to and arrival at
Bamangwato ......... Page 244
CHAPTER XIV
Arrange for journey to the Upper Mazoe — Mr. Edward Burnett — Mr. Thomas — A
trip home to England — Take passage for Quillimani — Description of town —
Portuguese custom-liouse — Boat journey up the Quaqua river — Reach the
Zambesi — Start for Tete — Pass Shupanga — And Sena — Scarcity of animal life —
Bush-buck shot — Lions heard — The Lupata gorge — Pass the mouth of the
Ruenya — Reach Tete — Portuguese system of government on the Zambesi —
Secure a good interpreter — Difficulty of olitaining carriers — Rumours of war —
Abandon tlie idea of following the course of the Mazoe river . Page 264
CHAPTER XV
Leave Tete — Follow caravan route to Zumbo — Trouble with our carriers — Dry
country — Burnett sees a troop of lions — Lioness .shot — Reach Inya-tsu-tsu —
Mount Bungwi — Scarcity of water — Cross the I^uia river — Reach Rusambo's
— Collection of taxes — Wooden dishes for washing gold — Desertion of our
carriers — Reach Maziwa's — Our troubles with that chief — Return to Rusambo's
— Again start for Magomo — Reach Kandaya's — Arrival at Mapondera's — An
enterprising Indian — Obtain a mineral concession — Wild lemon - trees —
Profusion of wildflowers — The source of the Mazoe — Scarcity of game.
Page 278
CHAPTER XVI
Mount Hampden — Return to Inyota — Wildflowers — Journey down the Mazoe —
Cross the River Inyagui — Hippopotamus shot — Rejoin Mr. Thomas at Ru-
sambo's— Return to the Mazoe — A stockaded town — Pass Sanyara's — Burnett
sees five lions — Reach the Ruenya — IIippopotamus-.shooting — A freshwater
shark caught — Return to Tete — Interview with the Portuguese Governor —
Portuguese hospitality — Leave Tete — Reach Vicenti — Down the Quaqua to
Quillimani — Go on board the Courland — Return to Cape Town Page 294
CHAPTER XVII
Portuguese claim to Mashunaland — Lord Salisbury's proclamation — Expeditions of
Colonel d'Andrada and Lieutenant Cordon — Letter to the Selous syndicate —
Interview with Mr. Rhodes — Scheme for the occupation of Mashunaland — Letter
to the Times .......... Page 309
/~
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XVIII
Mashunaland — Its topographical features — Ancient inhabitants, industries, and
antiquities .......... Page 326
CHAPTER XIX
Mashunaland {continued) — History of, in modern times — Occupation of the country
by Europeans — Climatic and sanitary conditions — Material progress since 1890
— The gold industry, ancient and modern — Dr. Jameson, the Administrator.
rage 343
CHAPTER XX
The expedition to Mashunaland (continued) ..... Page 356
CHAPTER XXI
The expedition to Mashunaland (continued) ..... Page 369
CHAPTER XXII
History of the occupation of Manica by the British South Africa Company.
Page 383
CHAPTER XXIII
Reach Fort Salisbury — Write a supplement for the Graphic — Its fate — Report of
a journey to Motoko's country, and the conclusion of a treaty with that chief.
Page 395
CHAPTER XXIV
Travel from Motoko's country to Umtali — Find the Odzi river impassable — Resolve
to set about cutting a new road to Salisbury — Freedom from sickness- — The
right sort of men — Mr. Armstrong and Mr. Coope — Reach Salisbury — Rumours
of wars — Leave again for Manica — Reach Umtali after the fight is over —
Account of the attack on Captain Heyman's position by the Portuguese — Start
for Umliwan's — Arrival there — Visit the Revui river in search of hippo-
potami— Plorses attacked by tse-tse flies — Return to Umtali — Ox killed by
lions — Night adventure with five lions — Account of my various employments
during a year's service with the British .South Africa Co.npany — Lion shot —
Elephant shot — Return to England ..... Page 405
CHAPTER XXV
Remarks concerning the relative merits of large and small bore rifles — Some
hunting reminiscences ........ Page 428
CHAPTER XXVI
Further hunting reminiscences ....... Page 449
LiCHTENSTEIN'S HARTEBEEST HEAD.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FULL PAGE
Portrait of Author
Frontispiece
PAGE
Lichtenstein's Hartebeest Head .......
The Author playing Zither in Boer Farmhouse . . . .
Laer and the Lion ..........
Leopard feeding on Rhi.noceros Carcase . . . . .
"My dog Punch tried to seize him by the ear" . . . . .
Ostrich and Nest
Laer meets Five Lions .........
"Just within the bush the dogs again lirought him to bay alongside a large
■ant-hill, and I galloped round in front of him " .
"When within about one hundred yards, as they still stood defiant, and one
of them, a very fine dark - skinned animal with a handsome mane,
seemed particularly furious, I slightly turned my horse's head, so as to
pass them at a distance of sixty or seventy yards "
Herd of Gemsbuck ......
Granite Rock in Southern Mashunaland, with t
the Pioneer Expedition in the Foreground
Cave of Sinoia (Underground Lake)
Waggon Team starting for Interior
Alone in Africa ......
Rejoin the Remnant of mv own People
View on the Zambesi below the Victoria Falls
View on the Zambesi above the Victoria Falls
HE Waggons of
XVI
II
41
45
77
83
119
13"
145
149
163
"93
"99
227
239
247
255
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
301
349
PAGE
Mapondera, a Chief of the Makori-kori 2S9
Wounded Hippopotamus attacking the Carcase of one pre-
viously SHOT ..........
Facsimile {\ size) ok the two first Sheets of the first News-
paper EVER published IN MaSHUNALAND .....
"My joy may therefore be imagined when I saw that the most superb
specimen of a koodoo bull that my eyes had ever looked upon lay dead
before me " . . • . • • ■ • 3^5
"A little later on, having resumed our march, we sighted a herd of giraffes
stalking quietly through the forest in front of us. There were sixteen of these
stately beasts in all, and a grand sight it was to view so many together" 457
IN THE TEXT
I' AGE
Ant-Heap .... 25
Native Village, Mashunaland 49
Rock Paintings in Mashunaland 72
Umhlamela, Daughter of Lo
Bengula . . . .102
Matahii.i Warrior . . • 115
Native Battle-Axes . -138
Bartering with Natives . 155
A Kopje 180
Cornelis van Rooyen . .184
Head of an African Elephant 187
Native Household Utensils . 192
Mashukulumhwi Village 209
Mashukulumbwi Warrior . 220
Cape Buffalo .... 262
Ruins on the Lower Mazoe
River ..... 264
Mashuna Village . . . 278
Granite Boulder, Mashunaland 293
Lunti River, looking East . 309
Team crossing Lunti River . 310
Salisbury, Mashunaland . 326
Portion of Wall of the An
ciENT Temple of Zimbabwi
First Engine-House and Bat
tery erected on the Tati
GOLD-FlELDS .
First Houses in Umtali
Mr. S. H. Edwards
Khama ....
Road from Salisbury T(
Manica ....
Major P. W. Forbes
Salisbury, Mashunaland
Umtali Valley
Bathing in the Pungwi River
A Slumbering Lion
Black Rhinoceros Drinking
Facsimile of the Piece of
Wood which entered the
Author's Face (actual size)
Lioness watching Herd of
Antelopes . . . .
Native Stools and Meat Dishes
from the Barotsi Valley,
Upper Zambesi
332
337
343
358
370
381
389
395
404
409
421
436
441
444
477
1
^
CHAPTER I
Return to England in 1881 — Mandy's ostrich farm near Port Elizabeth — Resolve
to give up hunting — Return to South Africa — Variety entertainment at Port
Elizabeth — Go to Kimberley — My horse Diamond — African horse sickness —
Ride to Klerksdorp — Dutch hospitality — Notes on the Boers — Reach Klerks-
dorp and fit out expedition to the interior — Meet Mr. Arnot — Journey through
the Transvaal — Reach De Lange's farm — A snake-stone — Proceed to the Lim-
popo— Death of my horse Diamond — Dry weather — Antelope shooting —
Butterfly collecting — Ox killed by crocodile — Death of Berns Niemand.
When on my way home to England in March 1881, I spent
a few days with my old friend and companion of former years
in the interior, Mr. Frank Mandy. At that time he was
managing an ostrich farm near Port Elizabeth in the eastern
province of the Cape Colony, and I found the details of his
work most interesting, and saw too that with ordinary luck it
was a very paying business. Indeed, no kind of industry has
ever paid so well in South Africa as ostrich farming, before it
became overdone, and the price of feathers sank so low that
on most farms the cost of feeding the birds took all the profits.
Then there was a general collapse, many farmers lost heavily,
and ostriches could be bought for a fewer number of shillings
than they had cost pounds only a short time before. After
this ostrich farming found its proper level amongst the in-
dustries of the Colony, and in certain districts, where certain
natural conditions exist, it still pays better than any other
kind of farming. Finding Mandy so comfortably settled with
every prospect of speedily becoming a well-to-do man, made
me think seriously about my own future. I had already spent
ten years of my life elephant-hunting in the interior, and every
year elephants were becoming scarcer and wilder south of the
B
2 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Zambesi, so that it had become almost impossible to make a
living by hunting at all. Was the game worth the candle ?
and would it not be better to follow my friend's example, to
bid adieu to savage beasts and barbarous men, and settle down
and become a respectable citizen ? These were the questions I
asked myself, and when Mr. B , a well-known merchant of
Port Elizabeth, for whom my friend Mandy was managing the
ostrich farm, offered me the management of another farm on
which he wished to try cattle and donkey breeding, I agreed to
return from England before the end of the year to settle down
in the Cape Colony, and resolved that the wild wandering life
of an elephant-hunter should be to me but a dream of the past.
I went home and spent some months in England, and of
course often visited the Natural History department of the
British Museum, where Dr. Gunther and Mr. Oldfield Thomas
showed me how old and dilapidated were many of the speci-
mens of South African mammals, and how many noble forms
were not represented at all ; and I took a note of what I ought
to get should I ever visit the interior again. But I did not in-
tend to go ; I was going to settle down on a farm ; that was
determined. I also received a lot of orders from a dealer in
natural history specimens, which I made a note of, without any
idea that I should ever be able to fulfil them.
In November i88i I returned to the Cape, and the first
thing I heard on landing was that Mr. B was dead, and
that he had died a ruined man, having lost all his money in
speculations on the diamond fields. Mandy was still on the
farm, managing for the gentleman who had taken it over after
Mr. B 's death. Thither I went as quickly as the good
steamer Spartan could take me. During the few months I had
been away ostrich farming had reached and passed the meridian
of its prosperity, the collapse had set in, and the effects of the
sudden depression were being felt throughout the eastern pro-
vince of the Cape Colony. I remained for a short time on my
friend's farm, and one evening went in to Port Elizabeth to see an
exhibition of mesmerism given by Professor B . The hall
was well filled, and the Professor commenced an interesting per-
formance, aided by an assistant. Presently a man, who may have
been a sailor in plain clothes, and who was certainly much the
AN IMPROMPTU PERFORMANCE
worse for liquor, insisted upon ascending the stage in order to
test the genuineness of the Professor's power. He was of
course objected to, but he was in that condition when a man is
not easily gainsaid, and he ultimately overrode all opposition and
seated himself in a chair on the stage, and soon afterwards sank
into a semi-comatose condition. When aroused by the assistant
approaching him and making some passes near his face, he had
evidently quite forgotten his surroundings, and thought the mes-
merist wanted to fight. Springing from his chair, he at once
squared up to his adversary, and after first pouring an awful
volley of language upon him, struck him a heavy blow in the
face. The poor assistant was at first dazed, but he was a stout-
built fellow, and, soon recovering himself, he threw off his dress-
coat and waistcoat, and, turning up his shirt sleeves, squared up
to the sailor, who had been waiting for him, but had never
ceased to pour out a continuous flood of " language " all the
time. There was now a general stampede in the stalls ; but
cries of encouragement re-echoed from the gallery, and both the
sailor and the mesmerist had many partisans. The latter was
just closing with his adversary, than whom, to give him his due,
he was much more fluent and ea.sy with his oaths, when the
curtain was let down. In company with some other men, I
jumped on the stage and went behind the curtain, where we
found the combatants in the grasp of policemen and others who
had been hastily summoned. The wordy warfare, which was
of a very strong character, continued as long as I remained
there, and altogether I think I never saw a more amusing im-
promptu performance.
Whilst I remained with Mandy I did my best to try and
get something to do, but a period of depression and retrench-
ment had set in, and nobody I knew could help me. Besides,
they all said, " Oh ! you'll get tired of a quiet life in six months'
time, and want to wander away into the interior again." Per-
haps they were right. At any rate, the only way left for me
to make a living was by obtaining the specimens of large
I animals for which I had received orders from the British, and
South African Museums, and from the London dealer, so I
determined to at once fit out an expedition for the purpose.
My first step was to proceed to Klerksdorp in the Trans-
f
4 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
vaal, where I knew that my old friend Mr. Thomas Leask
would give me every assistance in his power to carry out my
plans. I reached Kimberley by rail and coach, and there met
the late Mr. H. C. Collison, who had just come down from a
hunting expedition in Mashunaland. He informed me that he
had left his waggon-driver, a half-caste man named Norris, and
several Matabili boys in Klerksdorp, who, as they all knew me,
would be delighted to return with me to the interior. In Kim-
berley I bought a very fine young stallion, that was supposed to
be "salted," as whilst in Bechwanaland the preceding year it had
contracted, and recovered from the less virulent of the two forms
of horse sickness prevalent in South Africa. These two forms
of horse sickness are known as the "din ziekte" and the "dik-kop
ziekte " (thin sickness and thick head sickness). The former
is more prevalent than the latter in Griqua land, the south-
western Transvaal, and in Southern Bechwanaland, whereas
farther north the thick head type, in which the head swells, is
the common form. The latter is the more deadly of the two,
and should a horse contract it and recover from it he is
thoroughly " salted," and you need have no fear of his con-
tracting the milder disease. On the other hand, should a horse
be " salted " only for the " thin sickness," and you take him to
the northern Transvaal, or to the countries north of that state,
he will very likely contract the " thick head sickness," to
which he will in all probability succumb. Thus it was with
my poor Diamond. I never owned a more likely young horse,
and had he only lived he would have been invaluable to me, as
when I bought him he was only four years old, a strong, well-
made animal, with good bottom, and pretty fast, and withal the
gentlest beast I have ever possessed. As he had grown up
amongst the dynamite explosions continually going on in Kim-
berley, he was never gun shy, and was an excellent shooting
horse from the first. He fell a victim, however, a few months
later to the fatal " dik-kop ziekte " at the River Tauwani
beyond Bamangwato, and by that time I had grown so fond of
him that I mourned his loss for many a day afterwards.
From Kimberley I rode up to Klerksdorp on Diamond,
sending my baggage by transport waggon. I tied a blanket
behind my saddle, and when the nights were fine, lay down
BOER HOSPITALITY
wherever I felt inclined, using my saddle for a pillow, and
having first put the hobbles on my horse, which never attempted
to stray but fed close round me all night. On wet nights — for
it was the middle of the rainy season — I always managed to
reach one or other of the roadside shanties, where food and
shelter could be obtained, which even in those pre-Johannes-
burg days were fairly numerous along the Transvaal roads. It
was on this journey that I met with the one single instance of
inhospitality that I have ever experienced from a South African
Dutchman, and after all I cannot blame the man, as after the
great influx of Europeans — not all good ones — into South
Africa, consequent upon the wonderful discoveries of diamond
and gold mines, the simple kindness and great hospitality for
which the Boers have always been noted was often shamefully
abused by unprincipled scoundrels, and it was no uncommon
thing for a Boer to wake up in the morning and to find that
the stranger, whom he had received as an honoured guest, and
who had eaten his bread and salt, had arisen in the night, and,
without wishing him good-bye, had gone off with the best horse
in his stable. Such an experience would be enough to sour
the nature of a rude but kindly Boer, and prejudice him
against all " uitlanders " for ever.
One wild stormy evening between sunset and dark I rode
up to a large well-built farmhouse in the Free State, and
inwardly congratulated myself on having reached shelter before
one of the dense black masses of cloud, which were dissolving
in torrents of rain all round me, had burst upon and drenched
me to the skin. Riding up to the front door, I greeted the
good-looking elderly Boer, evidently the owner of the farm,
with the usual " Good day, uncle," and at once asked him, " Kan
ik hier slaap van nacht?"("Can I sleep here to-night?"). I
was simply astounded when he commenced to make excuses,
saying his house was full, etc., for it was so very different from
the hearty " Kerl, saal maar aff, en kom binnen " (" Take your
saddle off, and come inside, my boy "), to which I had grown
I accustomed throughout the Transvaal. On first seeing me, no
doubt the old man thought that very probably I had stolen the
horse I was riding ; but noticing me more closely, and perhaps
feeling somewhat ashamed of himself, he so far relented as to
I
6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
say, " Gij kan maar, darum aff saal " (" You may, however, saddle
off"). Had I done so, and talked with him and his wife for a
bit, I have no doubt I should soon have overcome his suspicions
and obtained all I required — a supper and a shake down,
and a good feed for my horse ; but having, as I say, been
accustomed to the unquestioning hospitality of my friends the
Transvaal Boers, I was hurt and indignant at the old man's
suspicions ; so, taking off my hat, I made him a low bow, with-
out dismounting, and said, " Ik dank yo, om, voor yo groot
vrijndlijkhet, maar lieberster zal ik in de regcn gaan slaap, als
in en huis waar ik niet welkom is" ("I thank you, uncle, for
your great friendliness, but I would rather go and sleep in the
rain than in a house where I am not welcome ") ; then turning
my horse's head, I rode slowly away into the fast-gathering
darkness of a stormy night.
Before long the rain commenced to fall, but not very
heavily, though it soon grew very dark ; the road I was following
was, however, well defined, and the frequent flashes of lightning
would have enabled me to follow a much less well defined
track. After riding for about an hour, and no heavy rain
having yet fallen, 1 met some waggons loaded with firewood
for Kimbcrley, and learned from one of the drivers that there
was an " hotel " about three miles ahead. This place I pre-
sently reached, and found it to be a wattle-and-daub structure
of the roughest description. However, I was able to get some-
thing to eat, and a shake down, and Diamond was also put
under cover and got a good feed of forage. This, as I have
said before, is the only time that I have ever met with inhospi-
tality at the hands of a South African Boer, though experiences
of the same kind are no doubt common along the main roads
for the reasons I have given. Wherever their confidence has
not been abused, however, I say it without fear of contradiction,
no people in the world can be more genuinely kind and hospi-
table to strangers than the South African Dutch, whether in the
Transvaal, the Free State, or the Cape Colony ; and besides
hospitality they possess in such an eminent degree so many
of the qualities that Englishmen profess to admire, that, with a
better knowledge of one another, the two races would, I feel
sure, soon shake off their mutual prejudices, and agree to work
THE GREAT TREK
together for the common good and advancement of the
best interests of South Africa. So many writers on South
Africa have written disparagingly of the Dutch without any
real knowledge of the people themselves, their history, or their
language, that I feel that I, who, during the twenty years
which I have spent in that country, have been intimately
acquainted with many Boer families, have a right to say some-
thing on the subject.
As a young man before going out to the Cape, I spent
more than a year in Germany and Bavaria, and acquired a
fair knowledge of German, which I found of great assist-
ance to me in learning the Dutch patois spoken in South
Africa. Thus I very soon was able to talk easily and fluently
with the Boer hunters I met with in the interior. From the
lips of some of the old " voortrekkers " I heard the story of the
wrongs they suffered under the British administration of the
Cape Colony, which, culminating in the emancipation of the
slaves, and the payment to their owners of only about one-sixth
of the value at which they had been estimated by the com-
missioners employed for that purpose, plunged the whole
country into grief and dismay. Then the sterner spirits resolved
to submit no longer to uncongenial laws, administered by
officials who had no sympathy with the people they governed.
The great trek of 1836 was organised, and hundreds of brave
Dutchmen trekked away with their wives and their families,
their flocks and their herds, into the unknown wilderness beyond
the great Orange river, carrying with them a bitter hatred of
British rule, which still animates their descendants at the
present day. The history of the emigrant Boers, during the
first few years after they left the Cape Colony, is one of the
most romantic interest, and no people, in whose veins had run a
less heroic blood than the Boers had inherited from their Dutch
and French Huguenot ancestors, could have held their own
against, and finally triumphed over, the manifold difficulties
they had to encounter. Weinen (the place of weeping) in
Natal and Leydenberg (the hill of sorrow) in the Transvaal are
the names of two townships, laid out by the emigrant Boers,
which tell their own tale of the grief and suffering caused by
the massacres they suffered at the hands of the Zulus after the
8 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
treacherous murder of Pieter Retief and his comrades by
Dingan. The name of Blood river was given to the stream on
whose banks an army sent by the Zulu king to exterminate the
Boers was defeated by them with great slaughter on the i6th
of December 1838. Something of all these matters I have
heard from old men in the Transvaal, and I soon conceived a
strong sympathy for the simple kindly people who had so
sternly refused to submit to uncongenial laws, which feeling
became genuine admiration when I heard how they had rallied,
after the massacres perpetrated on outlying families by the
Zulus and the Amandibili, and had finally conquered Dingan,
and driven Umziligazi beyond the Transvaal.
A most interesting and carefully accurate book has been
written by Mr. G. Macall Theal entitled History of the Boers m
South Africa, which I would advise all my readers to study,
if they wish to know something of the people, in preference
to taking the opinion of some prejudiced Englishman on the
subject, who may have lived years in a place like Johannesburg
or Kimberley and yet know absolutely nothing about the Boers,
or understand a word of their language. No generous-minded
man can read this story without acknowledging that it is the
history of a people possessing all the qualities required to build
up a great nation. What the Boers want is education and
knowledge ; they have plenty of good natural qualities. Where,
I would ask, will you find more courteous or kindlier gentlemen
than amongst the educated Dutch of the Cape Colony ? many
of whom are nearly related by blood to the rough frontiersmen
of the northern Tran.svaal. I always think that the ordinary
tourist in South Africa, who after a six weeks' rush through the
country by rail and coach comes home and writes a book, gets
altogether a false idea of the country. He visits Cape Town,
Kimberley, and Johannesburg, in none of which places docs he
meet perhaps with any one who was not born in Europe ; he
sees nothing but English newspapcr.s, and hears nothing but
English or German spoken. Of the Boers he sees nothing at
all, unless he goes into the markets, where he will find some of
them in charge of the produce waggons with their long teams
of oxen ; and he comes home again impressed with the idea
that the English language is superseding the Dutch, and think-
THE BOERS
ing that before long the Dutch element will be swamped in
South Africa by the English. These conclusions are altogether
wrong. Throughout South Africa the people who live in the
towns such as Kimberley, Cape Town, and Johannesburg, are
English, Scotch, Germans, and Jews. The Dutch throughout
the country live out on their farms, and are not seen at all by
many tourists. In the whole of the Malmesbury district close
to Cape Town, one of the principal agricultural centres in the
Colony, there is not one single English or Scottish farmer, and
in the eastern districts the poorer farmers of British descent seem
to me to prefer to speak Dutch rather than English. In 1876
I travelled through the Colony from Port Elizabeth to Graaf
Reinet by waggon, in company with several transport riders,
all of them the sons of farmers in the eastern province, and all
of them English or Scotch by blood. They could all speak
English perfectly well, but amongst themselves they never used
any language but Dutch, and their children may possibly not
learn English at all. The South African Dutch, too, are one of
the most prolific races in the world, and very large families of
from twelve to sixteen children are not uncommon ; so that I
feel convinced that in South Africa the Dutch element will
never become swamped as it has been in America. However,
the South African of the future will have no cause to be
ashamed of his ancestry, whether they be English, Scotch, Dutch,
or French Huguenot. I myself have always got on so well with
the Boers, and Englishmen and Dutchmen are really so much
alike in thought and feeling, that I feel sure that all that is
required to make them work harmoniously together is a better
knowledge of one another than at present prevails. There are
good and bad amongst all nations, but it is as unreasonable to
say that the Boers arc a nation of inhuman brutes because one
of them may have committed a brutal crime (and this has been
often done), as to take Mr. Deeming or Jack the Ripper as a
fair specimen of an Englishman. The greater part of the Boers
I have known have been kind masters to their servants, though
they are severe with them if they offend. They treat the
natives, as do all colonists, as an inferior race, not as equals,
and there can be no doubt that they are perfectly right in
doing so. Granted that certain Kafirs arc better men than
lo TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, i
certain white men, the fact remains that as a whole the Kafirs
are an inferior people, and in their present state of development
are with some few exceptions only fit to be hewers of wood and
drawers of water. However, this is a difficult question, and one
which I am not competent to discuss. I will only say that in
my opinion the average Dutch Boer treats the natives in South
Africa quite as well as the average Englishman.
When I first went out to South Africa I used to play a
little Bavarian instrument — the zither — and I kept up my
playing for many years, and when travelling through the Trans-
vaal my musical talents used to keep me in butter, milk, and
eggs. When wc outspanned near a Boer farm, Edwin Miller,
a young colonist who was usually with me, and who was
thoroughly at home with the Boers, used to go up to the house,
and in the course of conversation ask the goodwife if she was
fond of music, and then tell her about my little instrument,
when of course I was asked to play, and my pathetic Bavarian
airs used to be much appreciated, and the old illustrated Bible
was usually brought down, and the drawing of the " Harp that
David played " compared to my zither ; and then I was offered
milk, eggs, butter, and fresh bread if it was baking day.
Miller, at my suggestion, always brought up an immense bucket
for the milk, with many apologies because we had nothing
smaller ; for the goodwives in the Transvaal do not care about
parting with much fresh milk, as they want it for butter-making.
However, if you bring up a big bucket, they are obliged to pour
a good deal in to make any kind of show at all. Once we
came to a farm on a Sunday morning, and Miller at once tried
to open negotiations for obtaining milk and fresh butter. The
ladies were most anxious to hear the music, but the old Boer
had scruples of conscience, it being Sunday, and it was only
when Miller pointed out that my zither was the same instru-
ment as the harp that David used to play that he consented to
have it brought up to the house. When I had tuned it up he
insisted that nothing must be played but hymns ; so I played
him the Danube Waltz, and noticing his astonishment, assured
him that it was a French hymn. He seemed puzzled, but only
muttered that it did not sound like a hymn. I then played him
" II bacio," when he jumped up, and striking his hand on the
N •->
a «
a -
-a 'S ^
b/) (U to
.S S '=
^ a.
S ^ =
£ S '3
CH. I REACH KLERKSDORP AND PURCHASE OUTFIT 13
table, said, " Nay, verdommt, daats geen Psaum niet, daats en
yodlepijp " (" No, damn it, that's no hymn, that's a hornpipe ").
With the help of the ladies of his family we persuaded him that
it was an Italian hymn, and he took all the rest quietly, and his
wife and daughters set us up again in butter, milk, and eggs.
After this long digression I will now again resume my
narrative.
On reaching Klerksdorp I found that Mr. Collison's boys
were still there waiting for a chance to get back to the interior,
and I at once engaged the whole lot, including Norris the
waggon-driver, and Laer, a young Griqua lad, who had been
my friend's " after-rider," and who became most useful to me, as
I taught him to help me in skinning and preparing skins for
Museum specimens. I bought a large roomy buck-waggon
from Mr. Leask, with a half tent, or covered-in compartment to
sleep in at the back, and laid in a sufficient stock of provisions,
trading goods, etc., to last me for a year's trip. I also bought
from Mr. Leask the fine span of oxen that had belonged to Mr.
Collison, which greatly delighted my driver Norris, as he knew
them thoroughly, and understood all their little idiosyncrasies.
Just the day before I was ready to start, Mr. Frederick Arnot
rode into Klerksdorp from Potchefstroom. Mr. Arnot, who
has since gained for himself an honourable name amongst the
missionary pioneers who have carried their gospel into Central
Africa, was then quite a young man, and had only lately left
Scotland. He was very anxious to proceed at once to the
interior, in order to commence his work amongst the natives,
so I offered him a passage in my waggon as far as Bamang-
wato, where I proposed to put him in the hands of the London
missionaries. I found Mr. Arnot a very pleasant, good-tempered
companion, and he bore with cheerful equanimity all the dis-
comforts of waggon travel in the rainy season. Several times
we stuck hopelessly fast, had to unload the entire waggon, and
carry everything for a considerable distance to firm ground,
and were then able to drag the empty waggon through the mud
to the goods, which were then again packed on to it. Before reach-
ing the northern frontier of the Transvaal, however, the rainy
weather suddenly ceased, and it became very dry and hot, and
as we went north the country became drier and drier, so I
14 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
took the best watered of the roads leading to the Marico river,
passing through the farm of one of the old voortrekkers,
Friedrich de Lange by name.
I am not quite sure, but I think the old man was no
longer living at this time. He had been the possessor of a
very curious snake-stone, which I first saw in 1875. I was
then travelling with an old interior trader named John
Cruickshank, who took me to De Lange's farm on purpose
to see the stone. I saw it on several occasions afterwards,
and for the last time in 1884. This stone old De Lange
kept carefully packed away in cotton wool in a small box ;
and this box was in an old desk, which he kept locked.
He certainly believed himself in its efficacy, and said he would
not part with it on any consideration. Mr. Cruickshank offered
him £"^0 for it in my presence, but he refused to sell it. He
told us then that the value of the stone was well known in the
district, as it had saved the lives of so many people — whom he
named — and several horses. Amongst other names he men-
tioned that of a daughter of an old elephant- hunter named
Antony Fortman, who, he averred, had been bitten by a cobra
some years before when quite a child. As the stone had to be
sent for, it had only reached her, he said, just in time to save her
life. Two years later, in 1 877, this story at any rate met with a
curious confirmation. At that time Antony Fortman was at
Tati in Matabililand with his family, his eldest daughter being
a girl about sixteen years of age. I had quite forgotten about
the snake-stone, when one day the conversation turning on
snakes, Antony Fortman said to his daughter, " Turn up your
sleeve and show Mr. Selous where the snake bit you." This
she did, and on the girl's left arm near the shoulder was a very
large and ugly scar, as if a piece of flesh had sloughed away
and the wound had then skinned over. Fortman then pro-
ceeded to tell me how the girl had been bitten some years be-
fore in Marico, when quite a child, and that a horse had been
saddled up at once and a messenger despatched for De Lange's
snake -stone, how the little girl had become insensible and
turned nearly black before the stone arrived, and that it had
been twice applied before it drew out the snake poison. The
stone itself was, as far as I remember, of a very light porous
A SNAKE-STONE 15
substance, round and flattish, an inch or so in diameter, and
about one-third of an inch in thickness. Its upper surface was
smooth and polished, with blackish and grayish mottlings, its
under side being rough and unpoHshed. However, it is so long
since I last saw it that I will not vouch for the complete
accuracy of this description. The more important point is that
both De Lange and Fortman described the action of the stone
in the same way. The rough side, they said, when applied to
the punctures made by the snake's teeth, adhered to the wounds,
until a certain amount of poison had been absorbed, when the
stone fell off. It had then to be placed in a glass of ammonia,
or its most obvious substitute, when the poison, looking like a
thin white thread, they said, was seen to come from the stone,
and rise to the surface of the glass. When nothing more came
from the stone, it was taken out of the glass, and again placed
on the wound, until all the poison was extracted. Friedrich de
Lange told me that he brought this snake-stone with him from
the Cape Colony, and that it had been an heirloom in his
family for some generations. In all probability it was originally
brought from India, and it is at least remarkable that this
stone was believed by the Boers in Marico to have the same
powers attributed to certain snake -stones in India. That
Friedrich de Lange himself believed in its powers I think there
can be no doubt ; otherwise he would not have treasured it so
carefully, or have refused the ;^50 Mr. Cruickshank offered him
for it.
A few days after leaving De Lange's farm we reached
the Marico river, and followed it to the junction with the
Limpopo or Crocodile river. A drought had now set in in
the middle of the rainy season, and the heat was so great that
the young grass soon commenced to look withered and shrivelled
up. As it was still early in the season, and I had plenty of
time in hand, I travelled very slowly along the Crocodile river,
hoping that the weather would change, and rain would fall
before I reached the spot beyond the Notwani junction, where
the road leaves the river and strikes northwards through a very
waterless stretch of country to Bamangwato. The drought
had driven all the game in the district to the neighbourhood of
the river, and by riding out every morning at daylight I often
i6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
came across some antelopes not far away from the water, and
shot and preserved the skins of several har-tebeests, wildebeests,
etc. Diamond I found to be a splendid shooting horse, but
another very good animal that I had bought in Klerksdorp,
though an excellent horse for a journey, was so gun shy I could
do nothing with him after game at this time, though ultimately
I made a very good shooting horse of him, and he did me
splendid service for some years — indeed until the end of 1888,
when I sold him to Lewanika, the chief of the Barotsi tribe on
the Upper Zambesi. About a month later than the time I am
speaking of, and soon after I had passed Bamangwato on my
way to Matabililand, both my horses, Diamond and Nelson,
contracted the fatal horse sickness. Poor Diamond died, but
Nelson just pulled through ; however, he had become so thin
and weak during the progress of the sickness that it was some
months before I could ride him again.
During the very hot weather we experienced on the
Crocodile river I only travelled at nights, so as to save the
bullocks as much as possible. My days I spent in shooting
and preserving antelope skins for mounting in museums, or in
collecting butterflies, for I may say that I have made extensive
collections of these beautiful and interesting insects in all parts
of Central South Africa, all of which collections I have
presented to the South African Museum in Cape Town, where
they have been catalogued and described by my friend, Mr.
Rowland Trimcn, the curator of the Museum, who not only has
a most comprehensive knowledge of every branch of natural
history, but is besides the best living authority on African
lepidoptera. It is now a very hard matter, as I can vouch, to
catch a butterfly that Mr. Trimen docs not know, but it is a
real pleasure to get him a new species, for he is so delighted
to see it.
One day whilst walking along the bank of the Crocodile
river with my net, I thought I heard a kind of moaning
noise in the river, and pushing my way through the scrub
which here clothed the bank, I found one of my best oxen
with his fore-legs stuck fast in the mud, and the rest of his
body under water. A huge crocodile that had been tearing at
the poor animal, and inflicting the most excruciating torture
I ox SEIZED BY A CROCODILE 17
upon him, rushed away through the water at my approach, and
disappeared. When the cattle had gone down to drink, by a
steep path, one of them had been pushed into deep water, and
had swum down under the bank, unnoticed by the herd-boy.
He had then tried to get out where the bank was muddy, and
had stuck fast, and in this position had been attacked by the
crocodile. We soon got him out with the help of two other
oxen and a yoke and chain, which was attached to " reims " ^
made fast round his horns. The poor animal had been very
badly bitten. There were deep wounds on the top of his back
near the kidneys, and near the root of the tail, and other deep
wounds in his flank, and it certainly looked as if a very large
crocodile had taken the entire thickness of the ox's body in his
gape. However, as this was a large Transvaal ox weighing
quite 1000 lbs. as he stood, I can hardly believe that it can
have been so, and yet I do not know how otherwise to account
for the depth of the wounds, as, had they been mere surface
nibblings, they ought not to have been dangerous. Whilst I
was attending to the ox, and syringing out the wounds with
strong carbolic lotion, Mr. Arnot went down to the river and
watched for the reappearance of the crocodile, and presently
got a shot at the ugly-looking head of a very large one, and
thought he hit it ; but one does not often recover a crocodile
shot in deep water, as they sink to the bottom, and do not rise
for some days. Although the Limpopo or Crocodile river is
by no means a large river above its junction with the Tuli, I
think that crocodiles are more numerous in it than in any other
river that I have visited, with the exception of the Botlctlie.
They are, too, dangerous at times, and every year kill a lot of
calves, and sheep, and goats, belonging to Khama's people.
Mr. W. Rowles, an interior trader, told me that on one occasion
whilst he was swimming a herd of goats through the river a few
miles below the Notwani junction, three of them were seized
and pulled under water by crocodiles. In 1876, too, a Boer
hunter named Kerns Niemand was killed by one of these
reptiles lower down the river, and as I have often heard the
story from Solomon Vcrmaak and Pieter Swart, who were with
him and witnessed the catastrophe, I will relate it : —
^ Raw hide thongs.
C
1 8 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, i
A party of ]5oer hunters were returning from a hunting-
expedition to Umzila's country, and trekking up the Crocodile
river, which they wished to cross at a certain ford they knew
of. On reaching this place they found the river pretty full of
water, so Berns Niemand, Pieter Swart, and Solomon Vermaak
stripped and went in to test the depth. Vermaak told me that
the water was about up to his shoulders, and that he had just
crossed it followed by Swart, when, looking round, he saw that
Niemand was standing in the water up to his shoulders near
the bank on which the waggons were standing and facing that
way. Suddenly he saw the head of a large crocodile appear
above the water and quickly approach his friend. " Pass op
voer yo, Berns I " (" Look out, Berns I ") he shouted out, but too
late, for, as the unfortunate man turned his head to see what
danger threatened him, it was seized by the horrid reptile, and
he was never seen again, either alive or dead : the crocodile
took care of that. The horror and consternation caused in
the hunters' camp by such an untoward event may be imagined,
especially as poor Berns left a wife and children to mourn his
loss.
In spite of everything I did my poor ox died on the
third day after he was bitten, having first swelled up to a great
size. I think his kidneys had been injured by the crocodile's
teeth-
CHAPTER II
Drought and heat — Determine to ride on to Bamangwato — Lions heard roaring —
Ride by moonlight — Moruling "vley" dry — Off saddle at the Brack Reeds —
Adventure with lioness — Reach Bamangwato — Kindness of Khama — Rainy
weather sets in — Return to my waggon — Form hunting camp in Mashunaland
— Shoot three sable antelopes — Set gun for hya;na — Gun goes off without
result — Lions ! lions ! the lions have caught the big dog — Sable antelope skins
carried off by lions — Waiting for daybreak — Unsuccessful search for the lions —
Return to camp — Set guns for the lions — Blucher comes back — But eventually
dies — Hyrena shot — Shoot three Tsessebe antelopes — Lion shot — Ride on to a
second lion — Wound the lion — Lose sight of him, and follow up his spoor —
Laer in trouble — Second lion killed — Another hyaena shot.
On 5th March, travelling slowly northwards, we reached the
junction of the Notwani with the Limpopo or Crocodile river,
about seventy miles south of Bamangwato. Although it was
the rainy season we had now been having a spell of excessively
dry hot weather, that had already lasted for more than a
month, and the consequence was, that all the pools of water .
lying on the road between the river and Bamangwato, which
had been filled during the early part of the rainy season, had
again dried up, and the young grass, which had attained to
about a foot in height, had been scorched and withered away
by the intense heat of the sun. As my bullocks had a journey
of over five hundred miles before them, I did not care to take
them through this seventy miles of waterless country in the
intense heat if I could avoid it ; nor did I feel inclined to
remain where I was and wait for the rain ; for, although at this
season of the year it was sure to fall before long, I might still
have been delayed for some time. Under these circumstances I
determined to ride in to Bamangwato during the night, and ask
the Chief Khama to allow me to trek along the Limpopo, and
then up the Mahalapsi river, rejoining the main road to the
20 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Matabili country at the ford of the latter river. If I could
take this route, I knew I could get water for my bullocks
every day, whether it rained or not ; but as I was well aware
that Khama was very averse to new roads being made through
his country, and as he had always treated me with the greatest
courtesy and consideration, I did not wish to do anything to
displease him, though I had little doubt that he would grant
my request when preferred. Having once made up my mind
about undertaking the ride, 1 determined to start that very
evening as soon as the moon rose, which would be about seven
o'clock, as it was just one day past the full I had no
preparations to make, for I intended to reach Bamangwato
within twelve hours, and so had no occasion to carry either
food or water ; and as I knew it would be a close, hot night, I
did not even take a coat. One thing, of course, I took with
me, and that was my rifle, together with a few cartridges ; not
that I thought there was any probability of my making use of
them, but in a wild country one never likes to be without a
rifle. A few nights previously we had heard lions roaring on
the opposite bank of the river, but, as these animals were
then already very scarce in this part of the country, I thought
the few that might still be about were sure to be in the vicinity
of the river, where, owing to the drought, all the game were
necessarily collected. Moreover, the moon was so bright that I
should have had no hesitation about riding through a country that
I knew to be infested by lions, as these animals are essentially
lovers of darkness, and seldom very bold on moonlight nights.
It was, I suppose, about seven o'clock when I mounted my
horse and bade good-bye to Mr. Arnot. As I did so the
moon rose gloriously (still almost a perfect orb) above the tree-
tops to the east, and I at once set out on my journey. The
road from the Notwani Ford just led me for about four miles
along the Limpopo, and then, finally leaving the river, bore
away due north towards Bamangwato. My horse — I was
riding Nelson, who, as I have said before, was a first-rate hack
— was in very good order for a journey, and got over the
ground at a very fair pace, alternately cantering and walking
with a quick springy step. The moon soon rose well above
the trees, and cast a soft white light over the forest-covered
A MOONLIGHT RIDE
I
country through which my road led. It was a hot sultry
night, without a breath of wind, and the fine dust stirred from
the sandy road by my horse's hoofs remained suspended in the air
in clouds behind me. An intense stillness prevailed, unbroken
by the cry of either bird or beast, or the hum of the tiniest
insect — the death-like stillness of the waterless forests of south-
western Africa.
After having ridden for about an hour and a half, I passed
the large " vley " ^ of Moruling, which is seldom without water
at this time of year, but was now as dry as a bone. By this
time I had realised that, however romantic it may be in theory
to ride by moonlight, alone, through wild African forests, it is
uncommonly slow and dreary work in practice. However, as
I had undertaken the ride, I was bound to go through with it ;
and at any rate I knew I had a good horse under me that
would carry me without fail to my destination. It must have
been about ten o'clock, I suppose, when I reached a place
known as the Brack Reeds. This is a valley in which there is
an old river-bed, in former times doubtless a running stream,
and a tributary of the Limpopo, but in which, at the present
day, there are only to be found a few pools of brackish water,
at which it is dangerous to let cattle drink, as it often brings
on severe purging. It was here that I had determined to off-
saddle for the first time, so, turning my horse from the road, I
loosened his girths and eased him of his burden ; then, laying
my rifle on the saddle, I put on him a pair of hobbles, that I
had brought for the purpose, to prevent him from straying.
Behind me were a few scattered thorn-bushes, towards which
my horse at once betook himself, by a series of little jumps, in
search of grass. In front of me lay the open valley of the
Brack Reeds, covered with grass only a few inches in length,
which, scorched and .shrivelled by the blistering sun, looked
almost white in the moonlight. I intended to give my horse
about half an hour's rest and then continue my journey, so I
walked to one of the thorn-bushes behind which he was now
feeding, and stretched myself flat on my back with my hands
beneath my head and my large slouched hat pulled over my
face to keep the moon out of my eyes.
^ A hollow which holds water during the rainy season.
22 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
I had been lying thus upon the ground for perhaps a
couple of minutes, listening to the slight noise made by my
horse as he cropped the short dry herbage. Suddenly the
sound ceased. For a few seconds I lay dreamily wondering
why it did not recommence ; but as there was still silence, I
rolled quickly over on my stomach, and, looking under the
bush to ascertain why my horse had stopped feeding, I saw
that he was standing in an attitude of fixed attention, with ears
pricked forward, intently gazing towards the road. I instantly
turned and looked in the same direction, and as instantly saw
on what the horse's eyes were fixed. There, not thirty yards
away, and right in the open, a lioness, looming large and white
in the brilliant moonlight, was coming up at a quick and
stealthy pace, and in a half-crouching attitude. In an instant I
was on my feet, and the lioness, probably observing me for the
first time, at once stopped and crouched perfectly flat on the
ground. The saddle and rifle lay out in the moonlight right
between me and the lioness, though nearer to me than to her.
It was not a time to hesitate. I knew she must be pretty
keen set, or she would have retreated upon seeing me ; and I
felt that if I remained where I was, she would resume her
journey towards my horse, which might end in my having to
carry the saddle back to the Notwani. Obviously the only
thing to be done was to get hold of my rifle ; so I walked
quickly forward into the moonlight towards where it lay against
the saddle. I must confess that I did not like advancing
towards the lioness, for I knew very well of what hungry lions
are capable ; and there is nothing like experience to damp the
foolhardy courage of ignorance. However, whilst I took those
dozen steps she never stirred ; but just as I stooped to grasp
my rifle she sprang up with a low purring growl, and made off
towards some thorn-bushes to her right. I fired at her as she
ran, and, though I certainly ought to have hit her, I must have
missed, as she neither growled nor changed her pace. But I
was fairly well pleased to have driven her off, and lost no time
in loosening my horse's hobbles and saddling him again.
My idea is that this lioness had come a long distance on
my horse's spoor — perhaps all the way from the river, as when
I saw her she was just leaving the road at about the spot where
II REACH BAMANGWATO 23
I had turned off it with the horse ; and he no doubt observed
her as soon as she came in sight on the road, whilst, being
amongst the bushes, he himself was invisible to her. At any
rate, had I lain quiet for another ten seconds, she would have
been on my horse, and I should probably have had to trudge
back to my waggon with the saddle on my back. All things
considered, I thought myself well out of the adventure, though
it certainly would have been much more satisfactory had I
killed the lioness. Nothing further occurred to disturb the
monotony of my long night ride, and about seven o'clock the
following morning I reached Bamangwato, having done the
seventy miles — much of it over very sandy ground — within
twelve hours.
Khama, with the courtesy which he is always ready to
extend to all those who have not abused it, at once gave me
leave to take the road I wished to travel ; but, as it turned out,
there was no need to do so. The weather suddenly changing,
heavy rains set in, which refilled all the dried-up " vleys," and
soon coaxed the withered herbage back to life. So, getting
a friend in Bamangwato to take me out in a light waggon to
where I had left my own at the Notwani (for to have ridden
back again in the rainy weather that had now set in would
have been anything but pleasant), I was able to travel by the
ordinary route, and find abundance of water for my cattle at
every outspan.
More than five hundred miles to the north-east of the scene
of the adventure last narrated, on the banks of a small stream,
a tributary of the River Bill, and in the midst of the well-
watered valleys and verdant forests of Northern Mashuna-
land, I formed a hunting-camp early in June of the same year,
1882.
On 20th June I returned to camp after an absence of ten
days. I had b^gii- away- buymg maize for my horses from^fi.
Magondrs^Iashunas, and nMrlxjOSz^Ohem^Ead^bllowed-me
back to camp in the hope of getting- some meat. On the day
after my return I employed these men in strengthening the fences
enclosing my camp and cattle kraal, which adjoined one another ;
in the former of these stood my waggon, to which my horses
were tied at night, and a hut occupied by some of my boys.
34 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
My waggon was of the kind known as a buck waggon, on the
hinder part of which stood a tilt or tent where I slept when in
camp, the front part being used to pack stores, specimens, etc.,
while over the whole was stretched a large canvas sheet, in the
shelter of which, and under the waggon, slept my driver, Norris,
and the Griqua lad Laer. When I went to buy corn I had
taken the wheels and " understel " ' from the waggon, and by
putting in a short " langwaggon " ' and making a false bed-
plank, constructed a small light vehicle, whereon I could carry
a couple of thousand weight, which could be easily drawn by
eight oxen. This, with the bags of corn still upon it, was
standing just at the gate of my camp, the body of the large
waggon within the camp being supported on strong piles driven
deep into the ground.
On the day of which I am speaking, and whilst most of the
Mashunas were at work strengthening my camp, I rode out
with the rest of them and my own boys to try and get some
meat, and shot three sable antelopes — a big bull and two cows.
As they were all fine animals, and this being the cold season
their glossy black coats were in excellent order, I determined
to prepare them for specimens, and so carried back their skins,
skulls, and leg-bones with me to camp. When I got home it
was too late to prepare them that day, so, as at this time of
year there was no fear of their going bad if left for a night, I
folded them up to keep them from getting dry, and laid them
down inside my camp, behind the waggon, where the high thick
fence shaded them entirely from the afternoon sun. As I had
an hour to spare, and as the boys who had remained in camp
whilst I was away buying corn had told me that the hyaenas
were very bold and troublesome and came prowling round the
place every night, I thought I would set a gun for their benefit.
By sundown I had my gun ready set alongside of an ant-heap
about two hundred yards from camp. I then tied up my dogs,
lest they should smell the bait and meet with the fate intended
for a hyjEna. Though, as a rule, I seldom have less than ten
dogs with me in the hunting veld, and often more than twenty,
this season I possessed only three. One of these was a fine
^ Understel is the lower part of a South African waggon upon which the body is
supported. The langwaggon is a portion of the understel.
HYENAS
25
large mongrel named Blucher, an excellent watch -dog, very
plucky, .and altogether about the best of his kind that I have
yet seen in Africa. The other two were mere puppies, not
more than six months old, but IMucher had already made very
sharp watch-dogs of them. The waxing moon was about four
days old and already gave a pretty good light until it set,
which, I suppose, was about ten o'clock, so I did not expect
Hj^
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m
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■■iiil
Ant-Heap.
the hyaenas to come about before that time. However, I had
scarcely finished my evening meal — and it could not have been
later than eight o'clock — when the set gun (an old six-to-the-
pound, heavily loaded with a charge of slugs) went off with a
tremendous report, and I made sure that a hya,'na must have
lost the number of his mess. Followed by Norris, Laer, and
nearly all the Kafirs, I at once ran out to see what had
happened, but we found nothing lying dead at the ant-heap, as
I had expected. I then sent for a light, and told some of my
26 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
boys to let the dogs loose. But we could find no trace of
blood, nor could there have been any about, for had there been
Blucher would have discovered it. What happened I think
is this : a jackal had come to the bait instead of a hyaena.
Had it been the latter animal, he would have taken the whole
lump of meat into his mouth, and, as this was tied over the
muzzle of the gun, would most certainly have had his head
blown to pieces, but a jackal might just have seized the meat
below the barrel, and, by pulling at it, exploded the gun
without receiving the charge. If this was so, I think that
jackal must have been startled. Thinking, however, that the
same thing might happen again, I did not reset the gun, but,
regaining the waggon, turned in, and lighting a candle, began
to read.
Before proceeding farther, let me mention two things to
which I shall refer later on. First, about ten yards from the
entrance to my camp (which was just a gap in the fence, about
three feet wide) there stood a large open packing-case, in which
had been stowed the trading goods which I had made use of
in buying corn. These I had removed, but in the bottom of
the case were still lying an adze, an axe, several augers, and
other tools. Secondly, inside my camp I had made a rough
platform, the ends of the poles forming which at one side rested
on the rail of my waggon. On this platform were packed
several dried skins of large antelopes, all of them preserved for
mounting, with the leg- bones attached. The three fresh
antelope hides were lying, as I have said before, rolled up on
the ground within the fence.
I had just left off reading and had blown out my candle,
when Blucher and the puppies commenced a most furious
barking, several hundred yards down the valley on the edge of
which my camp was situated ; but I could hear that they kept
coming nearer, as if retreating before an enemy. Pulling a
blanket over my shoulders, I got up and stood on the rail of
the waggon, listening. The moon was now down and the
night very dark, and the barking of the dogs, which had never
once ceased, was steadily and constantly approaching. Norris
came out from under the waggon, and I asked him what he
thought the dogs were barking at. He replied in Dutch, " Sir,
u BLUCHEIi TAKEN BY A LION 27
it must be a Hon ; Blucher would not retreat like that before a
hyaena." As the dogs were now close at hand I got down
from the waggon, and, followed by Norris, walked to the gap
in the camp fence. Just as we reached it Blucher's deep bark
suddenly ceased, and some heavy animals came galloping past
us in the open ground between my camp and the stream
below, while at the same instant the two puppies rushed in
between our legs. Then everything was still except for the
occasional angry yapping of the puppies behind us ; but
Blucher's deep voice we heard no more, and I felt sure that he
was dead, and had, moreover, been killed by a lion, having
been caught in the rush we had heard. I wondered how it
was that he had not given a yelp when he was caught, but
concluded he must have been seized by the head and killed
instantaneously. Two of my Matabili boys, whose sleeping-
place was on the other side of the kraal, now came to me,
having made their way through the cattle, and reported that
some animal was crunching bones on the other side of the
camp. Immediately after, one of the Mashunas came running
in from their camp — which was just at the side of mine —
carrying a torch of blazing grass, and calling out, " Shumba,
Shumba ! lion, lion ! the lion has caught the big dog ! " which
I could have told him myself He said that when the dogs
approached, barking and evidently retreating before something,
he and his comrades made up their fires, as they thought the
pursuers might be lions ; but that when they heard the rush
and the subsequent silence of Blucher, they felt sure that there
was one of these animals about, and that the dog had been
caught. After this, however, and just before he came to call
me, he said that he and his companions had heard something
walking over the dead leaves close behind their encampment.
I now took a double-barrelled lO-bore rifle which I had in
the waggon, and went back with the man to his camp, where I
found all the fires burning brightly, and the Mashunas sitting
up talking in low tones. Several of them asserted that they
had heard some animal walking stealthily among the dead
leaves with which the ground was strewn, just behind their
encampment ; so, accompanied by the man who had called me,
I went round to the back of their fence. Here we squatted
28 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
down, with our backs close against the fence, and peered
intently into the darkness before us ; but for some time we
neither saw nor heard anything. After sitting perfectly quiet
for perhaps a quarter of an hour, I began to get very cold, and,
as the whole camp was now perfectly still, and the puppies had
ceased barking, I thought the lion was probably satisfied with
catching Blucher, and had withdrawn ; so I crossed to my
camp, a distance of less than twenty yards, and again turned
in. The boys sleeping in the hut within my camp had now
made up a large fire, and one of them was sitting in the
entrance behind it. I suppose I had been lying in the waggon
for perhaps half an hour, and was just dropping off to sleep,
when the puppies once more commenced to bark outside the
encampment, and then Came rushing through the gap in the
fence. At the same moment the Kafir sitting by the fire, one
of Khama's people, called out, " Here's the lion ! here's the
lion ! he has taken the skin ! " I thereupon jumped out of the
waggon again to find out what had happened. The Kafir boy
whose cry had roused me had retreated into the hut, but came
out when I called him. He said that a lion had come in
through the opening in the fence, close behind the dogs, had
stood for an instant in the full light of the fire, then seized one
of the fresh-killed antelope skins and gone out with it. I went
and looked, and, sure enough, there were now only two instead
of three skins ; that of the bull was gone. Neither of my
horses had stirred, though the lion must have been within ten
yards of one of them when he seized the skin, and both of
them must have seen him. I now loosened them, and Norris
and I led them round to a small clear space behind the
waggon, and there tied them up to the fence.
I thought that the lion would now be satisfied, for there is
a good deal of eating in the skin of a sable antelope bull, and
he had had the dog besides, by way of an entree ; so, believing
there was nothing more to be done, I again turned in. But on
this night I was not destined to enjoy much sleep, for certainly
within an hour of the last depredation, during the whole of
which time my two young dogs had kept up a desultory
barking, they again came suddenly rushing through the fence,
and I felt sure that the lion was once more behind them. I
II CAMP VISITED BY LIONS 29
heard Norris say to Laer, " It's the lion that's driving the dogs
in again ; " but none of the Kafirs in the hut spoke, and, with
the exception that the dogs kept on growHng and barking,
everything remained quiet. Again I got out of the waggon,
and saw that the fire in front of the hut had burned quite
low, and that the Kafirs, having barricaded the entrance with
logs of wood, were apparently asleep within. On calling to
them I found, however, that this was not so, but that they were
wide awake.
I now went to look at the sable antelope skins, and found
there was only one left, proving conclusively that the lion had
again come in and carried off the other. Being determined
not to lose the third and last, I picked it up and threw it on
to the waggon, and then, not knowing what else to do, went
to bed again. I now felt no inclination to sleep, so lit the'
candle and commenced to read, wishing for daybreak, that I
might come to conclusions with the lion or lions. I felt very
vexed at the loss of my dog, and was determined to exact
vengeance if possible. I now felt pretty sure that more than
one lion was about, and feared they might yet get into my
cattle kraal, which no doubt would have happened before this,
if the fence had been in the same condition it was in on the
previous day ; but the Mashunas had luckily made it very
high and strong, and the gate was blocked by thick thorn-
bushes. My horses were in the safest place it was possible to
find for them, so there was nothing more to be done but await
events.
I had been reading for perhaps an hour, when the large
empty packing-case which, as I have said before, was standing
just outside the entrance to my camp, was violently moved,
so that the augers and other tools lying on the bottom of it
began to rattle loudly. I sat up and listened, hardly know-
ing what to make of it. " Master, master, hear the lion,"
called out Norris from beneath the waggon. Seizing my rifle,
I jumped out, and proceeded cautiously to the entrance,
followed by Norris. On looking out I could see the shadowy
form of the large white case being moved about, whilst the
tools in it rattled loudly. The lion must have been standing
over it, and probably clawing about inside it, in the hope of
30 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
finding something to eat. Look as I would, I could not in
the darkness make out the form of the beast ; however, there
was no doubt about his being there, so I let go one barrel of
the lo-bore right into the case. The lion at once apparently
left it, as for an instant after the shot it was still ; but he
immediately returned and sent it rolling over, on which I
instantly fired the left-hand barrel. I knew that I had missed
him, or else shot him through the brain, with the second shot,
for had I wounded him he would have growled ; but up till
now, he or they had never by the faintest purr betrayed what
sort of animal it was that had been thus keeping me from my
natural rest.
After sitting for more than half an hour at the entrance,
gazing intently into the darkness, and getting very cold, I again
got into the waggon, still keeping my candle alight ; but for
a long time everything remained perfectly quiet, and it seemed
as if the lion or lions were at last satisfied with their investi-
gations, and did not intend to trouble us further. My con-
fidence was, however, misplaced. The dogs, now tired out and
lying inside the camp by the fire, recommenced barking
suddenly, and almost at the same instant the waggon was
slightly shaken, and there was a disturbance among the dried
skins, followed by a continuous rattling, first inside and then
outside the camp. What had happened was this. For the
third time the lion had entered the camp, and this time, finding
nothing on the ground, had seized one of the dried skins
which were packed on the platform I have before described.
To do this he must either have jumped on to the platform
or else reared himself on his hind legs, with his fore paws
resting on it. When he took the skin he must have been
within six feet of Norris and Laer, and only separated from
them by the canvas sheet which hung down all round the
waggon. Had they been accessible, he would probably have
preferred one of them to a dry hide. Of course, directly I
heard the noise I was out of the waggon again, and went
round to the entrance. The leg-bones, which were attached
to the feet, now kept rattling continually against the hard dry
skin, as the lion, I suppose, tore at it with his teeth. From
the sounds he .seemed to have settled down to work right in
II CAMP VISITED BY LWNS 31
front of the camp, and, as far as I could judge, not more than
thirty yards off. Norn's was standing beside me, and kept
asserting that he could see the lion, and wanted me to let
him fire ; but, as I was quite sure he was mistaken, I would
not do so, though, as the rattling noise continued, I thought
I would fire a shot myself as near as I could at the spot
whence the sounds appeared to issue. This I did : the noise
at once ceased. Then, after a few moments' pause, the silence
which had followed immediately upon the shot was broken by
a single roar or growl, which, had there been any doubt about
it before, would at once have settled the question as to what
kind of animal it was that we had to deal with. This was the
first and the last sound to which the lions gave utterance
during the whole of this eventful night. My shot, I fancy,
must have gone very near the animal, and slightly disturbed'
his equanimity, for, after having expressed his annoyance by
this single growl, he retreated, dragging with him the skin,
which rattled as he went, towards the stream which ran down
the valley about one hundred and fifty yards below the camp.
During the remainder of the night nothing further occurred.
I did not turn in again, but dressed and then sat by the fire
and had some coffee made. Every now and then I could hear
the noise made by the lions down by the water, as they gnawed
at the hard skin and rattled the leg-bones ; but they seemed
satisfied with the very tough nut they had to crack and not
inclined to revisit the camp.
When it was near daydawn I cleaned my rifle and had
two horses saddled up, one for myself and the other for
Norris. At last day really began to break, and a rosy tinge
in the eastern sky showed where the sun would presently
make his appearance ; and as the darkness gradually gave
way to a dim grayish light, through which objects rapidly
became more and more distinguishable, I walked to the
gap in my fence and looked across the valley before me.
At first I could see nothing, but presently, on the open
ground close down to the water, I thought I could distin-
guish a something, which might have been a small ant-heap
or a little bush, but that I knew nothing of the kind existed
there. Presently I saw another something, longer and lower
32 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AERICA chap.
than that I had first seen ; but what these somethings were it
was impossible to say, until, as slowly but surely the light grew
stronger, I descried with tolerable distinctness two lions, or rather
a Hon and a lioness, lying on the open ground close to the bank
of the stream, and not more than one hundred and forty yards
or so from where I stood. The lioness was lying with her head
raised, looking straight towards the camp, and the lion about
ten yards to one side of her, broadside on, with his head on the
ground, perhaps still gnawing at the skin. I raised my rifle
and looked along the barrel, but not being able to see the
sights, I would not yet venture to commence the attack.
Another minute or two went by, and the lions did not move,
but still the light was not strong enough to enable me to see
the sights. Then the lioness stood up, and turning round,
walked slowly to the bank of the stream and disappeared,
followed, as I then first saw, by either two or three small cubs.
The lion at once rose and followed her. Although I could
still only see my rifle sights indistinctly, I was afraid to wait
any longer, for, except where I had burnt it off just round
my camp, the whole country was still covered with the long
summer grass, which, although scanty beneath the forests, was
in the open valleys about three feet high. I thought the lions had
gone into the bed of the river to drink, and that they would lie
there, and delay a little time before finally retreating. As the
banks of the stream were steep, I thought I might get a shot
at them before they became aware of my proximity. I had on
this occasion a single 450 Express by Henry of Edinburgh,
for, although my favourite little Metford, by Gibbs of Bristol,
was in the waggon, I had not been able to get the cartridges
for it up to the Transvaal in time to bring with me on the
present expedition. Norris carried the double 10. As soon
as the lions disappeared from view, I told Norris to get on his
horse and lead mine, keeping pretty close behind me, but not
so close as to spoil my chance of a shot ; I then advanced
quickly but cautiously to the bank of the stream, fully expect-
ing to surprise them and get a very close shot ; but when,
having reached the point from which I could command a view
of the bed of the stream, I saw no signs of the lions, my dis-
gust may be better imagined than described.
11 BLUCHER RETURNS TO CAMP 33
Running back to my horse, I hastily mounted, and telHng
Norris to cross the stream and keep down the opposite bank,
cantered along the near side. However, it was of no use, and
although we rode backwards and forwards, first along the
stream and afterwards in the forest skirting the valley, we saw
no more of the lions that day ; indeed, without dogs to follow
the spoor, it would have been by the merest chance had we
come across them. They must have walked down the river
bed under the shelter of the bank, without pausing, when I saw
them disappear, and had probably emerged again a few
hundred yards down the valley in the long grass, and so made
their way into the forest.
They had won the first match, though I hoped I might yet
turn the tables on them in the return.
On getting back to camp I found the lions had eaten all
the thinnest part of the dry hide, though the bulk of it was
still intact ; it had been cured with arsenical soap, but I do not
suppose they had swallowed enough of the poison to affect
them. Of the wet sable antelope skins I could find no
trace but the leg-bones, and of poor Blucher no remnants what-
ever could be discovered.
I felt pretty sure that, unless the lions caught game in the
meantime, they would pay me another visit ; and as, until I
had come to an understanding with them, I could not leave
my camp on a hunting trip ; and as, even if I could find them
by daylight, the fact of the country being still everywhere
covered with the long summer grass would render the result of
the encounter extremely doubtful, — I determined to set guns
for them, and occupied the afternoon in constructing an en-
closure with two openings, each protected by a gun. In this
enclosure I placed a large lump of meat and the dried sable
antelope hide which the lion had destroyed. I felt pretty
certain that if they returned they would endeavour to seize the
meat and infallibly come to grief. Just about sundown I
heard one of the Kafirs call out, " Here's the big dog," and
running out, was immensely surprised to see poor Blucher,
whom I had mourned as dead, coming up slowly and with
hung-down head from the river. The poor brute was in a
sorry plight, and I never saw either man or beast with a more
D
34 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
woebegone expression of countenance, though, when I spoke to
him, he wagged his tail feebly. His flank was torn open,
the entrails in one place protruding, and he had several wounds
on the neck. On examining him I found that there were four
holes through the skin of his neck, two on each side, but that
the muscles beneath did not appear to be injured. My idea
is that the lion had seized him by the neck, but that the loose
skin slipping up, the four large canine teeth had simply made
four holes through the scruff of his neck, and perhaps, when
the lion opened his mouth to get a better hold, the dog
managed to make his escape, getting a claw wound as he did
so. What I cannot understand is that he never yelped when
he was seized. Can it be that the terror inspired by his
dreadful position — a terror that caused him, when escaping, to
rush away into the forest, and there lie hidden for nearly
twenty-four hours before returning to camp — made him power-
less to use his voice ? Such a thing sometimes happens to
human beings, so why not sometimes to dogs ? I may here
mention that about fifteen months after the events I am now
describing, one of the two puppies I have spoken of, and which
I still possess, was carried off from outside my camp at the
River Manyami by a leopard. She gave tongue lustily, and
the other dogs — about a dozen in number — at once going to
her assistance, drove the leopard off. As, however, we saw no
more of Ruby that night, and the next morning could find no
trace of her, we thought she had been carried off and eaten,
but on the evening of the following day she suddenly made her
appearance, very badly bitten about the neck, and also with several
claw wounds, having been away in the bush for more than
forty hours after her escape from the leopard. But to resume.
I at once syringed out poor Blucher's wounds with strong
carbolic lotion, and then, after pushing back the exposed
intestine, sewed up the cut in his flank. Although these
wounds at last healed up, the poor dog seemed never to be
himself again ; but, becoming thinner and thinner, and almost
altogether refusing food, at last died a mere bag of bones.
In the evening I tied up the puppies lest they should go
down to where the guns were set, and then, there being nothing
more to do but await events, settled myself down for a read.
II HY^NA KILLED BY A SET GUN 35
I did not expect that the Uons would put in an appearance
before the moon set, and was afraid hysenas might come before
them. This was just what did happen. About an hour before
the moon went down, one of the guns went off, but, as no sound
whatever followed the report, I felt pretty sure it was not a lion
that had disturbed the line ; so, accompanied by Norris, Laer,
and a lot of Kafirs, I went down to see what had happened, and
found a large spotted hyjena {HycBiia avcuta) lying dead in
front of one of the guns. He had got the entire charge ot
buckshot beautifully, some through the shoulder, which must
have pierced his heart, but the major part a little high behind
the shoulder, so that his lungs must have been blown to pieces,
and probably his backbone broken, which made him fall in his
tracks. There was no doubt that the gun was well set, and
had it only been a lion instead of the hyaena he would have
got the charge just in the right place. Not knowing what to
do with the carcase of the hyaena, I had it dragged within the
enclosure, and then reset the gun, which, as the recoil had
broken some of the fastenings and altogether deranged it, took
me some time. We then returned to camp, hoping again to
hear a gun go off, followed by the growl a lion would be sure
to give when he received the charge. The night, however,
passed over without any further disturbance from either lions
or hyaenas.
The next day I rode out with my own Kafirs and a lot of
Mashunas to get some meat, taking Laer also with me. I was
riding a very good shooting horse lent me by Lo Bengula.^
with the single defect that he had but one eye, and Laer was
mounted on a fast but bad-tempered pony that I had purchased
in Bamangwato, of which animal I never succeeded in making
a good shooting horse. During the morning I saw no game,
but in the afternoon, on the way home, we came across a small
herd of Tsessebe antelopes, three of which I shot. By the
time we had skinned and cut them up it was getting late, and
as, having started soon after sunrise, we had not yet breakfasted,
Laer and I rode on in front of the Kafirs. After some time
Laer stopped and said, " Sir, the Kafirs are shouting behind us."
Reining in, I listened, and thought I too could just hear them.
' Lo Bengoola (Bengula), son of Umziligazi, and present king of the Amandibili.
36 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
I imagined they must have viewed either elephants or rhino-
ceroses, and, telling Laer to follow me, galloped back as hard
as I could towards the Kafirs. Soon I could plainly hear them
shouting, and presently saw one of them standing on an ant-
heap in the middle of an open space between two belts of
forest. The ground was covered with grass, not the long rank
grass of the moist valleys, but growing thinly and not more
than a foot in height. Galloping up to Umlizan, the Kafir on
the ant-hill, I called out, " What is it ? " to which he answered,
" A lion 1 a lion ! " Whilst speaking I had gone some distance
past him. " Where is he ? " I asked. " There I there ! close
in front of you, lying flat on the ground." I instantly saw him
— a male lion, crouched perfectly flat, with his head on his out-
stretched paws, and certainly not more than twenty yards from
me. I was too close to feel inclined to dismount, especially
as I was riding a steady shooting horse. To rein in, turning
my horse at the same time, and to raise my rifle, was the work
of a moment. My horse, however, would not keep perfectly
still ; and as I was trying to get the sight on to the lion's nose
below the eyes, I saw him draw in his forelegs, which had been
stretched out, under his chest ; then his whole body quivered.
I knew what these signs portended, and that he was on the
point of charging. Just then I fired, and made a very lucky
shot, as, owing to the slight movements of the horse, I could
not get a steady one. Seeing what was coming, I just touched
the trigger as the sight crossed the lion's face, and, luck being
on my side, the bullet struck him exactly between the eyes.
Had I been standing on the ground, the bullet would probably
have glanced from his skull, but firing as I did from the
horse's back, it drilled a small hole through the frontal bone
where it struck, and blew off a large piece at the back of the
brain-pan. This lion's skull I sent to Mr. Alexander Henry
of Edinburgh, the maker of the rifle with which it was shot,
and have no doubt that he still has it in his possession, — at
any rate he sent me a letter of thanks for it. Death, of course,
was instantaneous, and I at once set to work to skin him.
He was a fair-sized male, with a coat in very good order, but
without much mane ; his long perfect teeth showed he was in
the prime of life, but he was in very low condition — a rather
A LION HUNT 37
curious circumstance, as, although game was not particularly
plentiful in this part of the country, still it was by no means
scarce. The pads of his feet were worn quite smooth, as if he
had lately done a lot of travelling. I suppose he had had a
turn of ill-luck. Whether this lion was one of those that were
at my camp I do not know ; but I hardly think so, as we could
find no signs of sable antelope hide in his stomach. As soon
as we had skinned him, Laer and I again started on in front,
but were closely followed by the Kafirs. I carried the skin
with the paws attached folded round my waist and hanging
down behind me on each side, and the skull was tied in front
of Laer's saddle.
We had just entered the belt of forest on the farther side
of which ran the valley where my camp was situated, when
Laer, who was some thirty yards in front of me, his pony
having a quick ambling pace that my horse could not keep up
with, stopped, and turning round, beckoned to me. I thought
he had seen game on ahead, but, as I did not want to shoot
anything more, I did not hurry up to him. As I came near I
said, " What is it, Laer? " — " It's another lion, sir," he answered.
" Where ? " I asked, dropping the reins and working as hard as
I could to unfold the skin that was twisted round my waist,
while at the same time I sought everywhere with my eyes in
front of me. However, I could not make him out ; but just as
I got the skin loose and let it drop to the ground, up jumped
a lion with a loud purr some fifty yards in front of me, and
went off through the forest as hard as he could.
Luckily, between the stems of the trees there was but little
underwood and the grass was nothing like so long and thick as
in the valleys, except indeed at the bases of the enormous ant-
heaps with which these forests are studded, where the grass
always grows longer and thicker than anywhere else. As the
lion made off I dug my spurs into my horse's ribs, and after a
race of three or four hundred yards, the lion, finding that he
could not get away from me, stopped suddenly at one of the
large ant-heaps I have just spoken of, faced round, and stood
with glaring eyes and open mouth, his head held low between
his shoulders, looking as savage as he could, growling hoarsely,
and twitching the end of his tail from side to side. Pulling in
38 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
my horse, I tried to fire again from his back, but he was
excited by the gallop, or perhaps the growling of the lion dis-
concerted him, and he would not stand still at all. My anta-
gonist looked so nasty that I scarcely liked dismounting, as I
was pretty close to him, and when a lion is driven to bay as
this one was, it is impossible to tell at what instant he may
make up his mind to charge. If he will wait till you are on
the ground, of course you have a very nice shot ; but he may
make his rush just as one is dismounting, and neither on the
ground ready to shoot nor on the horse ready to gallop off.
But this day the luck was all in my favour. I dismounted, and
taking a quick but steady sight, planted a bullet just between
his neck and shoulder, on receiving which he reared himself up
with a loud roar, and fell over sideways, while I inwardly said
to myself, " I've got him." The lion was lying half in and half
out of the long grass, but my horse having twisted right round
as I fired, I had to take my eyes off him to remount, and when,
on regaining the saddle and turning the horse's head, I again
looked at the same spot, the lion was gone ! I felt sure I had
given him a dead shot, and thought he must have just managed
to wriggle himself into the long grass, and might be lying there
dead. I rode closer, then right up to the grass, which stood
just in a patch round the base of the ant-heap, but was over six
feet in height and very thick. I could, however, neither see
nor hear anything. Presently Laer came up with Umlizan and
some of the Mashunas, for whom he had had to wait, as the
pony would not allow him to put the skin of the lion first shot
on its back. As soon as they came up I again rode close to
where the lion had disappeared, and called to Umlizan to come
and climb a tree close by, from the top of which I thought he
might be able to see the lion lying in the grass, probably dead.
However, though he went to the top, and said he could see
well into the grass, he could not discover the creature's where-
about.s.
The sun was now very nearly if not quite down ; I did not
wish to lose the lion, or leave him to be eaten by hyaenas
during the night, and at the same time I did not half like going
into long grass after him when I was not quite sure that he was
really dead. However, after a little more hesitation, I resolved
II LAER AND THE LION 39
to take the bull by the horns, and so, dismounting, walked into
the grass, holding my rifle cocked and ready for action. I
soon found out that the lion was not there, either dead or alive,
and the blood track showed me where he had gone out the
other side. Here again the grass was short and sparse, and by
the dull evening light I could see a whitish line through it, that
marked the lion's track, which I could not have seen by sun-
light. Mounting my horse, and followed by Laer, I went
rapidly along this track. About one hundred yards farther on
there was a patch of longer grass, and as soon as I neared it I
walked my horse very slowly, as I fully expected to find the
wounded beast lying in it. Nor was I mistaken, for on reaching
it I saw him lying, as I thought, dead, about five yards in front
of me. He was lying stretched on the ground, not flat on his
side certainly, but half on his side, with his hind quartet's
nearest me, and certainly dying, although he was not, as I
thought, dead. " Here he is," I called out joyfully to Laer,
under this impression. Hardly were the words out of my mouth
than the lion was on his feet and round on me with marvellous
quickness, growling savagely ; but at the first movement I had
wrenched my horse round, and dug the spurs into him and was
at once in full flight closely pursued. He did not come more
than twenty or thirty yards, his strength probably failing him,
and I pulled up at once, as I saw that an accident had happened
to Laer. He was some ten yards behind me when the lion
charged out, and turned his pony and galloped off parallel with
me ; but about twenty yards beyond where the lion stopped 1
suppose the pony shied at something, for I saw his rider fall off",
and at once reined in. Laer, let me here say, had a strong
thong fastened to his waistbelt at the one end, and to a running
loop on the bridle at the other, in imitation of the thin thong
which I generally use, but which I always arrange in such a way
that I can loosen it in an instant. He, however, had simply
tied it in a knot to his waistband, and was fast bound to the
horse.
The position was now this : the lion was standing with open
mouth, from which blood was flowing, growling savagely, and
looking like nothing but a wounded and furious lion, whilst
right in front of him, and within thirty yards, stood Laer's
40 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, ii
refractory pony, backing towards the lion, and pulling with him
Laer, who, of course, was looking full into his open jaws, which
he did not seem to admire. I think I shall never forget the
momentary glimpse I had of his face. He was at that time
only a lad of about fifteen or sixteen years of age, and there
is no wonder that he was frightened — but frightened he most
certainly was ; his hat had fallen off, his mouth was wide open,
and his eyes staring, and he was pulling desperately against the
horse, which was steadily dragging him nearer to the lion. I
was a little to the right of Laer and a little farther from
the lion, but not much, and he looked alternately at the two
of us. I am sure it was simply want of strength that pre-
vented him from coming on and mauling either Laer or the
pony, for before I could raise my rifle he sank down on the
ground, but still kept his head up, and, with his mouth
wide open, never ceased growling or roaring (I do not know
which is the better word). Of course I fired as quickly as
I could, the circumstances not admitting of any delay. I
aimed right for his open mouth, and at the shot his head fell
so suddenly, and in such a way, that I knew the bullet had
reached his brain.
The whole of this scene, which has taken so long to
describe, was, of course, only a matter of a few seconds. On
going up to the lion I found that my bullet had struck him
in the right eye, which was, of course, wide open at the time,
and had not touched or injured in any way the lid or eye-
lashes cither above or below — not a very good shot, as I aimed
for his open mouth at not more than forty yards, but a very
effective one. We could now hear the two young dogs
barking at the waggon, from which we were distant about
a quarter of a mile, and by the time the lion was skinned it
was quite dusk. There was no doubt about his being one of
those that were at the camp two nights before, as on cutting
him open we found large pieces of sable antelope skin still
undigested in his belly. Like the lion first shot, he was an
animal in the prime of life, in very good hair, but without
much mane. As the spot where we first saw him was less
than half a mile from my camp, I feel sure that had we not,
by mere chance, ridden right on to him and killed him, he
CHAP, n ANOTHER HY^NA SHOT 43
would most certainly have paid us a second visit the same
night.
Where the lioness was I do not know, but I expect she
was not far off when we first saw her mate. I fully expected
that, in spite of his death, she would come smelling round the
waggon, and my first care on getting back was to see that the
guns were properly set. However, though another hyaena came
and got shot, she did not put in an appearance, and I think
she must have been scared by the death of her companion and
left the district, as, during the remainder of the hunting season,
neither she nor any other of her kind ever troubled me again.
From this date (22nd June) until the following December I was
continually hunting and travelling, and during that period went
on foot to the old Portuguese town of Zumbo, situated at the
junction of the Loangwa and Zambesi rivers, and was during
the whole time in a country where lions were always prowling
about, though nowhere plentiful ; yet, though I sometimes
heard them at night, I never got sight of another, and I con-
sider it a most extraordinary instance of good luck to have
chanced upon two single lions in one day as I have described.
CHAPTER III
Collecting specimens of natural history — Meet Mr. and Mrs. Dorehill — Shoot
leopard — Start for the Zambesi — Reach Manyanga's village — Timidity of the
natives — Shoot sable antelope — Chikasi's village — My donkey is killed by
hyaenas — Cross the Mutiki river — Reach Se-fu-pi's — Mount Inyambare —
Descend to the valley of the Zambesi — The Umsengaisi river — Impala ante-
lopes— Reach the Zambesi — Jose Miguel Lobo — Start for Zunibo — Pass Peri-
zengi's town — Black rhinoceros spoor — Sleep at Matakania's town — Cross the
Panyanii — A jovial host — Reach Kanyemba's — Arrival at Zumbo — Hospitality
of the Portuguese — Collecting butterflies on the River Loangwa — Ruins of old
Zumbo — Start for Mashunaland — Wild jasmine bushes — Cross the River Angwa
— Desertion of our guide — A rough country — Fever — Get back to my waggon
— Return to Matabililand and the Transv.ial— Revisit Mashunaland in 1883 —
Form hunting camp 03 the Manyami river.
During the following six weeks I shot and preserved a great
many fine specimens of the larger African antelopes, some of
which may be seen in the New Natural History Museum at
South Kensington, whilst others are in the collection of the
South African Museum at Cape Town. By the beginning of
August I had got all the specimens it was possible for me to
carry on my waggon ; so as it was too early in the year to
return to Matabililand, I determined to cross the Hanyani
river (or Manyami as it is called by the Mashunas), and then
make my way down to the Zambesi.
Whilst I had been hunting, my old friend Mr. George
Dorehill had come into the country on a shooting trip, together
with his wife and two young children, and I think that Mrs.
Dorehill was the first English lady who travelled in Mashuna-
land, though the wives of several Boer hunters had previously
been in the country. Mr. Dorehill had formed a camp not
many miles away from mine, and the first time I visited him,
as I was following his waggon track, I came suddenly upon
— 3
3 ;:
CHAP. Ill A LEOPARD SHOT 47
the remains of a black rhinoceros he had shot, and saw a
leopard feeding at the carcase, a lot of vultures sitting on the
ground all round, but at a respectful distance. The leopard
was so much occupied with the business he had in hand that
he neither saw nor heard my horse approaching, and I reined
in and shot him through the shoulders before he knew I was
near him. He fell to the shot, and died almost immediately ;
and I at once took off his skin and carried it to my friend's
waggon. This leopard must, I presume, have been excessively
hungry to have come out and fed at a carcase in broad day-
light, as I found him doing ; but though not fat, he was not at
all emaciated, and his skin was in very good order.
When I started on my journey to the Zambesi, I again
slept at Dorehill's waggon, and the following morning crossed
the Hanyani. At that time (1882) this river had long been
almost the " Ultima Thule " of travellers and hunters whose
expeditions had set out from the British colonies of South
Africa, my friends George Westbeech and George Phillips — who
in 1868 accompanied a Matabili army to Wata's mountain,
and visited the upper course of the Mazoe — being the only
Europeans who had ever been more than a day's walk in that
direction. Unfortunately they did not take any notes of their
journey, or map out their route, and as Mr. Thomas Baines
never crossed the Hanyani, the whole country to the east of
that river was either left a blank on the best maps or very
erroneously filled in. For this reason I was anxious to travel
through the country to some known point, such as Tete or
Zumbo on the Zambesi, and map out the intervening country.
On 6th August I crossed the Manyami, and slept at
Manyanga's, the chief of a small Mashuna village, and made a
final start to the north-east early the following morning. My
party consisted of Laer (who had become a very useful, handy,
little fellow, and who, as he had been born and brought up in
the interior, possessed a good knowledge of several native
languages, besides speaking Dutch), two Matabili boys, two of
Khama's people from Bamangwato, and three Mashunas. In
addition to this rather mixed lot I also had a pack donkey, a
strong, useful animal, whose services, however, it was not ordained
that I was long to enjoy.
48 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
After leaving Manyanga's (the little village where we had
slept), we travelled during the forenoon through thick Mahobo-
hobo forests, crossing two small streams running to the north-
west, tributaries of the Manyami. There appeared to be no
game whatever in this district, as we saw no spoor of any kind.
Whilst breakfasting, a pair of those rare and beautiful rollers
{Coradas spatulatus), first discovered on the central Zambesi
by my friend Dr. Bradshaw, came and perched upon the tree
beneath which I was sitting. They were so close that I could
see plainly their two long tail feathers, broadened out or
spatulatcd at the extremity in the form of a paddle, which is
the main feature which distinguishes them from their southern
congener. Not having a shot gun with me, I was unable to
shoot and preserve these rare and handsome birds, as I should
have liked to have done. All this portion of the country had,
at no very distant date, been thickly populated, almost every
valley showing traces of old rice-fields, whilst large patches of
thick forest had been cleared for the cultivation of maize, pogo
corn, sweet potatoes, etc. Every cluster of rocks had been the
site of a Mashuna village, many of which had not been long
deserted. But the ever-present fear of invasion by the cruel
and bloodthirsty Matabili had caused the natives of this rich
and fertile tract of country to desert the homes of their fore-
fathers and retreat towards the east and north.
Towards evening, having travelled continuously in a north-
easterly direction, we reached a rocky hill standing conspicuously
in the midst of an open country, on the highest rocks of which
was perched a still inhabited Mashuna village. As soon as we
saw the huts I sent my own Mashunas on in advance, to tell
the people of my approach and friendly intentions. Otherwise,
as I knew from experience, every man, woman, and child would
have bolted, and I should not have been able to obtain from
them the provisions I needed. The abject state of fear in
which the inhabitants of this part of Africa were then living
can scarcely be comprehended by the members of any society
living under a powerful and settled government, and must have
made their lives a misery to them. My whole party, including
myself and the donkey, only numbered ten ; yet, after crossing-
the Manyami, until I passed the extreme limit of the MatabiU
MASH UNAS
49
raids, the people everywhere fled precipitately at our approach,
the^olcTwomen running from the cornfields, wailing and shouting,
and the cattle and goat herds leaving their flocks to shift for
themselves. It was often, indeed, with the greatest difficulty
that my own Mashunas, after a lengthened parley, were able to
persuade the villagers to come to my camp with provisions.
They soon, however, gained confidence when they learnt who
and what I was — an Englishman on a journey to the Basungos
(Portuguese) on the Zambesi ; and then every man, woman, and
child crowded round the camp ; myself — the first white man
Native Village, Mashunaland.
any of the women and children had ever seen — and the donkey,
an equally strange sight to them, being the great attractions.
The name of the hill near the base of which we encamped was
Ushamba, that of the head man being Umfan-ee-chee-ha. We
were now close to the western end of the Umvukwi hills, and
on their northern side. This range of hills, I found, commencing
in a series of low wooded ridges, extends for a considerable
distance from the Manyami towards the Zambesi, and forms a
watershed, all the streams flowing from its northern slope
running either into the Manyami or Zambesi, whilst those from
its southern side flow into the Mazoe. As the natives here
E
50 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
said there were lots of elands about, which fed every night
through their cornfields, and were very insistent that I should
try and shoot one, and as I myself would also have been glad
to get a little fat for cooking, I resolved to stand over a day
and see what I could do.
The following morning, therefore, I was early astir, and,
under the guidance of the Mashunas, made a long round.
However, we saw no elands, for, although there was much spoor
in their old cornfields, none of it was that night's, and none,
consequently, fresh enough to follow. Late in the afternoon
we came upon a small herd of sable antelopes, of which I shot
the bull. He was a fine, handsome animal, but carried a small
pair of horns ; being in good condition, however, his meat was
excellent. The Mashunas brought every fraction of the animal
(intestines included, of which they are very fond) into camp,
and I then gave about half the meat to the town, and with part
of the rest bought some rice and ground nuts.
On 9th August I again resumed my journey, travelling in
a general direction somewhat to the north of east, our route
running parallel to the great range of Umvukwi. During the
morning we crossed the River Umkwasi, a tributary of the
Manyami, a pretty little purling stream, whose limpid waters
ran noisily over a pebbly bed. Both before and after crossing
the Umkwasi, we passed several native villages, all perched
amongst small detached rocky hills. The inhabitants, however,
must have seen us from afar and fled at our approach, as,
although the fires were still burning (on some of which pots
were left cooking), we saw neither man, woman, nor child.
Some of them were doubtless watching us as we looked about
amongst the huts, examining their household utensils, yet,
although my fellows shouted lustily that we were not Maziti
(Matabili), but a party of peaceful travellers, no one mustered
up sufficient courage to come near us. The country about
here is undulating and well watered, open glades and patches
f forest alternating.
In the evening, after a hard day's walk, we reached Chikasi's
hill. On this day the sun set exactly west-north-west by
compass. Chikasi's hUl is one of many very remark-able rocks
about here, immense blocks of stone rising sheer from the level
Ill A MAS HUN A VILLAGE 51
plain to a height of several hundred feet. The huts and store-
houses for rice and corn were built on the very summit of this
huge rock, which tjvust be altogether impregnable to such foes
as the Matabili, as on the one side it is a sheer precipice
several hundred feet in height, and on the other can only be
scaled by its inhabitants in certain places by the help of rude
ladders. The daily labour entailed in carrying up wood and
water for cooking to the summit of this rock — a duty which
devolves entirely upon the women — must be veiy great, and
shows the state of terror in which these poor people were living.
Judging from the number of well-worn jfoptgath^sjvWcli we were
continually crossing, leading in all directions, and the utter
absence of game of any kind whatever, the country about here"
must have been thickly inhabited. These people were formerly
very rich in cattle, sheep, and goats, the greater part of which,
however, had been swept off by the ferocious Matabili, so that,
at the time of my visit they had but very few left. During the
day's walk I noticed in the open glades, where the young grass
was~already several inches high, a great profusion of wild-
flowers, all of which might have passed for those one sees at
home in an English meadow. What I mean is, that though
many of them were very beautiful, yet there was nothing grand
or luxuriant about them to remind one that the soil on which
they grew lay far within the tropics. To all intents and pur-
poses, however, owing to its altitude, this is a temperate country,
although the level descends continuously from the Manyami,
The temperature during the winter months is about that of
a fine English June during the day, though much colder at
nights.
It was nearly dark by the time we had completed our
camp, which we pitched beneath a large spreading tree, and
close to a fine spring of water, which, welling out of the rich
black soil, poured its waters into a clear stream that flowed past
the foot of Chikasi's hill. By this time we had established
friendly communications with the inhabitants — after a great
deal of cross -questioning and explanation, all shouted back-
wards and forwards between the summit of the rock and my
camp — and we were soon surrounded by all the villagers, who
at our invitation had brought ground nuts, pumpkins, and maize
52 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
(for the donkey) for sale. The head man, Chikasi, a venerable
barbarian, with a placid and dignified expression of countenance,
presented me with a hen and several eggs, and later on sent me
three plates of prepared food, and seemed much pleased with
the beads with which I, on my side, presented him.
My donkey now refusing to eat the maize which I had
had cooked for him, and the natives assuring me that lions
were unknown in this part of the country, I hobbled him, and
turned him loose to graze during the night, as there was a
nice patch of young grass round the spring, close alongside
of our camp.
It must have been about an hour before daybreak when I
heard the donkey clattering over a large flat stone just behind
the camp. Surmising that something was behind him persuad-
ing him to run like this (for he was fast hobbled), I jumped up
and ran out to try and get in front of him ; but the short, sharp
stubble of the burnt-off grass cut my naked feet so cruelly that
I was soon obliged to halt. At this moment the donkey
gave a cry — something between a bray and a scream — which
sounded quite unearthly in the stillness of the night, and I
knew the poor brute was in trouble. I now shouted to my
Kafirs, and, as they came running up, we again heard the
donkey making most distressing noises not far off, and whilst I
returned to camp to get ray shoes they ran to his assistance, as
we already guessed he was attacked by hyxnas. Almost im-
mediately afterwards my boys returned with the news that they
had reached the poor animal too late, having found him upon
the point of death, a wretched hya:na having torn his entrails
out. It was now very near daybreak, so I sat by the fire until
it was just getting light, and then, taking my rifle, went to
where my poor donkey lay, in the hope of finding his destroyer
still at the carcase. The loathsome brute, however, had never
returned, after having been scared away by my boys, and
so had only killed the donkey, without eating a morsel
of the meat. He had seized the unfortunate animal from
behind, between the legs, and tearing open his belly, had
dragged out the entrails. It was whilst undergoing this
dreadful torture that the poor creature must have shrieked out
in his agony.
Ill A BAD GAME COUNTRY 53
About an hour after sunrise the following morning we again
made a start, and, travelling to the north-east, reached the
pretty little River Mutiki, after a walk of about three hours.
This river, like the Umkwasi, so the natives told me, pours its
waters into the Manyami. After breakfast we again pushed on,
and presently reached a large town, the inhabitants of which
had only deserted it a few days previously. As I wanted to
purchase food, we followed on their tracks, which led us about
ten miles to the north, considerably out of our way. When we
at last came up with them the sun was nearly down. We
found them busy building a new town, and chopping down the
forest all round to make clearings for their cornfields. These
people had a considerable herd of cattle, and I was enabled to
buy a potful of delicious milk from them. We were now be-
yond the farthest point ever reached by a Matabili marauding
expedition, and might therefore have expected to find the people
on ahead in possession of cattle in some numbers. The country
through which we had travelled this day was very hilly, not to
say mountainous, and to the north and east, as far as we could
see, it appeared to be very rough and broken. The name of
this town, or of its head man — I am not sure which — was
Se-fu-pi. There appeared to be no game whatever in this part
of the country. On the following day we travelled to the
north-east, getting close to the mountain range of Umvukwi
towards evening. In the course of the day we saw a wart-hog
and a small herd of zebras ; but they got our wind, and I was
not able to get a shot. After leaving Se-fu-pi the country was
at first very rough and hilly, becoming more undulating as we
neared Umvukwi, and well wooded throughout. Late in the
afternoon we crossed the Dandi, another tributary of the
Manyami river. A couple of hours' walk the next morning
brought us to the base of the Umvukwi range, which we struck
at the foot of a bare precipitous crag, called Inyambari. Here
we found numbers of small native towns, perched upon the
hills, lying in every direction ; in fact, there was a large native
population in the neighbourhood, who seemed very comfortably
off, and were in possession of numbers of cattle and large flocks
of goats.
After breakfa.st we continued our journey, but, getting into
54 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
a maze of stony hills, were forced to go off our course a good
deal. Just after sundown we reached a small stream, the
Savakaranga, where we slept. There was said to be tse-tse
fly here.
On 13th August we continued our journey for about two
hours in a general northerly direction, through a succession of
steep stony hills, until the footpath we were following brought
us to a small village at their foot. From this village a flat
forest-covered country stretched away as far as one could see
to the north and north-east. The head man of the district
was named Garanga. He seemed a friendly old man, and said
that if I would remain at his town for a day, he would give me
two boys to show me the way to the Portuguese on the Zambesi
(for a consideration, of course) ; so, as my feet were rather sore
from walking over the stony hills during the last two days, I
agreed to do so.
We had now descended into the Zambesi valley, and both
birds and insects were more numerous than amongst the rugged
hills we had just left. I saw here, amongst others, the beauti-
ful scarlet-winged plantain-eater {Corytliaix porphyreolophd), so
conspicuous both for the beauty of its plumage and its loud
harsh cry of Glock-glock-glock. I also noticed along the little
river which ran beneath the village three species of kingfishers :
the great African {Ceryle maxima), the common black and white
{Ceryle rudis), and the lovely deep blue one {Alcedo scmitorqtiata),
somewhat similar to, though larger than, our English bird.
The very small blue kingfisher {Corythornis cyanostigmd) so
common on most African rivers I did not see, though it, too, is
doubtless a native of these parts. I also saw what was to me
a new species of bee-eater, the body dark green, and head,
throat, and breast red, with no long feathers in the tail. A
whole colony of them had taken pos.scssion of a high bank for
a nesting station, and drilled it with holes in a manner that
reminded me of the nesting-places of sand martins at home.
I caught here several (to me) new species of butterflies, one a
very handsome species of Vanessa, I think. My old friend,
the tse-tse fly, was also now commencing to make his presence
disagreeably felt.
Early next morning I left Garanga's, with three of his men
Ill THE TSE-TSE FLY 55
as guides. At first we took a path that led north-north-east as
far as the little River Kadzi, where we breakfasted. We then
held a better course for the rest of the day to the east-north-east,
crossing a tributary of the Kadzi, the Ma-ovi, soon after breakfast.
The path we were following now took us along the Kadzi for
the rest of the day, and we camped on its bank. The country
is quite flat about here, and covered with open Mopani forests.
Along the river there is a great deal of palm scrub, and I was
often reminded, in the course of the day, of the country along
the banks of the upper Chobi. In the morning I saw two
small herds of zebra and a few Impala antelopes, and along the
Kadzi there was a good deal of buffalo and black rhinoceros
spoor ; I also noticed the tracks of a fine herd of elephant
bulls, which had crossed the river a few days before. In the
evening I shot a wild pig (wart-hog), which was the first head
of game I had bagged, or had had a chance of bagging, for
some days. The tse-tse fly swarmed along the River Kadzi,
and was a great pest, keeping one in a perpetual state of
irritation all day long.
The next day we made about fifteen miles to the north-
east, and slept at the little River Biri. As we reached our
camping-place some time before sundown, I went out to see if
I could not shoot anything ; but, though I saw a herd of
waterbuck and wounded one of them, I lost it in the bush, and
eventually got back to camp long after dark, tired and dis-
appointed. That night a lion roared close to us.
On 1 6th August I started before sunrise, and, after a hard
walk of over three hours, reached a small stream of water.
From here, about another five miles brought us to the River
Umsengaisi, which, where we crossed it, was about two hundred
and fifty yards broad, with a sandy bed, over which the water
ran with a good current, nowhere more than knee deep. Here
I shot two Impala antelopes, so I determined to remain over
for the rest of the day. This river swarmed with the accursed
tse-tse flies, which gave us no peace. In the afternoon I took
a stroll down the river catching butterflies, and saw herd after
herd of graceful Impala antelopes coming down to drink.
They were very tame, but, as I had meat enough, I did not
attempt to molest them. I also saw a good deal of spoor of
56 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
black rhinoceros ; these animals only come down to the river
to drink at nights, lying asleep during the day at some distance
off, where there is thick covert. From where we were camped
this day we could see a range of hills, on the other side of the
Zambesi, apparently about fifteen miles to the north-east,
among which was one very high peak called Degoza.
Early the following morning we once more resumed our
journey, and at first followed the course of the Umsengaisi to
the north-east for about five miles, when we left it, and took a
footpath trending slightly to the south of east, which we followed
for about three hours ; we then turned again to the north-east,
and presently nearly due north, and, just at sundown, after a
hard day's walk over a very roundabout road, reached Chabonga,
as it is called by the Portuguese, a native town on the banks
of the Zambesi. The chief of this place was an educated black
man, who had been brought up, I suppose, at Tetc by the
Portuguese. His name, he told me, was Jos^ Miguel Lobo,
but by the natives he was called Chimbuna. He received me
very kindly, gave me the best dinner I had had for some
time, and a stretcher to sleep on in one of the empty
chambers of his low roomy house. He was an elderly man,
and had been a great traveller in his time, knowing the
whole of the Zambesi country well, and having been by
steamer to Mozambique. He told me that he had met with
Dr. Livingstone in the land of Cazembi, far to the north of
the Zambesi.
The following day, 1 8th August, I remained at Chabonga
with old Lobo, and bought a goat and a little tea and sugar
from him. I was now enabled to get some definite information
as to my whereabouts, for although I knew I was somewhere
between Tete and Zumbo, I had but little idea how far I was
from these places respectively. I first tried to carry on the
conversation in Kafir, but although, through my boys, I was
able to command three native dialects, neither of these was
altogether intelligible to old Lobo himself, or to any of the
men he produced as interpreters, and I finally found that I
could get on better with the very small stock of Portuguese of
which I was master. My host informed me that I was only
four days' walk from Zumbo, whilst it would take me eight to
Ill DECIDE TO MAKE FOR ZUMBO 57
reach Tete, and, moreover, that the road to the latter place led
for much of the way through a very rough and hilly country.
Although I should have preferred going to Tete, and getting
back from thence to the Mashuna country along the course of
the River Mazoe, two reasons decided me to make for Zumbo
instead, and then ascend the Panyami, until I got somewhere
near to Lo Magondi's country, whence I could strike straight
for my waggon. The first reason that led me to adopt this
plan was the dilapidated state of my one pair of " veldschoon,"
which were already in such a state of disintegration that I felt
sure they would never hold out through eight days of rough
walking to Tete ; and the second was the time that such a
journey would occupy, for, as my waggon was standing all
alone in the Mashuna country, with no one to look after my
property but some Kafir boys, I did not care about remaining
too long absent. Having finally decided to start the following
day for Zumbo, I set to work to patch up my shoes with some
Impala skin, which occupied me for the greater part of the day.
The heat of the sun was now very great here, although the
nights were still cool and refreshing. I noticed in the fields
round the town great quantities of tomatoes ; and old Lobo
told me that he raised a good quantity of wheat along the river,
and was always able to supply the Portuguese passing up or
down with as much as they wanted. Just opposite here, on
the northern bank of the river, was a high flat-topped mountain,
called Matcmwi.
On 19th August, after having breakfast with old Tobo, I
bade him adieu, and started westwards towards Zumbo, getting
as far that day as the mouth of the River Umsengaisi, near the
farther bank of which we slept. Just where this river emptied
itself into the Zambesi, and on the eastern bank, there was a
small native town, with a couple of square houses with broad
verandahs standing out conspicuously among the round native
huts. This town belonged to a half-caste Portuguese named
Perizengi, who at the time of my visit was absent on a slave-
trading and hunting expedition to the Senga country, north of
the Zambesi. At this village I noticed three women tied
together by their necks, newly-caught slaves doubtless ; but at
this time, although illegal by Portuguese law, slavery on the
58 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
central Zambesi was by no means a thing of the past, as some
people would have had one believe.
The following morning, after pursuing the course of the
Zambesi for some distance, we got into a well-beaten footpath
striking obliquely away from the river, and thinking that it
would prove to be a short cut across one of the large bends,
we took it and followed it for several miles, until at last, as it
began to trend more and more to the south, we became con-
vinced that it would not lead us back to the Zambesi at all,
but would probably take us to some native town miles out of
our course. We now left the path and struck straight back
for the river, having to make our way through a lot of rough,
thorny bush and over several stony ridges intersected by
ravines full of brambles. In this thick bush we continually
came upon black rhinoceros spoor, much of it so fresh that I
expected every moment to see one of the animals themselves.
The black rhinoceros is still very plentiful throughout a large
tract of country along the southern bank of the central
Zambesi, as it doubtless is also in many other parts of the
interior of Africa, and it will be many years, perhaps centuries,
before it is altogether exterminated ; whilst its congener, the
large, white, grass-eating rhinoceros, whose range was always
much more limited, as it was entirely confined to those parts
of Southern, South-eastern, and South-western Africa where
were to be found the open grassy tracts necessary to its
existence, is upon the verge of extinction without there being
a single specimen, or even the head of one, in our national
museum. When we at last reached the Zambesi again, it was
just getting dusk, and we were all of us, I think, pretty tired.
Just where we struck the river a herd of hippopotami were
disporting themselves, and as long as I was awake I could hear
them snorting and bellowing.
The next day we made an early start, and, finding a well-
beaten footpath along the river's bank, got over a good deal
of ground during the day, reaching Matakania's town, which
was situated close to the mouth of the Manyami river (here
called Panyami), just after sundown. During the day I shot a
large crocodile and an Impala antelope. A little after dark,
when we had made a comfortable camp, and just as I was
Ill HIPPOPOTAMUS -SHOOTING 59
about to make an attack upon my evening meal, a lot of
Matakania's people came down and insisted upon my coming
up to the town to sleep. At first I refused to do so, protesting
that I was much more comfortable where I was ; but, upon
their making a great fuss, and saying that I would not come
to the town because I had a Matabili army behind me, and
had come on to spy out the land, and that they would beat
their war drums and summon the people from all the surround-
ing villages if I remained where I was, I thought it would
perhaps be as well to humour them and avoid any chance of
misunderstanding. Upon going up to the town I found that
Matakania was away to the north of the Zambesi, in the Luisa
country, somewhere near Cazembi, on a slave-trading and
elephant-hunting expedition. No doubt, had he been at home,
he would have treated me as well as did old Lobo ; as it was,
the man he had left in charge of his town offered us no food,
and only a dirty old hut to sleep in ; but, upon my refusing
to enter a place only fit for dogs and Kafirs, they gave me
a stretcher under the verandah of Matakania's large square
house.
At daylight the following morning I packed up my traps
ready for an early start ; but, upon going down to the river where
the women were already getting water, I saw a hippopotamus
about eighty yards from the shore, lying with its head and part
of its back above the water, calmly looking at the people as
they came down to the river. It was lying in a sort of back-
water, out of the stream, so, knowing that if I killed it the
current could not carry it away, I went and fetched my rifle,
and, sitting on the bank, took a steady aim between its eyes
as it lay stolidly gazing at me. The bullet struck it fair, and
it gave one plunge forward, and disappearing from view, never
rose again, so that I felt sure, as did all the Kafirs who were
looking on, that it was dead. Knowing that the carcase would
not rise to the surface for several hours, perhaps not till late in
the afternoon, I unpacked my things again and made break-
fast, intending to wait and see if I could not get any fat for
cooking.
Whilst I was engaged upon my scanty meal, one of
Matakania's daughters, a nice-looking young girl, came and
6o TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
paid me a visit, bringing as a present a piece of bacon and a
plate of biscuits made from wheat grown on the banks of the
river. About an hour later three large boats, of the kind
called "escalere" by the Portuguese, flat-bottomed and built
of planks, and capable of carrying about three tons of cargo,
hove in sight, coming rapidly towards us from the direction of
Zumbo, which was only about fifteen miles off. They were
propelled not by oars but by paddles, four or five on each
side, the blades of which flashed in the sunlight at every
stroke. The crews sang merrily as they came towards us,
keeping time to the music with their paddles. I was told
they were " soldados " who had been on duty at Zumbo, and
were now going down to Quilimane, and was in hopes that
there might be a white Portuguese officer with them. When
they arrived, however, I was disappointed to find that the man
who seemed to be in command was as black as any of his
crew. In the stern of one of the boats, beneath an awning
made of bent saplings thatched with grass, a pretty though
languid-looking mulatto, or rather quadroon girl, was reclining
upon some mats. She was, I presume, the daughter of one
of the Portuguese at Zumbo, and was probably going down to
Tette or Quilimane to be educated. The three boats' crews
only made a stay of a few minutes, and then, embarking again,
departed singing blithely as before.
I now began to grow impatient, and eventually, as the
presumably dead hippopotamus showed no sign of coming up,
I once more tied up my things, and resumed my journey
along the river's bank, hoping that night to reach one of the
towns of Kanyemba, from whom I knew I should be able to
get a boat to take me across the river to Zumbo. About
ten minutes after leaving Matakania's town we crossed the
mouth of the Manyami or Panyami, here a broad river, with
but little water above its sandy bed, presenting a very
different appearance from what it does near its source in the
Mashuna country, where it is a succession of deep blue pools
flowing swiftly amongst great boulders of rock, along the
banks of which I have often roamed. Prior to my visit in
1882, the mouth of this river was always placed in the best
maps a little to the west of Zumlx), whereas it really enters
A JOVIAL HOST 6i
the Zambesi some fifteen miles or so to the east of that
place. This mistake, I suppose, arose through wrong infor-
mation having been given to Dr. Livingstone as to the real
position of the mouth of the river, when he first passed down
the Zambesi, and again when he returned with his brother
Charles Livingstone and Dr. Kirk in 1861. As upon both
those journeys he travelled along the northern bank, and
therefore could not have seen the mouth of the Panyami
himself, and as, in the twenty years that had elapsed since
that time, no other Englishman had visited this part of the
Zambesi, the error had remained unrectified.
After leaving Matakania's town we walked hard for the
rest of the day along a well-worn footpath, and late in the
evening, just as it was growing dusk, reached a small village,
not far from one of Kanyemba's towns. Here we slept.
Just before reaching this village I shot a waterbuck, and the
people went out and brought in all the meat. The head
man turned out a very good fellow. He was an immense
man, a good deal over six feet high, and very big and broad.
He was deeply pitted with smallpox, and had, too, a wall
eye, yet, in spite of these disadvantages, he had a rollicking,
jovial expression of face. His wives had just brewed a great
quantity of strong beer, and he presented me with three
enormous pots, each holding about ten gallons, besides some
meal, and a hen with eight eggs. My Kafirs naturally all
got very drunk, and even then could not get through half of
the beer.
Early the following morning I again pushed on, and
reached Kanyemba's first town after about an hour's walk,
and another two hours brought us to the village where he
was then residing. He knew me at once, for this was the
same man I had met four years before on the Kafukwi and
in the Manica country. He at once agreed to put me across
the river in one of his large boats, but asked me to stop and
have breakfast first, which I was only too glad to do. He
was busy building a fine large new house at the time of my
visit. Amongst the people working were nine slaves (doubt-
less just caught in some recent raid) all chained together, an
iron ring round their necks, and about five feet of strong
62 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
heavy chain between each two. The chain was very new-
looking, clean, and bright — which was doubtless a great
consolation to the poor wretches. This town of Kanyemba's
was on the banks of a small stream, a tributary of the
Zambesi, but several miles from the great river itself
After breakfast, Kanyemba, having first given me a sheep
and a large basketful of meal, told off five Kafirs to take me
across the river to Zumbo. It took us quite two hours to
get down to the boat, which was about four miles above
Zumbo, and from the point of embarkation we had a very
pleasant trip down the river. Just above Zumbo the Zambesi
emerges from a deep gorge in the mountains, and broadens
out into a fine sheet of dark blue water, with only here and
there a sandbank cropping up above the surface. About a
mile above the town the River Loangwa, coming from the
far north, pours a fine broad stream of water into the
Zambesi. We passed a herd of hippopotami just before
reaching Zumbo, and there was also a big old bull disporting
himself within a hundred yards of the landing-place. As
we stepped ashore one of the five white men (Portuguese)
who were then living at Zumbo — Scnhor Joaquim Andre
Gourinho — came down, and, bidding me welcome, offered me
the use of one of the many unoccupied houses, for the accom-
modation of myself and Kafirs during my stay — which was,
however, only to be of a few days' duration — and I sub-
sequently found him most kind and hospitable.
All the Portuguese here were mere wrecks of men —
frail, yellow, and fever-stricken — and offered a strong contrast
to the robust and powerful figures of the natives. Yet one
would not imagine that the country about was very un-
healthy, as both banks of the river were very dry and
barren, and there was no appearance of marsh or swamp in
the neighbourhood. The trade of Zumbo is confined to ivory
alone, all of which comes from the countries to the north of
the Zambesi, on both sides of the River Loangwa. Senhor
Gourinho, who was the principal merchant at the time of my
visit, and was also, I fancy, the agent for a house in Quili-
mane, had a good deal of fine ivory in his storehouse, and told
me that not long before my arrival he had sent off two large
ZUMBO 63
boat-loads (10,000 lbs.) to Quilimane. I was told that six
days' journey up the Loaiigvva there were plenty of elephants
still, and fancy that Zumbo would not be a bad place for an
enterprising hunter to fix upon as his basis for hunting
expeditions to the north of the Zambesi. The Portuguese,
however, whom one meets on the Zambesi are no sportsmen,
and not only never hunt, but never even travel by land
unless carried in a palanquin, nor even leave their houses in
the middle of the day without an umbrella to protect them
from the sun, exposure to the heat of which, they say, gives
them fever.
The tse-tse fly swarms on both sides of the river in the
immediate vicinity of Zumbo, so that cattle cannot be kept
there ; but the Portuguese keep great quantities of lean, long-
snouted pigs, which, being fed regularly every evening, and
enclosed in yards at night, do not wander far from the houses.
Goats are also plentiful at Zumbo, and fairly cheap. I was
surprised to find that neither Senhor Gourinho nor any of his
countrymen had thought of planting fruit-trees of any kind along
the river, although he told me that he had been living there
for eight years. He had, however, a very good and fruitful
vegetable garden, which was watered by hand every morning
and evening, and during my visit I revelled in peas, beans,
tomatoes, and onions. He also grew his own wheat. During
my visit to Zumbo I amused myself and passed the time in
collecting butterflies along the banks of the Zambesi and
Loangwa rivers ; it was, however, too early in the season, and
1 did not reap a very rich harvest. What I got, however, I
subsequently forwarded, together with my Mashunaland collec-
tion, to Mr. Rowland Trimen, the well-known naturalist and
energetic curator of the Cape Town Museum.
One day I took a stroll with Senhor Gourinho down the
river to look at the ruins of the old town of Zumbo. Nearly
two hundred years ago Zumbo was a flourishing place, it seems,
with a governor, a Catholic church, and a college — the ruins of
the two latter edifices being the only ones whose solid stone walls
have in some places resisted time's all-destroying hand. The
great trade of the country, my informant told me, was at that
time in gold dust ; and it is difficult to understand why this trade
64 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
should have so entirely collapsed as it has done, for the same
forces that in days of yore brought the gold, grain by grain,
from the mountains to the plains below are still at work ; and
if there was payable gold in the river's sands then, so, one
would think, there must be still. Yet the only trade now
carried on is in ivory, and the natives seem to have lost all
knowledge of even the most primitive processes employed
by their forefathers to extract the golden grains from the
soil.
On 28th August I bade adieu to Senhor Gourinho and his
fellow-exiles, all of whom had been most kind to me during
my visit, and, getting across the river by ten A.M., soon left
Zumbo and the fair Zambesi far behind me. Striking pretty
well to the south, we reached the banks of the Panyami, about
ten miles from its junction with the Zambesi, and after a hot
walk through dreary, parched-up, leafless Mopani forests. As
I went down for a bathe in the river I saw a pair of the great
African kingfishers, and a handsome kinghunter {Setni ccerulca,
I think). I had also seen during the day, whilst still near
the Zambesi, a flock of parroquets, or mouse birds, of a
species unknown to me. They were of a pale green colour,
with rose-coloured heads and long tails. I remember having
seen a flock of the same birds once before on the northern
bank of the Zambesi, near the mouth of the Kafukwi river. As
my friend Mr. Thomas Ayres of Potchefstroom, by far the
most experienced, but at the same time the most modest and
unassuming, of South African ornithologists, is unacquainted
with this bird, I presume it is a species not yet known to
science.
All round the spot where we pitched our camp for the
night jasmine bushes were growing wild, and their uncultured
blossoms smelt as sweetly as those of the creepers we are
accustomed to see covering our walls at home. The next
morning we were up at daybreak, and made an early start in
the cool of the morning, and when, after a steady tramp of
more than three hours we called a halt, we had put a good
piece of country behind us. We followed native footpaths
from one village to another along the banks of the river.
These people are of a tribe called Matandi, who tattoo their
I
III 067? GUIDE DESERTS 65
Stomachs. In the course of the morning I saw some koodoos
and Impalas, and also a wild pig, but, having food with me, did
not shoot. Farther on we crossed the fresh spoor of a few
elands and of a large herd of buffaloes, and I also saw several
of the handsome purple plantain eaters, with bright scarlet
wings. In many places along the banks of the river the whole
air was impregnated with a strong fragrant perfume, proceed-
ing from the sweet-scented blossoms of a flowering shrub, grow-
ing plentifully in this district, that I had not met with else-
where. The tse-tse fly, too, was swarming, and we found it, as
usual, an intolerable plague.
Just where we breakfasted, a large river, the Angwa, ran
into the Panyami from the south -south -west ; it was over
three hundred yards broad, with a sandy bed but little water,
though during the rains it must become a large river. After
breakfast wc followed its course for about an hour and a half
and then, crossing it, took a native footpath running due south,
which, after a three hours' walk through dry and dreary Mopani
forest, again brought us to the banks of the Panyami at a
small village, the name of whose head man was Inyonangwa.
In the evening we walked on to another village about three
miles distant, where we slept. The head man of this village
was one Shangwi.
The following morning we walked about eight miles to
the south-south-west before breakfast, soon after which we
crossed the Panyami, at a place where our guide said there
were some hippopotami ; but, as we could see nothing of them,
I presume they must have travelled farther up the river. Our
guide now wished me to remain here, that I might look for the
hippos, protesting that the nearest water was too far off for us
to reach that day. Perceiving that there was sometliing amiss,
and that the ingenuous youth had only come thus far with us
in the hope that I would shoot something, and would now
take the first opportunity to make a bolt home, leaving us to
find our way through the wilderness as best we might, I
insisted upon his going on until he brought us to the path
leading into the mountains, which were still some fifteen miles
in front of us, telling him that, if he did .so, as he had agreed
to do when he started in our company, I would pay him well,
I'
66 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
but that otherwise I was quite prepared to use force to make
him stick to his bargain ; and, seeing that I meant what I said,
he once more sulkily took the lead. Half an hour's walk now
brought us to the little river Dandi, although our lying guide
had sworn we should not reach water that day, and we had
filled all the calabashes in consequence. I said nothing, but
made him trudge along briskly in front. We now kept amongst
the windings of the Dandi, until late in the afternoon, when we
took a large footpath leading a little more to the east, which
brought us at sundown to a deserted native village, just under
the hills. Here were two deep pits, which the natives had dug
for water, but they were quite dry. We then followed a small
watercourse coming from a gap in the hills, at the foot of which
we were, until it grew quite dark ; and it became a difficult
matter to make our way through the thick bush and giant,
tangled grass, the stems of which were as thick as one's finger.
Our guide now averring that we should find water in the next
gorge, we again moved on. Suddenly (I was walking close
behind him) he made a dash through a patch of bush, sprang
into a small ravine and was gone, carrying off a calabash and
some other trifles belonging to one of my Kafirs. I rushed
after him, as his desertion left us in no very enviable position ;
but in the darkness, the bush, and the long grass he soon dis-
appeared.
We held along under the hills for another hour, hoping to
find a stream issuing from them, or a native footpath leading
into them ; but crossing several of the former, all dry, and
fearing to cross the latter in the darkness, I called a halt, and,
lighting a fire, resolved to pass the night where we were. We
had now been many hours without water, and the heat of the
sun had been, as it always is in the Zambesi valley, terrific, so
that wc were all suffering from thirst. Before lying down I
called a council of war, and debated with my boys as to what
would be the best course to follow on the morrow ; whether
we should retrace our steps to the Dandi, rest a bit there, and
then fill the calabashes and make a fresh start ; or, thirsty as
we were, strike forward into the hills, trusting to chance for
water ; and at length we decided upon the latter course.
Before dawn we were up and stirring, and had everything
Ill ATTACKED BY FEVER 67
tied up and ready for a start as soon as day should break. At
the first sign of dawn we struck for a gorge in the hills close
to us, and found a well-beaten native track leading into it.
Following this path, which climbed right up the very steep side
of the mountain, we came, after an hour's scramble, and when
close to the summit, upon a spring of water running out of a
little boggy hollow. I need hardly say that we here called a
halt and made breakfast, not a very substantial one certainly,
as it only consisted of a little rice, but as we had been four-and-
twenty hours without food, even this and a cup of warm tea
was by no means to be despised. After breakfast we again
followed our footpath, but it soon became very indistinct, and
before long disappeared altogether.
In front of us, to the south, there now lay nothing but a.
mass of rugged hills, very high and steep, but as there was
nothing for it but to make our way over them, we set about it
without delay. We crossed three chains running parallel to
one another about east and west, and then at last got amongst
some smaller hills, and in the afternoon struck a native foot-
path. The labour entailed in climbing over these excessively
steep and stony hills under a burning tropical sun can hardly
be exaggerated. This evening I was seized with an attack of
fever, the result of over-exertion during the last three days in
the broiling heat of the sun. Could I have taken the proper
medicines and rested for a day or so, I have little doubt, from
former experience, that I should have shaken off this attack
vvithout difficulty. As it was, however, I had not a grain of
any sort of medicine, and to remain where I was for the sake
of rest meant starvation, as we were reduced to our last day's
food, having reckoned upon reaching the first Mashuna villages
the previous day. So the next morning, ist September, after
passing a feverish and unrefreshing night, I was obliged, in spite
of feeling very unwell, to push on again. We kept to a native
footpath that we had struck the previous day, and, following it
for about eight miles, reached the River Dandi, after crossing
which we kept along its banks until we reached a cluster of
small villages, the name of whose head man was Shipurero.
Having rested for an hour here, and purchased some food, we
again pushed on, and a walk of about two hours brought us
68 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
to the little river Umpingi, where we slept. I had felt very
unwell all day, and in the evening was seized with a violent
attack of fever, which lasted the greater part of the night.
Towards morning, however, I broke out into a profuse perspira-
tion, and soon felt much better, though excessively weak.
Before the sun rose we again made a start, so as to get the
full advantage of the coolness of the early morning. For about
two hours and a half I struggled on, but was then again seized
with fever and forced to lie down and coil up in my blanket.
All day long I was excessively ill — so ill, indeed, that I did not
think it would be possible for me to walk for some days to
come ; so I sent two of my boys back to a native village we
had passed that morning, to buy food. When they returned
four Ma.shunas came with them, who said they were going in the
same direction as ourselves, and would travel with us. Still
feeling very ill, and so weak that I did not think it would
be possible for me to walk for a day or two, I offered them
liberal payment if they would make a light stretcher and
carry me for three days. This they agreed to do, saying that
they would go back and sleep at their village that night,
and return early in the morning. During the night the fever
again left me ; I slept well and perspired tremendously, and on
the following morning, although I still felt as weak as a child,
and my head ached a bit, felt at any rate several hundred
per cent better than I had done on the preceding day.
About an hour after sunrise the four Mashunas came and
said they were ready to carry me, and my own boys having
made a light stretcher the preceding evening, everything was
ready. However, Shipurero's men .now refused to carry out
their agreement, unless I paid them beforehand, demanding at
the same time a most extravagant price for their services. To
such extortion I determined not to submit, and resolved to
try once more what my own legs could do for me ; so, after
cursing them in five languages, I bade my own boys get every-
thing ready, and again made a move forwards. I can imagine
nothing harder than having to walk thus in the hot sun, day
after day, when weak and ill with African fever, but there was
no alternative, as I was still a long way from my waggon in
the Mashuna country.
Ill DOWN WITH FEVER 69
Being once on my legs, which were now thoroughly accus-
tomed to walking, I got on as far as the little river Mabari,
quite six or seven miles, before taking a rest. Where we
crossed it there was a pretty little cascade rushing over a solid
block of rock. After a rest and a cup of tea, I again pushed
on, but the intense heat of the sun soon began to make me feel
ill again, and I did not get very far before I was obliged to lie
down. That evening two of my Kafirs (one a Matabili and
the other a Mangwato) were knocked over with fever, and lay
groaning all night.
As I was now well beyond the limit of the tse-tse fly, and
within four days' walk, for a healthy man, from my camp
beyond the Manyami, I determined to send Laer on to the
waggon, with a couple of the Kafirs who were still well, for the
horses, and in the meanwhile remain where I was for the sake
of the rest ; and they started accordingly at daylight the follow-
ing morning, 4th September.
About mid-day on loth September Laer returned, bringing
with him one of the Matabili boys whom I had left in charge
of my cattle at the waggons, riding the spare horse. I was
indeed rejoiced to see him, having spent a pretty miserable
time of it, waiting, and waiting, and waiting, for seven livelong
days and sleepless nights : for I had been e.xcessively ill the
entire time, and had only broken out into a perspiration and
taken a turn for the better the night before his arrival. My
two sick boys, too, were still both very bad, and professed them-
selves utterly unable to walk. For my part, I was so utterly
tired of the camp in which I had lain so long inactive, that I
at once set about making preparations for a start, leaving the
Matabili boy who had just arrived, and the Mangwato
lad who had remained with me whilst Laer was away, to look
after their sick comrades, and come on with them by slow
stages as soon as they were able to travel. Laer and I,
accompanied by my two Mashunas, saddled up the same
afternoon, and just at nightfall reached Chikasi's hill. This
hill, it may be remembered, is the place where my donkey
was killed the preceding month as we were on our way to the
Zambesi.
As from this place we followed the same route we had
70 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
travelled before, and which I have already described, it
would be superfluous to give any further account of it :
suffice it to say that on 14th September I once more arrived
at my camp, where, however, I was without medicine, and
still about two hundred and fifty miles from the nearest
white men (the missionaries and traders of the Matabili
country). However, I had now quite got the better of
the fever, and although I had a few subsequent relapses,
they were slight and of short duration. The two boys
whom I had left behind sick did not get to the waggon till the
end of the month, and even then remained in a very precarious
condition for a long time afterwards ; eventually, however, they
both recovered. When Laer came back for me with the
horses he had told me that the evening he had arrived at the
waggons the two Kafirs who had accompanied him — the one
a Matabili and the other a Mashuna — had been seized with
fever, and on my arrival there I found them still very ill, and
shortly after this Laer also got a sharp attack, which lasted
him, off and on, until we reached the Matabili country ; so
that, of our whole party of nine who had made the journey to
Zumbo, only three — one Mangwato boy and two Mashunas —
entirely escaped the fever. This fever was, I believe, entirely
brought on by constant exposure to the intense sultry heat of
the mid-day sun in the Zambesi valley, to which none of us
were accustomed. In all other parts of tropical South Africa
— both in the very hot, but at the same time intensely dry
deserts of the west, and the well-watered uplands of the east —
I have never found that exposure to the sun, even in the hottest
weather, did me any harm ; but then, in those parts, the
elevation was always about three thousand feet and upwards
above sea-Icvel, whilst the elevation of the Zambesi valley at
Zumbo is, I believe, less than one thousand feet, which will
perhaps account for the difference.
With my arrival at my waggon my little journey through
unexplored country came to an end. Early in October I left
my hunting camp in Mashunaland, and after an uneventful
journey of about a month's duration, reached the Matabili
country just as the rainy season was setting in. I did not
remain there long, but journeyed down to Klerksdorp in the
REACH KLERKS DORP
Transvaal, and packed and despatched my collections to Cape
Town and England. Then, after laying in a fresh stock of pro-
visions and trading goods, I again set out for the interior, and
in May 1883 pitched my camp on the banks of the Manyami
river in Mashunaland.
Rock Paintings in Mashuna-
LAND.
CHAPTER IV
Prepare for journey to the Mazoe and Sabi rivers— Lichtenstein's hartebeest — Shoot
wart-hog and Tsessebe antelope — Shoot roan antelope cow with fine horns
Eland hunting — Large wart-hog shot —Cross the Manyami — Fine country
Devastations of the Matabili — Ostrich shooting — Find ostrich's nest — Wound
cock ostrich — A cold wet night — Resume my journey— Roan antelope shot
Reach Sadza's villages — Eland hunting — Ilyrena carries off eland skin —
Hyana killed — Another eland shot — Skin spoilt by the natives — Reach the
Sabi — Description of natives of this district — Search for Lichtenstein's hartebeest
— Mount Gato — Cross the Masheki — Large baboon shot — Scarcity of game —
Cross the Sabi — Black rhinoceros shot — Lion heard at night— Return to main
cam]").
It was during the year 1883 that, after first having made an
unsuccessful search for elephants to the north and west, I pre-
CHAP. IV START FOR THE SABI RIVER 73
pared for a journey across the Manyami to the head waters of
the River Mazoe, and from thence to the eastern bank of the
River Sabi, or Shabi, where I hoped to obtain specimens of the
white rhinoceros (^R. siiniis) for the British Museum, and at the
same time of a species of hartebeest which I knew to be an
inhabitant of this district of South-eastern Africa.
This hartebeest is the Alcelaplms licJitcnsUini of Dr. Peters,
and was first met with by him in the neighbourhood of Sena
on the lower Zambesi. I had myself seen and shot these
animals near the Kafukwi river, to the north of the Zambesi,
and believe it to be the common species of hartebeest met with
in South-Central and Eastern Africa. However, with the
exception of the specimens obtained by Dr. Peters which were
in the Museum of Natural History at Berlin, and a couple of
skulls purchased from m\'self by the British Museum, this-
animal was at the time of which I am writing unrepresented in
all European collections ; and I was, therefore, anxious to get
a few good specimens for mounting.
It was already the i ith of July before I was able to make
a start. I took with me the lightest of my two waggons,
pulled by fourteen oxen, and my two best shooting horses,
and was, of course, accompanied by crowds of meat-hungry
Mashunas. The first day I shot during the morning a wart-
hog and a Tsessebe antelope, and in the afternoon a very fine
roan antelope bull with a beautiful pair of horns, measuring
thirty inches over the curve. The following day an incident
occurred which is perhaps worth relating. I had been the
whole morning engaged in trying to get hold of some elands,
which during the preceding night had been feeding in the corn-
fields of some Mashunas living close to where my waggon was
standing ; but after having followed them for several hours,
they had finally got my wind in some thick bush at the foot
of a range of hills, into which they had retreated, and as I did
not care to have my horse's feet knocked about, I left the
spoor and rode home, reaching my waggon about three o'clock
in the afternoon. After a good meal of cold wild pig's head,
washed down with tea, I got restless again, and so called for
my second horse, having resolved to take a ride by myself
round a range of hills to the west of the camp, in the hope of
74 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
coming across elands in the evening, since I was anxious to
shoot one for the fat. As I had not much time to spare, I
rode away at a canter, taking no Kafirs with me. About a
couple of miles from camp, in an open valley between some
low hills, I came upon a large herd of zebras and sable
antelopes feeding together ; but as they were not what I
wanted, I did not trouble them, but rode past. A little later I
shot a fine oribi antelope, which I wanted for a specimen, and,
after disembowelling it, I fastened it securely behind the saddle.
It was here that I lost my knife — a loss which I only dis-
covered later on.
The sun must have been nearly down, and I was riding at
the base of some wooded hills, and not more than a couple of
miles from camp, when I thought I saw something move
amongst the open forest a few hundred yards in front of me.
Reining in my horse behind a bush, I looked anxiously from
behind it and made out an eland cow, while a second glance
showed me there were others behind her feeding down from the
hills. The first thing to be done was to detach the oribi from
the horse ; this I at once proceeded to do, and then, pushing
the carcase in under a bush, threw a little grass over it to
hide it from the sight of vultures, etc. I now became aware
that I had not got my cartridge belt round me, and knew that
I must have left it on the ground where I had shot and dis-
embowelled the oribi antelope. I had thus only the one car-
tridge that was in my rifle. At first I thought of riding back
to look for my belt, but it was already very late, and as I felt
pretty sure I could find it the following day, I resolved to try
to drive one of the elands up to the waggon and despatch her
there. With this intention I rode out from behind the bush,
and the elands, seeing me, turned and made for the hills at a
trot. There were six of them, three full-grown cows and three
younger animals. I at once let my horse out and tried to cut
them off, and keep them on level ground ; but it was no good,
as the distance was too short, and in spite of my utmost efforts
they gained the steep stony hillside, and clambered up it like
goats. Although it was rather a foolish thing to do, as I risked
laming my horse, I followed them.
The elands soon reached the summit of the range of hills,
A HUNTING INCIDENT
75
and I was not far behind them. Here the ground was level
though stony, and after trotting across it they descended on the
opposite side. At the base of the range lay a broad open plain,
and beyond it a second range of stony hills, and I saw that I must
head my eland before she crossed the valley and reached this
second range. How my good horse got down the descent without
falling or breaking his legs I do not know, but when I reached
the level ground the elands were not more than two hundred
yards ahead of me. I now raced them, and was soon along-
side of the finest cow, a beautiful animal, striped almost as
distinctly as a koodoo. I did my best to turn her towards my
waggon, but she would not swerve from her course, and when I
got slightly in front of her she shot past behind my horse and
resumed her way. There was now nothing to be done but to
shoot her at once before she got into the hills which we were
fast approaching, so, passing her again, I reined in, and as she
came by gave her my only bullet. She fell at once to the shot
and lay quite still.
Walking up to her, I found that I had struck her just be-
hind the shoulder, but a good deal too high ; in fact, the ball
must have jarred her backbone, causing her to fall so suddenly.
I saw, however, that she was not dead, but only paralysed, and
she soon began to raise her head and forequarters, but her
whole body seemed powerless behind the bullet wound.
Nevertheless, I felt pretty sure that during the night, if left
alone, she would recover ; and as, besides being fat, she was a
beautiful specimen of a striped eland, one that would do' very
well for the British Museum, I resolved to despatch her at once.
Feeling for my knife, I now discovered for the first time that it
was gone, and knew I must have left it on the ground after
disembowelling the oribi. What was to be done ? I had not
another cartridge with which to kill her, nor even a knife. The
only thing I could think of was to bind her hind legs securely
together with the thong which in South Africa one always has
round one's horse's neck. This I at once set about doing, and
as I thought, soon bound her hind legs together just above the
hough in such a way that, struggle as she might, she would
not be able to get them loose. All this time the eland had
been struggling desperately with her forequarters, but her hind
76 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, iv
legs seemed paralysed. My victim being at last, as I thought,
secured, I made the best of my way to the waggon, intending
to return at once with one of my Kafirs in order to despatch
her, and then leave the boys to sleep at the carcase. How-
ever, it was farther than I thought from camp, and it was
nearly dark when I got there, so, thinking it then too late to
return, I decided to put it off until the following morning,
trusting that neither lions nor hyasnas would interfere with my
prize during the night.
The next morning before the sun was up I was on my way
back to the eland accompanied by a lot of hungry Mashunas
all eager to get a little meat. I rode straight to where I had
left the animal on the preceding evening, and, as she had fallen
right in the open, I knew that I ought to have seen her when
still .some distance off. V>\xt see her I certainly did not, and
there was soon no doubt in my mind that, wherever she was, she
was not where I had left her. Scarcely crediting my senses, I
now looked for the exact spot where I had left her lying, and
soon found it. There was the place where she had fallen,
marked by a little dry blood, and the traces of the struggles
she had made during the night to regain her legs. She had
evidently got on her feet at last, with her hind legs still fast
bound, as we could see by the spoor left by the two hind feet
being close together. We now followed her track, which led
us into the thickly-wooded and stony hills just in front of us,
making sure of coming up with her before long. However, we
were mistaken, for, after following the spoor slowly and labori-
ously right up to the top of the range, and then all along the
crest of the ridge for miles, until after mid-day, I finally gave
it up, feeling sure that the thong must have worked loose or
broken. Thus I was done out of fat meat, as well as my museum
specimen, and I only hope my would-be victim recovered from
the effects of her bullet wound, as I imagine she probably did,
for I think no vital part had been injured.
On my way back to camp I rode round behind the hills
where I had shot the oribi, and taking my horse's spoor, found the
spot and recovered my knife and cartridge belt. I had scarcely
remounted when a very large wart-hog trotted out from a
patch of bush a short distance in front of me. One of my best
-mimsfmi'm-
-r- i-f^
CHAP. IV DOG WOUNDED BY WART-HOG 79
dogs had followed me from the camp, and wishing to see
whether he would tackle so big a pig alone, I gave chase, call-
ing to the dog to come on. A wart-hog can go well for a
few hundred yards, but the one I was after was a very big
heavy old boar, and, my horse being a fast one, I soon over-
hauled him. Just as I came up on the one side, my dog-
Punch was on him on the other, and tried to seize him by the
ear. The old boar seemed just to give a sudden twist with his
head without stopping for an instant, but he sent the dog roll-
ing yards away. Punch soon picked himself up, and nothing
daunted, came rushing to the attack once more, but as he did
so I saw that the blood was pouring from a large gash in his
shoulder, and not wanting him to get further hurt, I jumped off
and rolled his antagonist over just as Punch was about to seize
him for the second time. He proved to be a very fine speci-
men of a wart-hog, and was one of the largest I have ever
seen, possessing, too, a perfect pair of tusks. He was also very
fat- — and let me say here that a fat wart-hog is excellent eating.
As he was such a fine specimen, I skinned and preserved him
carefully, and his mortal remains may now be seen in the
South African Museum at Cape Town. My dog, I found, had
got a very pretty cut three inches long, down the shoulder, but
it was only a flesh wound, and although it bled a good deal
was not at all dangerous. On returning to camp I washed it
out with a weak lotion of carbolic acid, and then put a couple
of stitches in it, and though poor Punch was stiff and lame for
a few days, he was very soon himself again.
The following morning I crossed the Manyami with a good
deal of trouble, as the ford was deep and the banks of the river
very steep, and during the afternoon shot a roan antelope bull.
I was now upon the high open downs in which the Manyami and
Mazoe rivers take their rise.^ These open grassy downs extend
over a large tract of land, and without doubt form the finest
country for European occupation in South Africa. Owing to
their elevation above sea-level (which is from 4500 to 6000
feet) the climate is delightful for the greater part of the year,
' The following passages were written in my diary in 1883, long before any one ever
dreamed that Mashunaland would one day become a British colony. I reproduce them just
as I wrote them ten years ago.
8o TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
though during the months of June and July it is rather bleal<
and cold. This high plateau is intersected in every direction
by running streams that never dry, and, as the fountains
which supply them well out from the highest portions of the
downs, a large area of country might be put under irrigation.
The whole year round, a cool wind blows almost continually
from the south-east — a wind which in the winter months be-
comes so keen and cold that it seems to come direct from
the frozen seas of the Antarctic Circle. This, in fact, is a
country where European children would grow up with rosy
cheeks, and apples would not be flavourless. Although these
downs are very open, still one is never out of sight of patches
of forest trees, so that the lu.\ury of a good log fire at night
can always be enjoyed — a luxury which will be appreciated
by South African travellers who have journeyed through the
treeless wastes of the Cape Colony, Orange Free State, and
Transvaal.
There is another point about the Mashuna uplands well
worth noting. In all other portions of South Africa with which
I am acquainted, whether in the Transvaal, Bechwanaland, or
the Matabili country, when the long summer grass is burnt off,
which usually happens about June or July, the country remains
a blackened, dreary, grassless waste until the following rainy
season commences. Or, say that precautions arc taken, and
the grass is not burnt off, well then it becomes dry as tinder,
all nourishment being scorched out of it, cattle invariably
get into a very low condition, and should the season be a late
one, very many die of starvation. Now on the Mashuna
plateau, when the long summer grass is burnt off, a short sweet
grass at once springs up in the moist valleys which, after
attaining to about a foot in height, seeds, and on this grass
cattle and horses thrive well.
Some fifty years ago this fine country must have been
thickly inhabited, as almost every valley has, at one time or
another, been under cultivation. The sites of villages are also
very numerous, though now only marked by a few deep pits
from which the natives obtained the clay used by them for
plastering their huts and making their cooking-pots, and also
the presence usually of a cluster of huge acacia-trees, which
IV THE EFFECT OF MATABILI RAIDS 8i
grow to a far greater size on the sites of old villages than any-
where else. On the summit of every hill may be found the
walls, in more or less perfect preservation, df what, I think,
must have been cattle kraals. These walls are very neatly
built of squared stones, nicely fitted together, but uncemented
with any kind of mortar. The peaceful people inhabiting this
part of Africa must then have been in the zenith of their pros-
perity. Herds of their small but beautiful cattle lowed in
every valley, and their rich and fertile country doubtless
afforded them an abundance of vegetable food. About 1840
however, the Matabili Zulus, under their warliloj Cllicf UlYizili-
— ga«i7Sgffled in the country which they now inhabit, and very
soorr bands of these ferocious and bloodthirsty savat^cs ovcrrko
^he peaceful vales of the Mashuna country in every direction.
The poor Mashunas, unskilled in war, and li\-ing, moreover, in
small communities scattcrctl all over the country, without any
central government, fell an easy prey before the fierce invaders,
and very soon every stream in their country ran red with their
blood, whilst vultures and hyaenas feasted undrsfurbed amidst'
the ruins of their devastated homes. Their cattle, sheep, and
goats were driven off by their conquerors, and their children,
when old enough to walk and not above ten or twelve years of
age, were taken for slaves ; the little children too young to
walk were, of course, killed together with their mothers. In a
very few years there were no more Mashunas left in the open
country, the remnant that had escaped massacre having fled
into the mountainous districts to the south and east of their
former dwellings, where they still live. Thus, in a short time
an immense extent of fertile country, that had, perhaps, for
ages past supported a large and thriving community, was again
given back to nature : and so it remains to the present day —
an utterly uninhabited country, roamed over at will by herds of
elands and other antelopes.
In the north-eastern corner of this high country, in the bed
of the River Mazoe and its tributary streams, the natives obtain
alluvial gold, not very much it is true, but as they only work in
the most primitive way they cannot wash much ground in a
day. Whether a rich alluvial gold-field will or will not event-
ually be opened up in this district is a point upon which I will
G
82 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA ciiAr. iv
not hazard an opinion, as I know nothing whatever about gold-
digging. All I do know is that alluvial gold is obtained by
the natives from all the streams here by very primitive processes,
and that there is splendid water-power to assist the scientific
gold-digger.
At mid-day on i6th July I found myself on the edge of the
broken country in which the Mazoe takes its rise. In the
morning I had chased and shot a hen ostrich, and missed a
fine cock, although the latter gave me by far the easiest chance.
In the afternoon, after first starting my waggon, having
given my driver instructions to hold to the south-east, and to
keep on the high ground, I again rode out to look for ostriches,
feeling rather sore at having missed the chance I had in
the morning of shooting a fine cock. It was a very cold bleak
day, with a biting wind sweeping over the downs from the
south-east ; the sky, too, was overcast and looked very much
like rain, although it was now the middle of the dry season.
However, it is seldom that a year passes without winter rains
falling in this part of the country.
It was getting late in the afternoon when I suddenly de-
scried a black speck, which looked like an ostrich, far away in
the distance. Pulling in my horse I looked intently at it. As
I did so it suddenly disappeared. I felt .sure that it had lain
down in the grass, and knew that if it really had been an ostrich
it was very probable that it had a nest there, for it was the
breeding season for these birds. I accordingly rode steadily
in the direction where whatever it was I had seen had dis-
appeared, and at length began to think that I had overridden
it, when up jumped a hen ostrich from a little patch of long
grass about eighty yards in front of me, and ran away slowly,
with outstretched, drooping wings and lowered neck. I might
have had a splendid shot at her, but from the way she ran I
knew .she had got ofiT her nest, and so did not fire, as I felt sure
that if I now went the right way to work, 1 should in all
probability be able to secure the cock bird. Riding up to the
patch of grass from which the ostrich had risen, I saw she had
a nest there containing thirteen eggs. These I did not disturb,
but at once looked about for a suitable spot close at hand, and
within easy range of the nest, to make what is known in
Ostrich and Nest.
CHAP. IV OSTRICH- HUNTING 85
colonial parlance as a " hock," that is, some sort of shelter in
which to lie hidden in order to shoot the cock bird on his
return to the nest.
My idea was to prepare a hock immediately, and then
to get back to the waggon before dark, and leave the
shooting of the ostrich to the following day, it being now
very late, and dense masses of black clouds, drifting up from
the south-east, warning me that a heavy storm of rain was
coming up apace. There being no cover of any kind within a
radius of a mile from the nest, and the grass being all burnt
off, with the exception of the one small patch, it was rather
difficult to know how to make a shelter of any kind that would
not attract the attention of such a wary bird as an ostrich.
About a hundred yards away, however, one solitary tuft of long
grass had escaped the fire, and here I resolved to make my
hiding-place. I first sent all the Kafirs who were with me
avv^ay with the exception of two, telling the former to go and
wait for me in the shelter of some forest about a mile and a
half away, as I knew that the cock bird might come on at any
moment, and was afraid that if he saw a crowd of people close
to his nest he might take fright and desert it altogether. We
now began to make the shelter as quickly as possible. First
we cut a lot of long grass from the patch where the nest was,
and brought it to the single tuft, and my boys set to work to
dig a little circular trench a few inches in depth, in which we
planted the grass, which was about three feet high, and nearly
as thick in the stem as straw. We had only completed about
a quarter of the circle when in the far distance I suddenly saw
an ostrich approaching, which I felt pretty sure was the mate
of the bird that had left the nest. Meantime the dark banks
of cloud had been drifting up, and soon a cold sleety rain began
to fall.
That the ostrich we had seen was the master of the nest
was soon placed beyond doubt, as he was fast approaching and
had been joined by the hen. He would come on at a run for
a hundred yards or so, then stand and evidently examine the
ground. My two boys and I were by this time fairly well
concealecf, as we had about a third of the circle of grass up,
and were crouching behind it ; but my horse with the saddle
86 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
and bridle still on him was grazing only a little distance
behind us, and of course in full view on the open ground.
However, the cock bird came nearer and nearer, not continu-
ously, but by fits and starts. Whenever he advanced he came
on at a run, but then would stand still for a long time, and
evidently felt uneasy about the horse. If he could have
got a good view of him, I daresay he would have taken
fright, but it was raining so hard that we could only see very
indistinctly, and my idea is, that the bird took the horse for
some sort of game, which he was anxious to drive away from
the vicinity of his nest. He had now approached to within four
hundred yards, the hen being some distance behind him, and from
here he came in one run right up to the nest, and stood there
within a hundred yards of where I lay. Now was my time, so,
pushing the barrel of my rifle cautiously out between the grass,
I prepared to fire. The rain was coming down in a perfect
deluge, and, moreover, was being driven by a strong wind right
into my eyes, so that, although the ostrich was so near, he
looked shadowy and indistinct, and I could not for the life of
me tell at what angle his body was towards me. However, I
dared not delay. There he was, close to me at any rate, and
I was afraid he might take fright and go off at any moment.
I thought he was standing about broadside to me, and so, get-
ting the sight as well as I could into the centre of his body, I
touched the trigger and heard the bullet tell loudly. At the
shot he opened his wings and rushed off; I thought he would
fall every instant, but when he had covered three hundred yards,
and still kept on running strongly, I knew that his heart and
lungs were untouched, and guessed that I had struck him a little
too far back. However, as the bullet which had struck him was
an expanding one, I knew that he had received a wound from
which he could never recover, and made sure I should get
him.
Almost immediately after I had fired the heavy rain
ceased, so that we could sec the wounded ostrich more plainly.
After running for about five hundred yards he commenced to
walk, and before long stopped and stood still, and the hen
bird then joined him. I ought now to have left him alone, as
he would doubtless soon have lain down and died during the
IV LOST ON THE VELD 87
night. However, I was over anxious to get his feathers, and as
it was impossible to remain where we were and watch him,
the sun having set and darkness fast coming on, I jumped on
my horse and galloped towards him, thinking that wounded as
he was I should be able to run him down before dark. As I
mounted he saw me, and at once went off with a long start.
I chased him until I felt that my horse was getting done, but
could not gain on him, and soon saw that I had made a
mistake in chasing him at all. I now marked him enter a
strip of timber that ran out from the point of a solitary hill,^
which stands alone, a conspicuous landmark on these downs,
and determined to return and take his spoor here on the
following day. I then rode back to my boys, feeling very
crestfallen, and we at once made a start for home ; it was
quite dusk and the rain was again pouring steadily down.
According to our calculations we ought not to have been
very far from where the waggon had outspanned for the night,
as we thought that it had taken a course nearly parallel with
our own. We therefore struck across the downs to the east-
ward, and every now and again I fired a shot ; we were wet
through, the rain fell steadily, and a cold biting wind blew
across the open moorland. Luckily for them my boys all had
their blankets with them, otherwise I do not know how they
would have stood it. I had a warm jumper over my cotton
shirt, but in spite of this my teeth soon began to chatter with
the cold, so I dismounted and led my horse. Every now and
then I fired a shot, hoping to hear an answering shot from the
waggon.
After proceeding some two or three hours we began to get
among stony ridges, and knew that we were on the edge of
the hilly country which skirts the eastern side of the' plateau,
and I felt certain that we had either overshot the waggon,
having crossed the track in the dark, or else that the waggon
had gone more to the eastward than I had intended, and got
down amongst the hills. Could we have lit a fire I would
have done so, and remained where we were till daylight ; but,
soaking wet as everything was, it was impossible. Neither did
staying where we were all night, wet through and exposed to
' Mount Hampden.
88 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
the cutting wind, offer any special attractions, so I determined
to try to get back to the place where we had last outspanned,
and then follow the waggon spoor until we got up to it.
Although it was a dark rainy night this was not so difficult as
it might at first appear ; we had been travelling the preceding
day and that morning along a large deep-worn native path, so
that in reality we had only to strike this footpath to find our
waggon spoor. I had brought with me from Khama's country
two Bushmen, splendid hands at finding their way, and as
soon as they had settled between them the exact direction they
ought to take, they stepped out confidently enough. It must
have been nearly midnight, I think, when we at last struck the
path, and although we could not see it, we could feel the
waggon spoor with our hands.
The rain, which all this time had been falling without
cessation, now began to hold off, and the moon, too, was
up, though the sky was so overcast that it did not do
much to dispel the darkness. We were, as it turned
out, to the east of where we had last left the waggon ;
at any rate we were on the track, and all we had to do was to
stick to it. We now kept along the deep-worn path, my boys
every now and then feeling for the spoor. After an hour or
so we commenced to descend into the hills which skirt the high
plateau, and I wondered where on earth my driver had got
to with the waggon. At the bottom of the slope we came to
some native cornfields, and here we lost the spoor altogether.
As I knew by the presence of the cornfields that we were
close to a village, I determined to hold the footpath, and
having done so for another half- hour we reached a small
village. After a good deal of talking my own Mashunas
induced a man to appear. On asking him where my waggon
was he said it was not far off the cornfields where we had
lost the spoor, so I asked him to guide me to it. He at first
objected that it was night-time and very black (which, as it
was two A.M., was true enough), and then offered me a hut to
sleep in. However, I was determined to get to my waggon
that night if possible ; so, after getting over his scruples by
promising him a small present, we once more made a move,
and about three o'clock in the morning reached the waggon at
IV FIND THE WAGGON 89
last. I at once took off my wet things, put on a dry shirt, and
sitting over the fire wrapped in a warm blanket, had some
meat fried and coffee made, and was soon comfortable
enough as far as my bodily wants were concerned, though
still bitterly sore at heart at not having secured the ostrich,
for, with all the rain that had fallen during the night, I did
not think there would be much chance of following its spoor
in the morning.
My boy, I found, had kept along the footpath after first
inspanning, thinking he would be able to turn away from it
before reaching the hills, but getting involved amongst some
stony ridges, had kept on it till he got right off the open
country, and then, trying to turn back, had again got amongst
stones and hills and there outspanned. He said he had fired
several shots during the early part of the night to attract my
attention, but of course we were then miles away, and had
heard nothing of them.
The next day was fine and bright after the heavy rain, and
I ought to have gone and had a look for my wounded ostrich,
but I was tired after the night's walk, and delayed starting
till after breakfast ; then a lot of Mashunas came up to the
waggon with all sorts of things to sell, including two nice little
cows, and a few quills of alluvial gold, and it ended in my
deciding not to go at all, as I concluded that the heavy rain
had very likely obliterated the spoor, and thought I should
very likely have had a long ride for nothing. As it turned
out, had I gone I should in all probability have found the bird,
for the following day a Griqua hunter in my employ, who was
looking for ostrich nests on the downs, saw from the top of the
hill near which I had left off chasing my wounded bird some
vultures and crows settling in a patch of bush, and going' down,
found them busily engaged on my cock ostrich. That it
was mine there was no doubt, as he found the solid end of my
little E.xpress bullet in the body. He plucked out all the
feathers and took them with him to my main camp, and stowed
them away in his own hut, together with those of other two
cock birds which he had himself shot. Unfortunately, by some
mischance, before I returned from the Sabi the hut got alight
and all the feathers were burnt, which I was the more sorry
go TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
for as, besides the direct loss entailed, my man told me that
the feathers of the bird I had shot were remarkably fine.
On the 1 8th of July I was again ready to make a move,
and finding a practicable road, trekked up on to the high country
again, and held away across the downs to the south. In the
afternoon I shot a fine roan antelope bull, and the following
morning a cow carrying the finest pair of horns I have ever
seen, as they measure two feet seven inches over the curve. On
the 20th we crossed the River Ruwa, one of the main tributaries
of the upper Manyami, close to a cluster of Mashuna villages
under a head man named Entakwasheki, and the following
day reached See-kwanka's, near which we slept, having passed
other towns about mid-day. There was little or no game to
be found in this part of the country as there were a good many
natives in the district. After leaving See-kwanka's we held
away in a southerly direction, crossing the heads of numerous
small streams flowing to the eastward. Though the country
appeared to be very suitable for game, there was nevertheless
very little to be seen, a few hartebecsts and an odd roan ante-
lope being apparently the only surviving species. During the
morning I came across a solitary old roan bull, but he was very
wild, and went off at a great pace when I was still a long way
from him. However, after a sharp gallop I got a shot at him
as he was crossing a small stream, and breaking his hip had
him at my mercy. After killing him with a bullet through
the lungs, I brought the waggon to the carcase and loaded up
every scrap of the meat, as I wanted it all to buy rice and
maize from the Mashunas on ahead.
About mid-day on the 23rd we reached a lot of villages
under a petty chief named Sadza. Here I determined to remain
for a couple of days, in order to rest the oxen and buy pro-
visions from the natives. As they told me there were plenty
of elands in the neighbourhood, I rode out the following morn-
ing in search of them, and as luck would have it, came across
a small herd of these fine animals within two miles of my
camp. The herd consisted of a magnificent old bull, two
younger bulls, and four cows, two of which had small calves
with them only a few days old — beautiful little creatures of a
reddish-fawn colour, profusely banded with perpendicular white
A LARGE ELAND BULL
stripes. I shot the old bull and the two younger ones, and as
the former was a magnificent animal, prepared his skin for
setting up, and hoped some day to see him in the British
Museum,^ set up in a manner that would recall to my mind, in
some degree, the splendid creature he looked when alive, though
I was fully aware how difficult it must be to mount these large
skins so as to do them justice.
To give an idea of the size and bulk of a large eland bull,
I think I cannot do better than record a few measurements
of this particular animal, taken on the spot with a tape-line.
Standing height at withers, five feet nine inches ; girth of neck
midway between jaw and shoulder, five feet one inch ; depth of
body, measured over the curve behind the shoulder from the
wither to the middle of chest, four feet one inch ; breadth of
chest between the forelegs, one foot two inches. These last three
measurements were taken on the naked carcase after the skin
had been removed.
I also wanted a well-striped cow and a young calf for the
museum ; but although I might have got them this day, after
slaying the three bulls I did not care about shooting any
more ; and indeed, had it not been that I wanted a lot of meat
for the crowds of Mashunas who had accompanied me, I should
only have killed the one.
The following day I was busy preparing the big eland's
skin with arsenical soap, melting down the fat, and buying
provisions from the Mashunas.
During the two previous nights that we had been here a
hyjena had been prowling round the camp trying to get hold of
something ; but as the moon was not long past the full, the
nights had been light, and the dogs had kept him out. This
evening, however, as the moon did not come up much before
ten o'clock, there were some hours of darkness after the sun
went down. My whole camp was fenced in, the waggon
standing in the centre, and my two horses being tied on the
farther side. Beside them, spread out on the hide of one of
the young eland bulls, lay their feed of boiled maize cooling,
as it was just hot out of the pot. It must have been about
* This hope has been realised, and this magnificent animal may now be seen in our
national collection.
92 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
eight o'clock, and the thirty or forty Mashunas, sitting round
the blazing fires on my side of the camp, not ten yards
from the horses, were talking, laughing, and making such a
noise as only Kafirs can when revelling in an abundance of
meat, porridge, ground nuts, and other delicacies dear to the
African stomach, when suddenly a hyajna, having crept through
a break in the fence, appeared in the full light of the fires,
seized the eland skin that was spread out close to one of the
horses, and was through the fence again before one could count
five. As he had come up under the wind the dogs had not
scented him, but they saw him (as did I myself and most of the
Kafirs), and immediately gave chase, barking furiously.
Seizing my rifle, and accompanied by several of the Kafirs,
some carrying bundles of blazing grass, I followed, guided by
the barking of the dogs. By the light of the blazing grass we
could sec quite plainly the broad track left by the heavy eland
skin as it had been dragged rapidly along, and, after crossing
a stream which flowed just below our camp, at length came up
to the dogs ; they had managed to drive the hya;na off, and
were keeping guard over the skin. This skin, it must be
remembered, was the green hide of an eland bull (it only
having been shot the previous day), and must have weighed at
least forty pounds, probably more, and it will give some idea of
the strength of the South African spotted hyaena, when I relate
that this beast had been able to drag such a weight at such a
pace that my dogs were not able to overtake him before he had
got to a distance of at least three hundred yards from the
camp, for, as the dogs saw him seize the skin and make off with
it, and followed on the instant, he only had a few yards' start.
Having recovered the skin we returned with it to the camp.
Such impertinence, however, could not be passed over, for
although we had not lost the skin, my horses' feed had been
scattered to the winds, so as I knew that the enterprising
beast would be sure to return before long, I determined to give
him a warm reception. I was sure he would come back on
the spoor of the eland skin again under the wind, so having
tied up the dogs, I took my rifle and went and sat behind a
little bush about twenty yards outside the camp fence. The
night was very dark, and I knew that I should not see him at all
KILL A HY.-ENA 93
until he was so near me that I could hardly miss him. I had
sat for about half an hour when I fancied I saw near me a
darkish object that had not been there before, but as it was
quite stationary I could not make it out ; for some minutes
there was no movement visible in this darkish mass, but then it
came palpably nearer, and I knew that it was the hyaena. I let
him come on until he was within seven or eight yards of me,
and then feeling sure that I could not miss him, although I
could see nothing more definite than a something blacker than
the surrounding darkness, levelled my rifle and fired. It seemed
to me that the animal fell to the shot, struggled a moment,
and then regaining his legs went off at a slow pace. I ordered
the dogs to be loosed, and the Kafirs coming out with torches of
blazing grass, I examined the ground along the track he had
taken and soon found blood. The dogs now came up, and at
once taking the spoor, bayed the hysena in a patch of long
grass about one hundred yards ahead. Upon our setting light
to this he bolted, and closely attended by the dogs, got across
the open ground between the long grass and the river, and
being evidently very nearly done for, jumped into a pool of
water, where he stood half immersed, snapping at the dogs as
they tried to seize him by the ears. He was now at a terrible
disadvantage, as the Kafirs, coming up with blazing grass,
plunged their assegais into him from the high bank above, and
he was soon disposed of. We then got him out of the pool,
and dragged him up to the camp. He was a fine large male
hysena, and had done lots of damage in his time no doubt, as
the Mashunas say that he had lately killed three of their little
cattle, besides a number of goats.
During the night the sky became overcast, and when morn-
ing broke we found ourselves enveloped in a thick mist which
presently became a fine rain. About ten o'clock, however, the
mist cleared off, and though the sky still remained dark and
overcast, it looked as if the sun would presently get the better
of the rain, so I determined to inspan and hold on my course
to the south. After starting the waggon I made a round on
horseback to the eastward in search of game, and passed several
Mashuna villages perched amongst the rocks of the little stony
hills which here stud the country, but saw no game whatever.
94 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
Just before sundown I got back to my waggon, which I found
outspanned close to the River Caringwi, a tributary of the
Ruzarwi.
The following morning we crossed the former river just at
its junction with the latter. About here there is an outcrop
of enormous masses of bare rock, gigantic, smooth, rounded
boulders, one of which reminded me of a Brobdingnagian hip-
popotamus lying asleep. On a pile of rocks some two hundred
feet in height, at the foot of this immense block, there was a
small Mashuna village, the huts being built upon the ledges, and
some of them upon the highest rocks, while several of the chasms
between two large boulders had been bridged over with logs.
As the waggon approached, the whole population of this quaint-
looking village sat in groups, squatting on their hams upon the
flat rocks, reminding me irresistibly of a troop of baboons.
When we came close beneath their abode they all came down
and ran alongside of the waggon and horses, talking and gesticu-
lating in a state of intense excitement and wonder. The sight
of the white man mounted on a strange -looking quadruped,
and the waggon with its revolving wheels and long span of
oxen, no doubt formed a topic of conversation amongst them
for some time, as I was the only European that had ever passed
that way.
A couple of miles beyond the town we came to the little
river Chingi-Ka, and, as we could not immediately find a ford,
I ordered the waggon to outspan on the northern bank whilst
I went to look for one. This I soon found, and crossing the
river and riding a little beyond it, came upon a small herd of
elands consisting of a beautiful young bull and three cows, two
of them accompanied by their new-born calves. The sun was
already down, and it was fast becoming dusk, but I determined
to have the young bull — in the first place because I wanted
fresh meat, and in the second because I could see that he was
very finely marked. As I approached, the elands stood looking
wonderingly at the first horse, I suppose, they had ever seen,
but upon getting my wind they came bounding past at about one
hundred and fifty yards' distance in splendid style. Taking aim
well in front of the bull I fired as he was passing at a slashing
pace, and breaking his shoulder, at once disabled him, and then
IV A FINE SPECIMEN DESTROYED 95
despatched him with a bullet through the lungs. This was really
a most beautiful animal. He had not j'et attained the immense
neck or the large bunch of black bristly hair on the forehead
that are only found on an old bull eland, but on the other hand,
whereas the old bulls have never much hair upon their bodies,
this younger animal possessed a splendid coat, the ground
colour being of a rich, warm reddish-fawn, with a broad black
line running down the centre of his back from the mane on the
wither to the tail, while on each side he was banded with nine
broad white stripes, quite as distinct as those on a koodoo.
He had also a splendid long even pair of horns measuring two
feet seven inches in length, whereas in an old bull the horns,
being worn down, seldom exceed twenty-eight inches. Alto-
gether he was a most beautiful specimen, and I determined to
preserve him for setting up.
It was now too late to do anything, but I had three
Mashunas with me who agreed to sleep at the carcase to keep
off any prowling hyaenas that might be about. I gave them
the most strict orders not to touch the eland before my return
with the waggon the next morning, as of course they could not
be expected to know how to skin him properly for setting up.
As one of them went with me to the waggon, which was quite
close, in order to get a fire stick, I there again told him through
my own boys, who spoke his language well, and whom he
thoroughly understood, that he was not to touch the eland
until my arrival with the waggon in the morning.
As I was anxious to get early to work upon the eland, I
inspanned before sunrise the following day, and, crossing the
river, trekked up to where I had shot him. Being on horseback
I rode a little in advance, and what was my surprise and rage
upon coming up to the carcase to find that the Mashunas had
skinned and cut it up during the night. A glance at the skin
showed me that they had destroyed it for the purpose for which
I wanted it. I was — and naturally I think — very exasperated,
and as 1 came towards the rascals who had played me such a
trick they saw that my intentions were not friendly and bolted
in different directions, leaving their assegais, bows and arrows,
etc., behind them. These I at once seized, and smashing them
over my knee threw one after the other upon the fire. My
96 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
waggon now came up, accompanied by a long string of Mashunas
who were following me for meat. They all belonged to the
same clan as those who had cut up and destroyed the eland's
skin contrary to my express orders, and I determined that they,
at any rate, should get none of it. I could not put the entire
carcase on the waggon, so, after cutting off all I wanted, I
collected the rest into a heap, and then, making the Mashunas
bring pile upon pile of dry wood, made an immense fire over it.
As the wood burnt away I kept adding fresh fuel, until every-
thing was charred to a cinder. To those who do not know the
Mashunas, their intense eagerness for meat, and what they will
do and undergo in order to obtain it, it will be difficult to
understand how exasperating this proceeding was to their
feelings. The greater part of them, when they saw that I was
about to commit so horrible a crime, after looking on for a {qv]
minutes with faces expressive of agony and astonishment, and
probably thinking that a man capable of such a deed would be
capable of anything, turned upon their heels and left at once
for home.
]5y mid-day, the meat being all consumed, I again inspanned
and resumed my journey, shooting a roan antelope bull on the
way. Towards evening we neared the hills through which runs
the River Sabi.
On 29th July I reached a small native village a few miles to
the south of a conspicuous mountain called Wedza, and in the
afternoon rode down through a gorge in the hills to have a look
at the River Sabi, which I found here to be about one hundred
yards broad, its waters flowing in several channels amongst
masses of rocks and stones. As the country to the south now
looked very rough and mountainous, and as the natives said that
Lichtenstein's hartebeest (which they called " Unkwila nondo ")
was to be found about two days' journey farther on, I determined
to leave my waggon in charge of the head man of the village
and go on with the horses. It did not take me very long to
arrange matters. Early the following morning I again set out,
under the guidance of a man who professed to know the country
well, and attended by a crowd of natives eager to get a little
meat. Our route at first led through hills, some of them rocky
and precipitous, others undulating and wooded from top to
IV FATHERS LAW AND WEHL 97
bottom. Before we had proceeded far we came upon a small
herd of elands, one of which I shot, sending most of the meat
back to the waijcron.
In the afternoon we crossed the little river Impali, a tribu-
tary of the Sabi. Perched high upon a rocky crag overhanging
this river was a Mashuna town, a short distance beyond which
we encamped for the night. Most of the natives in this part
of the country carried bows and arrows, which one now seldom
sees amongst the Mashunas farther north. The women were
tattooed on the forehead, cheeks, breasts, and stomach ; some of
them were fairly good-looking, and all seemed fat and well fed.
The dress of the girls consisted of a small skin apron behind
and a very tiny one in front, the married women wearing
leathern skirts reaching to their knees. Some of the young
girls' aprons were very neatly ornamented with beads, always
in a zigzag Vandyke-like pattern. Were it not for the in-
vasions of the Matabili from the west and Umzila's Zulus from )
the south, these people would live happily enough. They
possess cattle and goats in considerable numbers, and grow an
abundance of vegetable food, amongst which may be mentioned
maize, rice, pogo corn, Kafir corn, ground nuts, beans, pump-
kins, and sweet potatoes.
The following day I continued my journey southwards,
parallel with and not far away from the Sabi, crossing the
little river Muti-a-shiri. We saw no game, but in traversing
some open glades noticed the spoor either of Tsessebe or
Unkwila nondo antelopes. My guide said it was the spoor ot
the latter animals, and I think he was right, as the footprints
appeared to be a little smaller than would have been those of
Tsessebe antelopes. I wanted to stop and hunt for thein, but as
my guide said they were much more plentiful farther south, and
was anxious to get on, I let him have his way, and we resumed
our journey. Shortly before mid-day we reached a small native
village, where we breakfasted. It was close here that three
years previously the Jesuit priests. Fathers Law and Wchl, had
crossed the Sabi on their ill-fated journey from the Matabili
country to Umzila's kraal, and the natives pointed out to me
whereabouts they passed in the valley below. This village was
situated at the foot of a stupendous mass of rock called Gato,
H
U
98 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE /N AFRICA chap.
which rose sheer from the plain in the form of a sugar loaf, a
gigantic naked mass, nearly a thousand feet in height. It would
be a conspicuous landmark for many miles around were it not
that there are other similar masses of rock in this district.
A couple of miles after passing Gato we crossed the River
Masheki, a pretty little stream of crystal-clear water about sixty
yards broad, and from two to four feet deep, flowing rapidly
over a sandy bed. Shortly after crossing this river we saw two
koodoos, one of which I shot, and a few miles farther on came to
a small stream, on the banks of which my guide advised me to
make a camp from which to hunt for Unkwila nondo antelope.
As there was still an hour's sun when we got here I took my
rifle and made a round on foot, but saw nothing whatever in
the shape of game. Whilst returning just at dusk, and when
not more than two hundred yards from camp, I met an
enormous old male baboon coming up from the water. He
was walking along very slowly with his head turned towards
the camp listening to the Kafirs talking, and never saw me.
I looked at him coming and he seemed to me to be the very
largest baboon I had ever seen, and, as I wanted the head of
a very large male, I prepared to shoot him. As he stalked
slowly past, chewing the wild fruits of which his mouth was
full, I fired, and the bullet going right through both shoulders
killed him on the spot. He just fell on his face perfectly dead
and never moved again. When I came to examine him I was
astonished at his size and the great length of his face from the
eyes to the tip of his nose, which was eight inches. He was
so old that he had no canine teeth with the exception of one
broken fang, so that his head was useless to me. But the
Kafirs carried him into camp, and one of them took his skin,
and thus his life was not sacrificed altogether for nothing.
On the following day, ist August, I had a long day's ride
in search of Unkwila nondo antelopes, but though I saw a little
spoor, I did not come across any of the animals themselves.
In the course of the day I shot a wart-hog, the only living
creature I saw. Several times during the day we came across
the tracks of a herd of buffaloes, which animals seemed to fre-
quent this part of the country ; the freshest spoor, was, how-
ever, several days old.
IV SHOOT A BLACK RHINOCEROS 99
Following the advice of my guide I now resolved to cross
to the western side of the Sabi, and, leaving our camp at sun-
rise the next morning a two hours' ride brought us to the banks
of the river close to the Rukwi kwl Hills. We saw no living
animal on the way, and indeed, game of all kinds seemed to
have been all but exterminated by the natives in this part of
the country. Where we crossed it the Sabi is a really fine
river, with a running stream of beautifully clear water over one
hundred yards wide, though the full breadth of the river's bed
from bank to bank was more than three hundred yards. It is,
however, only full from bank to bank during the rainy season.
After crossing the river we travelled to the south-west and
camped on a small stream to the south-east of Se-bum-bum's
mountain. Taking a ride up the valley in the evening I met
an old rhinoceros bull of the black or prehensile-lipped species.
I had only my little 4SO-bore rifle with me, but disposed of
him with three shots, all running ones, as he got my wind and
made off just as I saw him. After giving him the first shot
I galloped close up to him to try to turn him down towards
our camp, but he resented this and chased me for some distance,
and at a great pace, snorting furiously the while. After sus-
taining another chase I gave him a second shot and disposed
of him with the third. He seemed a very old animal, and his
horns, though massive, were short, and evidently much worn
down. As I had no boys with me I left him as he was for
the night, intending to return in the morning to chop off his
horns and take some of the hide for sjamboks. Shortly after
dark a lion roared loudly close behind our camp, the first I
had heard for more than a month. I was in hopes that he
might smell the dead rhinoceros, and, thinking I might possibly
find him there early the ne.xt morning, made a start for the
carcase as soon as it was light. However, the lion was not
there, nor had he been there during the night ; so, leaving
some of the Kafirs to cut up the rhinoceros, I made a big round
with the rest, not getting back to camp till sundown. The
only game we saw during the day was a herd of roan antelope.
I was now close to the edge of the " fly " country, which
at this time extended from here southwards along both banks
of the Sabi, and I was therefore unable to proceed any farther
loo TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, iv
in that direction with my horses. When I left my camp at
the Manyami I had hoped to find white rhinoceroses and also
Lichtenstein's hartebeests outside the " fly " country, but I now
felt convinced that the former animal was only to be met with
in the " flj* " country, whilst the latter, although it still existed
beyond this limit, was, at any rate, scarce and difficult to get
hold of I had now been so long away from my main camp
that I was anxious to get back again, and so resolved to recross
the river, have another hunt there for Lichtenstein's hartebeest,
and then, whether I obtained specimens or not, to return to my
waggon and travel back to my camp on the Manyami as
quickly as possible.
As it turned out, I was very unlucky this year, and never
saw a single specimen of Lichtenstein's hartebeest. On my
way back to the Manyami I followed my own waggon track
as far as Sadza's villages, and then striking farther westwards,
struck the Inyachimi river near its source, and followed it
down to its junction with the Manyami. I then passed through
a district which had been devastated by the Matabili only a
few months before, and reached my main camp after an absence
of six weeks.
CHAPTER V
First expedition sent by Lo Bengula against the Batauwani — Difficulties of the
journey — Expedition only partially successful — Vitality of savages — J'ailure of
the second expedition to Lake Ngami — Pulinglela, a brother of Lo Bengula,
shot — Many Matabili drowned in the Botletli — Horrors of the return journey
across the desert — Murder of Bushmen — The Masarwas — Their language —
Racial affinities — Weapons, etc. — Great antiquity of the Bushman race — Re-
searches of Dr. Hillier — Further notes on the Masarwas — Their sense of
locality — The Bakalahari — Chameluga, the wizard of Situngweesa — Prosperity
of his people — Their country devastated by the Matabili — Murder of Chame-
luga— Escape of his son — Flight of his people — Massacre of Mashunas on the
Bembisan river.
Early in the year 1883 the first of the two expeditions that
were sent by Lo Bengula against the Batauwani of Lake Ngami
was undertaken. This was a very bold enterprise, as the
marauders had to traverse nearly four hundred miles of desert
country, entirely uninhabited except by Bushmen ; a country
in which game too was very scarce, and throughout which
water was only to be found in pools, often widely separated
one from another. Although not a complete failure, as was
the subsequent expedition, this raid was only partially suc-
cessful, as the Batauwani, though partly taken by surprise,
managed to keep the marauders in check with a small body
of mounted men armed with breech-loading rifles, whilst their
women and children crossed the Botletli river in canoes. The
Matabili succeeded in capturing a considerable number of
cattle, and also burnt down the large native town in which
the Batauwani had been long living in peace and security.
With the exception, however, of murdering a good many Bush-
men, and capturing some of the children of these wild people
for slaves, the expedition was, through no fault of theirs, a
singularly bloodless one.
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
CllAI'.
\
'A
i\<^i
I have often
part in the most
n oticed men of a very advanced age taking
arduous jgidsmadp by the Matahili_ upon
Umhlamela, Daughter of
Lo Bengula.
the*?;iiiiuLiiidtngTr]bes, and I will adduce one very remarkable
instance, which seems to show that
- savages sometimes retain their
-vigour for a very long ' period of
time. One of Lo Bcngula's men
who took part in the first expedi-
tioii to Lake Ngami, and ITlirvived
the long march of eight huTiHred
miles there and back, was present
at the attack on the Boer camp, at
Vechtkop, between the Rhenoster
and Wilge rivers, in whal is now
the Orange Free State. This attack
is historical, and took place in
October i 836^* under_tlie_leadership
of Kalipi, one of_ Umziligazi's
favourite generals. The_Boers beat off their assailanjts, and
"Captain, afterwaTds Sir, Cornwallis Harris has^Scribed his
meeting with the discomfited warriors, who were carrying
their wounded comrades on their shields. My tough old friend,
the Matabili, has often described the fight to me, and shown
me the marks he bore on his person, the effect of a charge of
slugs in the stomach, which he had received from one of the
Boers' old muzzle-loading guns. He always maintained that
at this time he was an " indoda," i.e. a full-grown man, and
not an " ee-ja-ha," or young soldier. But say that in 1836 he
was only twenty- three, in 1883 he must have been seventy
years of age — a great age indeed at which to undertake the
hardships of a protracted marauding expedition.
The second expedition sent by Lo Bengula to Lake Ngami
was a most disastrous one. The Batauwani got information
concerning the impending attack from some Bushmen, and had
time to remove all their women and children, and to drive all
their cattle to beyond the liotletli river. They then lay in
ambush amongst the reeds which fringed the river's bank, and
awaited their foes, and when they appeared gave them a very
^ .See Theal's History of the Bot^rs in South Afficn, p. 76.
FAILURE OF A MATABILI RAID
103
warm reception with their breech-loading rifles. Many of the
Matabili were shot, including Pulinglela, one of the king's
brothers, and many other men of note. Many more were
drowned in trying to cross the Botletli, on a bed of water-plants,
which grew so thickly on the surface of the river in one place
that they thought it would support their weight. Possibly the
thickly-growing vegetation might have supported the weight
of a few men at a time, but as the bold attempt was made by
a large number at once, their united weight broke through the
bed of weeds, and they were all precipitated into deep water, where
many of them being unable to swim were drowned. ]5affled
and beaten, the marauders had now to commence their retreat to
their own country through four hundred miles of desert, under
the most disadvantageous circumstances. As is usual, they had
only brought with them a sufficient number of cattle to serve as
food during the time occupied by the journey from Matabililand
to Lake Ngami. Once there, it was their business to capture
and take back to their king the flocks and herds of their enemies
— a certain number of which would have been slaughtered eve.ry
evening for their consumption. On this occasion they did not
capture a single animal, and with starvation staring them in
the face, commenced their long march homewards.
The horrors of that journey have often been described to me
by survivors. A few head of game were shot, and a few Bushman
encampments were looted, but many hundreds of Lo Bengula's
fiercest warriors died from starvation, thirst, and exhaustion on
their return from this disastrous expedition. Towards the end
of the journey ever-increasing numbers died daily round every
pool of water on the line of march. Parched with thirst, and
exhausted with starvation and fatigue, they would lie flat down
and drink their fill, and day after day, I have been told, numbers
died in this position. Only the remnant of the army got back
to Matabililand, and of the fine regiment of the "Intembi"
but few survived to tell the tale of their unsuccessful raid to
Lake Ngami.
One portion of the army several hundreds strong fared
better than the main body. Instead of returning home by the
way they had come they kept more to the north, and when
near the Mababi river were fortunate enough to surprise a
r \
w
I04 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AERICA ciiAi'.
waggon of Khama's in charge of one of his hunters, who had
with him a valuable shooting horse belonging to his chief.
This man was surrounded by the Matabili, who seized and
bound him and would certainly have killed him if he had not
escaped very cleverly. After they had secured him his captors
tried to catch his horse, but the animal being frightened would
not allow them to do so. Seeing this Khama's man said, " Let
me catch the horse for you ; he knows me, and will allow me to
do so." The Matabili, never dreaming that the man would be
able to ride without saddle and bridle, allowed him to make the
attempt ; but their would-be victim had determined to make a
bold bid for life, and so shouting to them not to come too near
him, or they would again frighten the horse, he first caught the
animal and then hastily fastened the thong, with which it had
been knee-haltered, in its mouth, so that it would serve as a
makeshift bridle. The Matabili, seeing that he had caught the
horse, were now closing in, but before they got near him he
sprang on the horse's back, and urging it on by voice and heel,
galloped through them, unhurt by the assegais that were thrown
at him, and got clean oft". Eventually he reached Bamangwato
safely after a ride of several hundred miles. However, as all
the Bushmen and Makalaka in the country he travelled through
were Khama's people, he was everywhere kindly treated, and
supplied with food of one kind or another. The Matabili took
Khama's span of oxen (which furnished them with a good
supply of food), and burnt his waggon.
At Khama's waggon they also captured a Bushman, and
told him his life should be spared if he would guide them
to Pandamatenka. They struck the waggon track which
runs from Bamangwato to the Zambesi, close to Gazuma
" vley," and about fourteen miles to the north of Pandamatenka.
Many of them then knew where they were, so, as they
had no further need of their guide, they assegaied him.
Three, years afterwards, in 1888, I was shown the spot where
his remains had long lain at the foot of an ant-heap, just at
the side of the waggon track. An old halPcaste elephant-
hunter named Africa, who was in the employ of Mr. Westbeech,
was at'this time living at Gazuma with a boy named^Charley
(who was afterwards in my service), and several families of
V MATABILI ATROCITIES 105
Bushmen. When the Matabili came fih'ng out in long lines
across the open^Iain^n Which Gazuma is situated, the Bush- .
men all ran away into the forest, with the exception of a few
who took refuge in Africa's hut. One man and his wife, a
woman with a young child at her breast, remained outside, in
the enclosure which surrounded the principal hut, saying tha,t 1
the Matabili would not interfere with "^Georos's^^(lMr. WcsLt^j.
beech's) dogs, as " Georos " was Lo Bengula's friend. The d,
before the arrivah of ' the Matabili, Africa had shot a fat eland
bull, the meat of which was hanging up all round his hut, cut
in strips to dry. The sight of this meat put the hungry
savages in good humour. They took it all, also a bag of Kafir
corn that he had, but as they knew Africa to be one of George
Westbeech's people they were civil enough to him and Charley,
and did not even go into the hut, in which several Bushwomen
had taken refuge, and where they were hiding under skins.
Presently, however, Charley told me, one of the endunas asked
Africa where all the Bushmen were whose household goods
were lying about the camp, and being told that they had all
fled away into the forest as soon as they saw the Matabili
appearing in the distance, got angry and said, not a dog of
them should have lived if he had seen them. He then seem-
ingly for the first time noticed the man and woman with the
child, who were both standing near him, and without saying
another word plunged his assegai through the body of the baby
and into the breast of the woman, killing them both with the
one thrust. He then stabbed the man through the arm and
the muscles of the chest just as he turned to run, calling out
at the same time, " Kill that dog." No one, however, paid any
attention to him, as they were all too busy with the eland meat,
and the Bushman escaped with his life. Game being fairly
plentiful between Pandamatenka and Matabililand, this division
of the Matabili army reached home in good order, as they
suffered no great privations or hardships.
As in the foregoing pages I have frequently spoken of
Bushmen, I will take this opportunity of saying a few words
concerning these curious and interesting people. The Bushmen
of the interior of South-western Africa are called " Masarwas "
by the Bamangwato, and " Amasiri " by the Matabili. It is
io6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA < iiai'.
difficult to make out their true race affinities, but their language
is undoubtedly nearly allied to that spoken by the Koranas
and Namaquas living along the Orange river. I make this
statement on the strength of the following facts. In 1871 a
Korana boy named John entered my service, and went to the
interior with me the following year ; and as he had previously
learned to speak Dutch from a Griqua master, I could converse
freely with him. In 1873, when elephant-himting in the
Linquasi district to the west of Matabililand, we saw a great
many Masarwas (Bushmen), and noticing that their language,
full of clicks and clucks and curious intonations of the voice,
was similar in character to that I had heard spoken by the
Koranas on the banks of the Orange river in 1871, I asked
John if he could understand them ; but he only laughed and
said " No, sir." During the next two years, however, John
had a lot to do with the Masarwas, and one day towards the
end of 1874, 3-s we were returning from the Zambesi to
Matabililand, I heard him conversing quite familiarly with
some of these people. " Hullo ! John," I said, " I thought you
told me that you couldn't understand the Bushmen?" — "Well,
sir," he answered, " at first I thought I couldn't, but gradually^
I found that I could understand them, and that thej' understood
me ; and in fact I can say that w-ith a few slight differences
these Bushmen speak the same language as my people (the
Koranas) on the Orange river." , A Griqua family, too, the
Neros, who have for many years^j2ast_l>e©H- living in Matabili-
land, all speak Sasarwa (tlic languat^c of tlic Masarwas) with
perfect fluency, and they have all assured nic that Ihcy had no
dTfficulty in learning it, as it was only a dialect of the JKoraiia.
"" Physically, however, speaking generallj', the Masarwas
whom I have met — and they are many — although they differ
essentially from the Kafir tribes by whom they are surrounded,
also differ very considerably from the Koranas and Hottentots.
Usually, though not invariably, they are lighter in colour and
slighter-built men than the Kafirs ; but they are not so short
in stature as the Koranas and Hottentots, the greater part of
them being from five feet six inches to five feet nine inches in
height, and some of them standing over six feet. Occasionally,
however, one notices men amongst them of a distinctly Hottentot
V BUSHMEN AND THEIR WEAPONS 107
type, short and stout-built in figure, with high cheek-bones, obh'que
eyes, and peppercorn hair. Altogether, I am inclined to think
that the Masarwas were originally a people allied in race to the
Koranas and Hottentots, but that from a constant infusion of
foreign blood, brought amongst them by refugees from different
Kafir tribes, they have to a great extent lost the ph)'sical
characteristics of that race, though they still retain their ancient
language almost intact.
The native weapons of the Masarwas are, or rather were,
bows and arrows ; for in some parts of the country they have
entirely discarded these weapons, and now use guns in their stead.
Bows and arrows were still, however, in common use in quite
recent times amongst the Bushmen living in the desert country
bordering the Botletli river. Their bows are so small and weak-
looking that they seem rather toys than the deadly weapons
they really are. Their arrows are short and unfeathered, being
made of light reeds, into the end of which bone heads are
inserted. These bone arrow-heads are always thickly smeared
with poison, which is apparently made from the body of a cater-
pillar, or grub, mixed with gum. At least in the quivers of all
the Bushmen whose belongings I have examined, I have always
found, besides their arrows and fire sticks, a kind of small bark
box containing the bodies of grubs or caterpillars preserved in
gum, and have invariably been told that these grubs contained
the poison which they smeared on their arrows. I do not know
whether the language of the l^ushmen who used to infest the
mountainous parts of the Cape Colony, the Free State, and Natal
is allied to that of the Masarwas, but I presume it must be more
or less, and, at any rate, the habits and mode of life of both these
wild peoples were very similar ; the weapons, too, of the Bush-
men of the Cape Colony — now almost an extinct race^were
tiny bows and poisoned arrows. It would be interesting to learn
whether there is any affinity between the languages spoken by
the pigmy races of North-western Africa and the dialects used
by the Bushmen of the south-western portion of. the continent.
Their habits, and customs, and mode of life would seem to
show that they are all very closely allied. The Niam-niam
dwarfs described by Schweinfurth, as well as the pigmy race
of Monbuttoo, skeletons of whom have been sent to Europe
loS TRAVEL AND AUVENTUKK IN AFRICA chap.
by Emin Pacha, use bows and poisoned arrows, as also do
the unpleasant little savages encountered by Stanley in the
forests bordering the Aruwimi. The Bushmen are probably
the direct descendants of the earliest type of man that appeared
in Southern Africa ; and they probably came from the north
and spread down the western side of the continent, long before
the black races appeared upon the scene.
Possibly the first appearance of this primitive race of men
in Northern Africa was contemporaneous with the migrations
into that continent of the original ancestors of the rich and
varied fauna by which it is now inhabited ; all the more highly
specialised forms of which are descended from prototypes,
which, as that distinguished naturalist Mr. A. R. Wallace has
shown, were originally evolved in the northern hemisphere, and
gradually spread southwards on the approach of the last glacial
period, penetrating into Africa hundreds of thousands of years
ago, before that continent was divided from Europe by the
Mediterranean Sea. The curious ant-eaters (earth pigs and
pangolins) are probably relics of an earlier fauna, which have
survived owing to their nocturnal habits. Many other forms
were doubtless exterminated, as Mr. Wallace has pointed out,
by the large carnivora of the later period. Be this as it may,
we have proof positive that a form of man from whom the
Bushmen are in all probability descended, inhabited Southern
Africa at a very remote period of the earth's history.
In an interesting paper on " The Antiquity of Man in South
Africa," by Dr. A. P. Hillier of Kimberley, it is clearly shown that
ages upon ages ago a race of savages existed in that part of the
world, who were closely allied to the Bushmen still lingering in
certain parts of the country. Speaking of a skull that was
found in one of the " kitchen middens or refuse-heaps " on the
banks of the Buffalo river, of considerable, though not vast,
antiquity. Dr. Hillier says, " It is a small round skull with a
low contracted brow, and is of great thicknes.s. It is like the
skull of a Bushman or Hottentot, and in all probability is the
skull of an individual of one of these races, or of some race
very nearly allied to them." Farther on, and speaking of the
refuse-heap where this skull was found, Dr. Hillier says, " What-
ever the age of this mound, and no unprejudiced observer will
THE MASARWAS 109
deny that it is considerable, it is but a thing of yesterday
compared to the antiquity of those implements left on the
water's edge when the river ^ stood seventy feet higher than it
now does, or than it did when the foundation shell of this huge
mound was laid." Much interesting information will be found
in this paper concerning the implements here referred to, and
the evidences of their extreme antiquity. The general con-
clusions of the writer are, that at an immensely remote period
of time a race of men of a very low type migrated from the
north, down the western side of the continent, and that these
people, who were in all probability the progenitors of the
modern Bushmen, penetrated to the southernmost parts of Africa.
But to return to the Masarwas. As trackers and assistants
in the hunting veld they are unrivalled, and they are more
docile and less assertive than Kafirs. To be seen at their best
they must be hungry, and lightly indeed must the wounded
animal tread that hopes to escape from a half-starved Masarwa,
but as soon as they get fat, they become lazy and careless, like
dogs. The life these people lead is a hard one, and I have
often seen them reduced to the last stage of emaciation by
slow starvation, when they have been living for a long time on
very innutritious food. Their faces then looked like skulls over
which yellow parchment had been tightly stretched, and the
muscles of their limbs had wasted away to such an extent
that the bones of the knees had the appearance of great knobs
in the middle of their legs. In such cases their stomachs were
always enormously distended, the result of living upon very
innutritious food, an enormous quantity of which was requisite
to sustain life at all. Such seven-eighths-starved Bushmen are
splendid fellows as assistants in tracking game. In spite of
their emaciated condition they can stand an extraordinary
amount of fatigue, and are exceedingly keen, as their very lives
may depend upon the successful issue of the hunt ; should
elephants, however, or other large game be killed, you won't
get your Bushmen any farther. They will at once fetch their
women and children, and the whole tribe will then settle down
alongside of the carcases, and there they will remain, until they
have eaten every scrap of the meat, by which time they will
' The Buffalo.
110 TRAVEL AM) ADVENTURE EX A ERIC A chap.
have become quite fat and lazy. There is one faculty which
the Bushmen possess in an extraordinary degree, and that is
the sense which enables them to find their way, by day or
by night, through level pathless forests, where there are no
landmarks whatever, to any point which they wish to reach,
where they have ever been before. This sense is often well
developed in oxen and horses, and elephants possess it in
perfection, and will travel immense distances by night in a
direct line, to a certain patch of dense bush, where they
wish to stand during the heat of the day, or to a pool of
water, which has not been visited by them, or by any other
elephants, for months or perhaps years previously. Amongst
highly-civilised races this sense is conspicuously wanting, and I
should say that the greater part of our most profound philo-
sophers would make very poor backwoodsmen. Amongst
the various Kafir tribes with which I am acquainted, the sense
of locality and direction is, as a rule, not nearly so well
developed as with the Bushmen, though some individuals are
certainly very good at finding their way in the bush.
When the first Matabili expedition that was sent against
the Batauwani returned from Lake Ngami in 1883, they
brought back with them some Masarwa children that they had
captured in the desert. About a dozen boys were handed over
to the king, the eldest probably not being more than ten years
old, whilst most of them were little mites of only five or six.
They were very thin on their arrival at Bulawayo, but being
well fed, as the king's slave-boys always are, they soon got fat,
and seemed quite contented with their lot. At night they
slept round the fires in the king's courtyard, within the high
palisades by which it is enclosed, the entrance to it being of
course blocked up. One morning it was discovered that the
little Masarwas were gone. .Search was at once made for
them, and as some of the children were so young it was
expected that they would soon be discovered and brought
back. However, they were never seen again in Matabililand.
When Lo Bengula told me about the escape of these little
Bushmen, he wound up his account by .saying, " Asi ubantu,
Amasiri ; inyamazana godwa " (" The Bushmen are not human
beings ; they are only wild animals ")."
ESCAPE OF MASARWA CHILDREN
In I 884 I made a journey with my waggon from Bulawayo
to the Mababi country, taking pretty well the same line that
had been followed the previous year by the Matabili army,
and after crossing the waggon road from Bamangwato to the
Zambesi, began to get among the Bushmen. I made a point
of inquiring about the captured children who had made their
escape from Bulawayo, and was assured that all but one, who
had died of exhaustion on the way, had found their way home
in safety. As long as they were amongst the Matabili kraals
and cattle posts, they had only travelled at night, and lain in
hiding during the day. They had lived on berries and lizards
and tortoises during their long journey through the desert. It
was on this same journey, when near the pool of " Metsi
butluku " (the bitter water), that on my return to the waggon
one day from a giraffe hunt, I found an old Bushwoman seated
by my fire, talking with the boys I had brought with me from
Khama's country. The old creature, who had been captured
the previous year, and taken by some unusually humane
Matabili as a household drudge for his wife, must have been
at least sixty years of age ; yet she had managed to make her
escape from the centre of Matabililand, travelling, like the
little children, by night, and hiding by day, and like them
always holding a true course towards her distant desert home.
She told me she had watched the waggon for three days before
daring to approach it, as she feared there might be Matabili
there. At last, seeing that my cattle-herd wore the Mangwato
dress, she had mustered up courage to speak to him, and had
then come to the waggon. After this the old lady had an easy
time of it. I gave her a blanket, as the nights were bitterly
cold, and food from my own pots every day. Whenever we
outspanned the old lady was very active in collecting wood for
the fire, and getting water. One day, after she had travelled
about ten days with the waggon, she disappeared. The
Bushmen told me her own people were living at a water-hole
not far away, and she had gone to them. The wild creature
left me without warning and without thanks, but I have no
doubt she felt grateful, and told her people of the kind
treatment she had received at the white man's waggon.
Besides the Masarwas there is another tribe of wild people
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
inhabiting tiie eastern portion of the Kalahari, who are called
by the Bechwanas, Bakalahari (they of the desert). These
people are as a rule blacker than the Masarwas, and are believed
by ethnologists to be degenerated Bechwanas, who were driven
into the western deserts by more powerful tribes encroaching
from the east. Though they most of them speak Sechwana as
well, yet amongst themselves they speak a Bushman dialect
full of clicks and clucks, and they are probably a mixed race
formed by the fusion of Bechwana refugees with the aboriginal
desert tribes. In some parts of the country these nomads still
use bows and poisoned arrows at the present day. Many of
the Bakalahari, in the districts to the north and west of
Bamangwato, have, under the kind and just rule of Khama,
attained to a certain degree of civilisation, and now form an
interesting illustration of a people in a transition stage from
utter barbarism to a more advanced condition. A generation
ago all the Bakalahari lived the life described by Dr. Living-
stone and others. They wandered continually under a burning
sun, over the heated sands of the Kalahari, without any fixed
habitation, and ever and always engaged in a terrible struggle
for existence ; living on berries and bulbs and roots, on snakes
and toads and tortoises, with an occasional glorious feast on a
fat eland, giraffe, or zebra caught in a pitfall ; sucking up
water through reeds and spitting it into the ostrich egg-shells
in which they were wont to carry it, and altogether leading a
life of bitter, grinding hardship from the cradle to the grave.
In fact they were utter savages — joyless, soulless animals — •
believing nothing, hoping nothing, but, unlike Bothwell, fearing
much ; for they were sore oppressed by their Bechwana masters,
and often became the prey of the lions and hyaenas that
roamed the deserts as well as they. Now, many of these wild
people have been induced by Khama to give up their nomadic
life. He supplied them with seed-corn, and as may be seen at
Klabala and other places, some of the Bakalahari of the
present day hoe up large expanses of ground, and grow .so
much corn that, except in seasons of drought, they know not
the famine from which their forefathers were continually
suffering. In addition to this, Khama and his head men have
given them cattle, sheep, and goats to tend for them, from
V CHAMELUGA THE SORCERER 113
which they obtain a constant supply of milk. So that it may
be said that Khama has successfully commenced the work of
converting a tribe of miserable nomadic savages into a happy
pastoral people.
At the conclusion of the last chapter I spoke of passing
through the country of Chameluga, which had lately been
devastated by the Matabili, and I will now relate the tragic
death of the wizard of Situngweesa.
Chameluga lmd_lQng._had the reputation amongst his own
people of being a powerful sorcerer, and his fame must at last
have spread to Lo Benguia, who used to profess the firmest
belief in his supernatural powers, ^nH who for many years
treated him with great consideration. In 1878 I wrote of
Chameluga that, "unlike most— other Mashuna chiefs, who arc"
the victims of continual depredation, he is not only left in the
• quiet enjoyment of his own, but often receives presents of
'~T;attlgj_j£oun^^gkls,_etc^-fr-em Lo Benguia. It is very probable,
hovvevcr, that his majesty (to use one of his own phrases) is only
fattening this false priest, and that one day he will pounce down
upon and massacre him and all his people, and take his cattle
and the ivory, of which it is said he has a considerable store.
This is only surmise, but even thus did Umziligazi, his father, put
to death, at one fell svyoop, a whole bevy of Makalaka molimos.^
to whom up till that day he had always shown great favour."
ChanTStnga, liuwevt!!', i'Stftined the ascendency he had gained
over Lo Benguia for five years after this was written, and
during that time his people, who had for many years enjoyed
an immunity from the attacks of the Matabili, grew rich, and
became a very prosperous community. Their villages were
called collectively Situngweesa, and were situated in the fertile,
well-watered country between the Umfuli and Manyami rivers.
Early in 1 88 <i, ho^yever, this period of prosperity came to a
sudden anH'disastrous termination ; for in that year their apfed
chief was_Jiurdered by the order of Lo Benguia, their kraals
were destroyed7^nct~they-themsclves-were'HrIven into the hilly
country beyond the Mazoe. "^ ' "
The army which was sent to destroy the people of Situng-
weesa left Matabililand and travelled eastwards about the
1 Gods.
I
114 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
same time that the first of the two expeditions I have already
spoken of went westwards towards Lake Ngami.
Chameluga was, however, not killed in his own country,
but in Matabililand, and I heard the story of his death from
one of the youngest of his wives, who was an actual eye-
witness of the event. This girl, Bavea by name, was born in
Matabililand of slave parentage, and was sent by Lo Bengula
as a present to Chameluga in 1880. When quite a child she
had previously been apprenticed to Mrs. Helm (the wife of the
well-known missionary in Matabililand) by the king's sister,
and had been brought up in her house, and during that time
had learnt to understand and speak English quite fluently. In
1880, as I have said above, very much against her will, she
was taken away from Mrs. Helm, and sent for a wife to the
wise man of Situngweesa. Early in 1883 Lo Bengula, for the
last time, sent presents and friendly messages to Chameluga,
at the same time requesting that he would pay him a visit at
Bulawayo. Such an invitation was tantamount to a command,
and the old man set out on his last earthly journey, accom-
panied by a small party of his own people, amongst whom were
the girl Bavea and one of his sons (a boy of about fifteen
years of age). Some time after despatching his messengers to
Situngweesa to summon Chameluga, Lo Bengula sent out the
greater part of the fighting men from the eastern side of his
country to meet his visitor on the road. The orders given to
his general appear to have been — " Meet the wizard at the
Tchangani river, kill him and all who are with him, and then
hasten on and destroy all his people at Situngweesa, and bring
back their cattle and ivory." Thus when Chameluga and his
little party reached the Tchangani river, the Matabili were
already there. The warriors, however, kept out of sight, and
only a few head men came forward as if to greet the chief As
they advanced Bavea said to her aged husband, " They are
going to kill you ; I know the Matabili. Run ! run ! I see
blood in their eyes ; run ! run !" But the old man answered,
" Child, I am too old to run. If his day has come, Chameluga
does not fear to die ; but bid my son, who is young and swift
of foot, creep away in the bushes whilst there is yet time, and
carry the news to my people."
MURDER OF CHAMELUGA
"5
The girl was right ; she knew the Matabili only too
well. Very soon the little party were surrounded by Lo
Bengula's savage warriors, and one more of those tragedies
took place which are so com-
mon in the interior of Africa
that they excite but little
attention. Chameluga and his
whole party were murdered,
with the exception of Bavea,
who was taken back to Mata-
bililand. Her life amongst
the Mashunas must, however,
have been to her liking, as
she subsequently ran away, and
in 1887 I saw her amongst
Lo Magondi's people in North-
western Mashunaland, and it
was then that she told me
this story. But the boy had
escaped, having crept away
just before the attack without
attracting notice, and even as
the massacre proceeded he was
fleeing fast to the north-east.
Fear lent him wings, and in an
incredibly short space of time,
having escaped being killed by lions — a very real danger in
this part of Africa — he carried the news of the murder of his
father to Situngweesa. The people did not require to be told
that the Matabili, having killed Chameluga and his party,
would be sure to come on in order to destroy his towns with
all their inhabitants and take their cattle. They fled at once
across the Manyami river, and down into the hilly country
between the Mazoe and Inyagui rivers. So hurriedly, indeed,
did they leave their homes, that they left most of their grain
stores and a small herd of cattle behind them.
When the Matabili, a couple of days later, arrived upon
the scene, eager for slaughter, and expecting to find their
would-be victims in blissful i<jnorance of the fate which had
Matabili Warrior.
ii6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA ciiAr.
befallen their chief, they found all the towns deserted. They
captured the small herd of cattle that had been left behind,
and which were still feeding close to one of the villages, and
they also killed a small party of Mashunas who were coming
from a distant kraal on a visit to Situngweesa, and who, un-
fortunately for themselves, arrived there on the very same day
as Lo Bengula's warriors. These men were certainly out of
luck, and they were all assegaied. Four months later, in the
month of August, on my return from the Sabi, I visited the
deserted towns of Situngweesa. Some of the villages had been
burnt, but others were still standing ; and although all the
corn-bins had been overturned, many of them were still full of
maize. I saw the remains of two of the murdered Mashunas.
In the fields surrounding the villages the rice and " pogo "
corn had been harvested before the flight of the people, but
there were great quantities of ground nuts and sweet potatoes
still in the ground at the time of my visit. The Matabili at
once followed on the spoor of the escaped tribe, and raided
part of the country of Umsa-washa, near the head waters of
the Mazoe river. As, however, the inhabitants were on the
look-out for them, they were not very successful, and returned
without having killed many people or captured many cattle.
On their way home to the Matabili country this "impi"^
passed the kraals of a tribe of Mashunas living on the head
waters of the Bembisan river, under the petty chiefs Musigaguva
and Madabuga. These Mashunas had long before been taken
under the protection of Umziligazi, Lo Bengula's father, and
had been tributary to the Matabili for many years. They
had large herds of Matabili cattle in their keeping, many of
them wore the Matabili dress, and most of them spoke the
language of their conquerors. Why they were destroyed is to
me a mystery to this day, nor have I heard any reason given
by any of the Matabili who took part in the massacre, except
that it was the king's command.
With the Matabili army of which I am now speaking
was a man of the waggon -driver class named John Matoli,
who many years previously had accompanied Sir John Swin-
burne to Matabililand as a waggon driver, and who, having
1 Army.
V MATABILI ATROCITIES 117
since settled and married there, is sometimes forced into
military service. John MatoH speaks EngHsh well, and I
have known him ever since 1872, and always found him a
very reliable man, and as the destruction of Musigaguva's
kraals is an undeniable fact, I see no reason to question his
account of the tragedy, which is as follows. When the impi
came to Musigaguva they camped close to the Mashuna kraals,
the inhabitants of which brought down food and beer for the
Matabili soldiers, who seemed on very friendly terms with
them, they on their side suspecting nothing. On the day of
their arrival everything remained quiet, but the following
morning the Matabili, acting on the orders of their endunas,
suddenly surrounded the different small kraals, and then at
once fell upon the unsuspecting inhabitants. None were spared,
but men, women, and children were ruthlessly slaughtered,
many of the infants, according to John Matoli, having been
seized by the ankle and their brains dashed out against stones.
It was in April 1883 that this cruel massacre took place, and
towaj;dsthe end of the following November, on my way back
to MataEililand, 1 passed througli' tTie country, andT'campifig''"
one?rfwhr"amongst the ruins of the deserted kraals, saw with
my (j\vn c\'cs the tlcxastation that had been wrought.
CHAPTER VI
Break up camp — Waggon breaks down — Send Laer to Grant's camp for another
wheel — Follow on horseback — Laer meets five lions — Return to my waggons
— Shoot a leopard — Oxen attacked by a lion at the Umfuli — Laer kills the lion
— Move camp to the River Zweswi — Shoot another large lion — Return to Mata-
bililand — The Sea-Cow Row — Unjust treatment at the hands of the Matabili.
Early in November 1883 I broke up camp on the banks of
the KlVer Manyami, In Northern Mashunaland, and turned my
face to the south-west. I had not seen a white man since
leaving the Matabili country in the previous April ; but I
knew that two hunters, an Englishman and a Boer, were camped
near the River Zweswi, three days' journey from me, and so
resolved to make for their camp and spend a few days with
them and enjoy the pleasure of speaking my own language
once more.
The day after leaving the Manyami, whilst crossing a
tributary of the River Sarua, in a very rough, stony place, the
right hind wheel of the smaller of my waggons collapsed, the
spokes all breaking short off at the nave. I had all the tools
with me necessary for re-spoking it, and one of my drivers, a
Griqua named Samuel, who had been brought up amongst the
Boers, was quite equal to the job ; but as 1 knew that it would
take several days to chop the wood, make and fit the spokes,
pull on the tire, etc., I determined to first try to get my
waggons on to my friends' camp and do the work there. It
was a mere question of whether the hind axle of either of my
friends' waggons was the same size as mine. If it was, I had
only to bring a wheel over from their camp and fit it on to my
waggon in place of the broken one. I at once measured the
length and circumference of my axle, and started Laer off with
i,
^
-^
OJ
J3
Sr-
■a
If
I
m
« -s
O S
S 2
LAER MEETS FIVE LIONS
a couple of Kafirs and eight oxen, with yokes, chain, etc., to
drag the wheel back on a bush, if it should prove to be the
right size. I told them to sleep at the River Umfuli, and go on
to Zweswi the following day, I myself intending to ride through
on horseback. The next morning I made an early start. I
did not follow the waggon track — one of my own making —
but took a bee-line across country, crossing the Umfuli some
miles above the usual ford. When I again struck the track I
saw that I had passed my boys, as my oxen's spoor was not in
the road. I did not follow it for more than a quarter of a
mile, and, then again leaving it, rode straight across country
for the hills, near which I knew, from native report, that my
friends' camp was situated.
About four o'clock I rode up to the waggons, but found
that both Grant and Karl Weyand were away hunting ; how-
ever, their people made me comfortable, and I was soon
drinking a cup of tea, the usual tipple of South African
hunters and travellers. A little before sundown Laer turned
up with the oxen, and with his help I at once took the hind
wheel off Grant's waggon and measured his axle, which I
found was of the same make, and exactly of a size with mine.
We then chopped a thick bush, and fastening the wheel
on it, made everything ready for an early start back to my
waggons on the following morning. Lacr and my two Kafir
boys told me that just beyond where I had left the track they
had come across five lions. Just here there is a watercourse
running down an open valley, and these lions, it seems, had
killed an eland and dragged it into the creek to eat. They
must have heard or smelt the oxen coming along the road, and
two of them, a large male and a female, jumped on to the
bank and came trotting towards them, but seeing Laer and the
Kafirs, stopped, and then walked back and entered the creek
again. The whole five of them then emerged on the other
side and walked away, continually stopping and looking round
by the way, towards the forest skirting the valley. According
to Laer and the Kafirs, this family party consisted of a large
male and a young male, and three full-grown females. The
big one seems to have been a magnificent animal, as Laer —
who, although quite a youth, has grown up in the wilds, and
122 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
has seen many lions — said he thought it had a finer mane than
he had ever seen before. Chukuru, one of the Matabili Kafirs
with him, describing the incident to me, said, " Maimamo !
wasn't it awful (' Sa be ka '). Such an enormous one (' Um ka
la gata '). He looked as if his shoulders were loaded with
bundles of grass, and behind he was so small he looked hungry.
When I saw him coming towards me in the open my heart
died, and I gave thanks when I saw him turn back." I was
terribly vexed when I heard that, if I had kept along the
waggon track for another mile or so, 1 should have come across
these lions. I was well mounted and had a good rifle with me,
and had I only sighted them in so open a part of the country
I think I should have added at least the skin of the big male
to my collection of hunting trophies.
At daylight the following morning, leaving Lacr to come
on with the wheel, I rode on ahead, as I intended to reach my
waggons the same evening, but knew that my boys would have
to sleep on the road. I now followed the waggon track, as I
thought it just possible that I might still find the lions along
the creek where they had been seen the day before. However,
on reaching it a flock of vultures sitting on the bank and others
flying overhead showed me where the carcase of the eland lay,
and at the same time assured me that the lions themselves had
finally abandoned their prey. I now left the waggon track
and rode along the creek, intending to follow it to its junction
with the River Lundaza, a tributary of the Umfuli, and then
take a bee-line for my waggons. I had not proceeded very
far when I saw, a considerable distance ahead of me, a smallish
animal emerge from the forest and cross the open ground ex-
tending along the creek. It very soon reached the bank, and,
going down to drink, at once disappeared. On first sighting it
I had seen that it was some cat-like animal, and as it was too
small for a lioness, had guessed it to be a leopard. As soon as
it was in the creek and well out of sight, I galloped as hard as
I could in order to get up to it before it had finished drinking.
However, it must have heard mc, and came up the bank again
when I was .still about one hundred and fifty yards distant from
it. I saw at once that it was a fine leopard, but had little time to
examine him, as, after glancing towards my rapidly-advancing
VI SHOOT A LEOPARD 123
horse for the briefest time possible, he bounded away across
the open towards the forest which skirted the valley. He had
not very far to go, but, instead of keeping up his pace he soon
changed from a gallop to a trot, so that I gained upon him
fast, and, pulling in and jumping off, got a shot just as he was
entering the bush. The bullet, as 1 afterwards found, struck
him in the right thigh, breaking the bone, and passed out on
the left side behind the ribs. He did not stop or turn round,
but, with a loud snarl and a flourish of his tail, galloped in
among the trees.
Hastily remounting, without having taken my eye off
him, I was soon close up again, when he ran into a patch of
grass at the foot of a large bush and became invisible. I
did not know at this time that his right thigh was broken,
but I knew that a wounded leopard is a very dangerous
animal to deal with (as savage as a lion and as agile as a cat),
and so rode cautiously, completely round the bush beneath
which he lay, to see if I could not get a sight of him. How-
ever, he was so well concealed by the grass that I could
see absolutely nothing of him, although, being on horseback,
my eyes were well above the ground. I now rode nearer and
began to think he was dead or dying, as he allowed mc to
come to within twenty-five yards before making a sign. When
at about this distance, however, he suddenly raised his head
with a loud snarling grunt, and gave me a fine view of his open
mouth garnished with a very serviceable-looking set of teeth.
Thinking he was coming, I instantly jerked my horse half
round ; but the apparition disappeared, and I could see nothing
again. However, I had seen whereabouts he was lying, and so
determined to fire a shot or two to make him show himself;
but before I could do so he again raised his head with another
snarl, and immediately after came straight out at me, and at such
a pace, that before I could turn my horse and get him started
the leopard was right under his tail. He chased me for some
sixty or seventy yards before he stopped, coming right into the
open, and keeping close up the whole time. I pulled in as
quickly as I could, and before the plucky little beast regained
the bush gave him a second shot, which quickly proved fatal.
When charging and chasing me this leopard growled or grunted
124 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
or roared exactly like a lion under similar circumstances, and
made just as much noise. And had it not been for his broken
thigh I believe he would have clawed the horse. He proved
to be a fine male, and I was better pleased at shooting him
than I should have been with killing a lioness, as he only made
the third of these handsome animals that have fallen to my rifle
during all my wanderings. I soon removed his skin, and after
tying it securely behind the saddle, rode on my way ; and,
crossing the Umfuli shortly after mid-day, reached my waggons
about four o'clock in the afternoon.
Awaking at daylight the next morning, and looking out of
my waggon, the first thing I noticed was one of the oxen
which had been sent with Laer to fetch the wheel standing
amongst the others with a broken riem' hanging from its
horns. It was evident that the animal had got loose from
vvhcrever it had been tied up on the previous evening, and
come all along the road back to the waggons during the night.
I at once surmised that a lion was at the bottom of the
business, and thinking that the rest of the oxen might have
been scattered in the night, and Laer left in a fix, I deter-
mined to ride back at once and see what had really happened.
I was soon ready, and only waiting to drink a cup of coffee,
saddled up and proceeded on my way. A couple of hours'
ride brought me close to the Umfuli, and when near the ford
I heard the crack of a whip, and soon saw Laer with six oxen
in the yokes coming on with the wheel. On riding up the
first thing I noticed was the skin of a fresh-killed lion lying
over the wheel, the grim head and great paws still attached,
and the yellow eyes, even in death, still full of fiery light.
" Well, Laer," I said, " what has happened, and who shot the
lion?" — " I did, sir," he answered, evidently feeling very proud
of himself, and proceeded to tell me all about it.
It appeared that he had reached the Umfuli late the
preceding evening, and that by the time he had pulled the
wheel across the river, and outspanned and tied up the cattle
(along the side of the old kraal we had made here some
months previously), lighted a fire, and got things ship-shape
for the night, it was nearly dark. Laer and one of the Kafirs,
' Rieni, the thong used in South .\frica for tying up cattle.
VI LAER SHOOTS A LION 125
a Mangwato boy named April, were engaged in making up
the fire and boiling the coffee kettle, when Chukuru, the
other lad, who was breaking dry wood from the kraal fence,
was heard to call out " Maimamo ! Siluan, siluan ! " (" Lion,
Hon "), and immediately after he came rushing up to them
with a lion grunting loudly close behind him. The fearsome
beast, Laer said, came up to within a short distance of them ;
so near, indeed, that he was plainly visible by the light cast by
the fire. I asked him why he had not fired at this juncture.
" I was so frightened," he answered, " that I forgot all about
my rifle," but he added that both he and April had shouted
as hard as they could, and waved burning brands which they
caught up from the fire, Chukuru, thoroughly frightened,
crouching behind them the while. The lion now retired into
the darkness, and the three frightened boys built up the fire,
and bringing all the kraal fence away from alongside the
oxen, built a hedge behind themselves, extending from the
bush on which the wheel lay to the old fence on the other
side of the fire. The eight oxen were tied two by two to
the chain attached to the bush that carried the wheel, and
allowing three yards of chain for each pair of oxen, the two
farthest off must have been under fifteen yards from the
fire. They had scarcely completed these preparations for the
night, and again replenishing the fire, taken their places
behind it, when they all three saw the lion emerge from the
darkness, and coming rapidly past the front oxen, seize one
of the second pair and drag it to the ground. It must have
been at this moment that the one which turned up at the
waggons during the night had broken his riem and run off
By the light of the fire the boys could see pretty well what
was going on, and Laer was preparing to fire at the lion,
when April said : " Let me shoot ! you're only a child," and
taking the rifle from him — a Martini- Henry — fired, but with-
out any apparent result, as the lion still hung on to the ox.
Laer then put in another cartridge, and tried a shot with
much more effect, as the marauder at once released his victim,
and fell all of a heap, and without a moan, to the ground,
being, in fact, stone dead, for this lucky shot had broken
his neck just behind the head, and of course killed him
126 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
instantly. It was some time before the boys could believe
he was really dead ; but, as he did not move, they gradually
became convinced that he was, and, approaching him cauti-
ously with lighted torches of dry grass, at last went close up
and pulled him back to the fire. Laer said that although
some of the cattle had pulled violently at their riems when
the lion first seized the ox, they soon ceased to manifest
alarm, and were all quite quiet when the dread beast lay dead
in their midst.
Upon several other occasions I have seen cattle evince
very little alarm with a lion in their immediate vicinity ; and,
again, I have known them to be seized with a regular panic,
under the influence of which they have fled for miles. As a
general rule, however, I think it is a mistake to say that
oxen and horses have an instinctive fear of the smell of a
lion. I have always found that a shooting horse trained to
carry meat will allow you to pack a reeking lion skin upon
him with as much indifference as an antelope hide, so long as
he has never been frightened or mauled by one of the former
animals ; this, at least, is my experience.
On examining the wounded ox, which April was driving
on slowly behind the team, I found that the lion had seized
him by the muzzle with one paw, fixing the claws of the
other paw in his left shoulder, and biting him at the same
time at the back of the neck. However, he might possibly
have recovered from these wounds, but April, in firing at his
assailant, had unfortunately shot the ox through the hind leg,
just grazing the bone, but nearly severing the tendon, and
of course laming him badly. On examining the lion skin
I found it was that of a fine young male, with a splendid
set of teeth and good claws, and, riding back to look at the
carcase, found it to be by no means in bad condition. Had
Chukuru been a little farther away from the fire the hungry
beast would most assuredly have caught, killed, and eaten
him. I now gave orders to Laer to come on with the wheel,
and told April to bring the wounded ox on as far as he
could, but to leave him as soon as he lay down or refused
to proceed, since I had made up my mind to send Samuel
back with some boys as soon as I reached the waggon, to
VI LAER'S ADVENTURE WITH A LION 127
kill him and cut up the meat. This I did, and so ended this
experience.
Laer always was a most lucky boy for coming across
lions. I remember in 1882 I sent him out to Matabililand,
in the early part of the hunting season, with some of the
skins of the antelopes I had already preserved, as I saw I
was getting so many that I should never have been able to
have carried them all at once, on my one waggon, at the
end of the hunting season. Laer travelled with the small
waggon I had made by taking the wheels off my big buck
waggon and then putting in a short langwagen.^ He only
had a double-barrelled shot gun with him with which to
shoot guinea-fowls along the road, as I had no spare rifle
to lend him. One night he was camped at the Umniati
river, the ten oxen being tied up, two by two, to the yokes as
usual. Laer and the two Kafir boys who were with him were
lying inside a fence which they had built behind them, and
which ran out at right angles from the hind wheel of the
waggon. A large fire was burning at their feet, which cast
a good light for some distance round it. Suddenly Laer
heard a commotion amongst the cattle, and jumping up
simultaneously with the two Kafir boys, they all saw a large
lion emerge swiftly from the gloom of the night, advance
rapidly, and seize one of the two oxen that were standing
just in front of the two tied to the disselboom.^ The grim
beast stood in the full light of the fire, with one paw over
the shoulder of the ox, and the other holding the poor
animal by the muzzle, the lion's hind feet being planted
firmly on the ground all the time. Laer then very pluckily
fired a charge of .shot into him at less than ten yards'
distance. He told me, in relating the adventure, that the
lion, on being hit, gave a loud roar, and instantly quitting
the o.x, bounded off into the darkness, and did not return.
Possibly he died from the effects of the wound. The ox
that had been attacked had to be driven loose from the
Umniati river to Matabililand, and eventually died from
the effect of the bites he had received in the back of the
neck.
^ A particular portion of a South African waggon. ^ Waggon pole.
128 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
The next day, after fitting Grant's wheel on to my axle,
I started for my friends' camp, which I reached the following
evening. Both Grant and Karl Weyand were now at their
waggons, and busy making preparations to trek out to the
Matabili country, as the rains were beginning to fall. There
being no good wood for spokes just round their camp, it
was resolved that we should move all the waggons to the
bank of the River Zweswi, where there was plenty, and
remain there whilst the work was being done, and then all
travel together to Matabililand. As the river was only
three or four miles off, it was decided that Karl Weyand
and I should trek down to the ford early the following
morning, and then send Grant's wheel back to bring on his
waggon. Accordingly that evening we made everything ready
and tied the oxen in their places, and at daylight inspanned
and started, reaching the Zweswi before the sun got warm.
I rode on horseback just in front of the waggons, thinking I
might get a shot at something ; but I saw nothing, except
that I noticed the fresh track of a large lion in the soft sand
of the river's bed.
I had outspanncd the waggons, chopped a bush, and sent
the wheel back to Grant, and was busy making preparations
for breakfast, when two of my men who had been hunting
elephants in the " fly " country to the north came up and said,
" Sir ! sir ! we have just seen a big lion close by, just on the
other side of the river ; he is very vicious, and stood and
growled at us." These two men, I forgot to say, I had
found the previous evening at Grant's camp, where they had
arrived the day I left with the wheel, and hearing that I was
coming on with the waggons, had waited there for me. This
morning they had taken a round with their guns, and coming
up along the river to where we were outspanned, had walked
right on to the lion when they were actually within sight of
the waggons — doubtless the same animal whose fresh spoor I
had seen whilst crossing the river. To my inquiries they
replied that they had really seen the lion just on the other
side of the river, and wondered that 1 had not heard the
animal growling. When I asked one of them, who was a
very good shot, why he had not fired at the lion, he said
A LION- HUNT 129
that he would have done so, but his chum prevented him,
saying, " Let him alone : don't you see how vicious he
is? If you miss him he is sure to come and bite," and
that whilst they were talking the lion had retreated amongst
some bushes behind an ant-heap. As they said he was a
large lion with a fine mane, I was very anxious to get him,
and so had all my dogs caught and tied up at once. I knew
that he would not go far, but would just lie in the patch
of bush where my men had seen him, waiting for night
to pay a visit to my camp ; and so, as breakfast was nearly
ready, I had something to eat before starting in pursuit.
As soon as I was ready I had my best horse brought up,
and, having all the dogs led, proceeded to where my men had
seen the lion some half-hour previously. Here we took up the
spoor, and I gave strict orders to the bo}'s leading the dogs not
on any account to let them loose until we actually sighted the
quarry. The ground was not very favourable for tracking- so
soft-footed an animal as a lion ; still, by looking carefully it
could be made out, and we followed it, step by step, through
the first patch of bush into a narrow valley covered with soft
green grass. Here it was impossible to see anything ; but this
opening in the forest, down which ran a little rill into the
Zweswi, was not more than twenty yards broad, and beyond it
lay another patch of bush in which I felt pretty sure the lion
was then lying. Still holding the line the spoor had led us,
and crossing the grass to the sandy soil in which the trees grew
beyond it, I told my men to look carefully for the tracks,
whilst I rode on a little ahead, bidding them on no account to
come on until they had got the spoor. I now rode slowly on
by myself, keeping as sharp a look-out as possible both in
front and on each side of me. The bush consisted of small
saplings with very little underwood, but as the trees were
already mostly in leaf, I could not see very far.
I had ridden perhaps one hundred yards in this way when
suddenly, with the corner of my eye, as it were, I saw a some-
thing, and, turning my head, instantly became aware that it
was the lion. He was lying exactly at right angles to the
course I was riding, and was watching me intently. His hind
legs were doubled in under him, and his head placed flat upon
K
I30 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, vi
his outstretched paws, just in front of which lay the fallen
trunk of a small dead tree, some eight or ten inches in diameter.
When I first saw him, lying at a distance of about forty yards,
I had a perfectly clear view of him from my horse's back, and,
pulling in instantly, tried to fire from the saddle. However,
the horse would not stand, but moved on, bringing a tree in
the line of fire ; this I let him pass, and, getting another good
view beyond it, again pulled in, but, as the perverse animal
would not keep still, I dismounted. All this time the lion had
never moved, nor did he now, but lay watching me intently
with his yellow eyes. Nothing stirred but his tail, the end of
which he twitched slowly, so that the black bunch of hair at
its extremity appeared first on one side of him, then on the
other. As I raised my rifle to my shoulder I found that the
fallen tree-trunk interfered considerably with the fine view I
had had of him from my horse's back, as it hid almost all his
nose below the eyes. In the position in which he was now
holding his head I ought to have hit him about half-way
between the nostrils and the eyes, which was impossible ; any-
where above the eyes would have been too high, as the bullet
would have glanced from his skull, so that it required a very
exact shot to kill him on the spot. However, there was no
time to wait, and trying to aim so that the bullet should just
clear the fallen log and catch him between the eyes, I fired.
With a loud roar he answered the shot, and I instantly became
aware that he was coming straight at mc, with open mouth
and flaming eyes, growling savagely. I knew it was hopeless
to try to get another cartridge into my single-barrelled rifle,
and utterly useless to try to mount, more especially as my
horse, startled by the loud hoarse grunts and sudden and dis-
agreeable appearance of the charging lion, backed so vigorously
that the bridle (to a running ring on which a strong thong was
attached, the other end being fastened to my belt) came over
his head. I had a strong feeling that I was about to have an
opportunity of testing the accuracy of Doctor Livingstone's
incredible statement that, for certain reasons (explained by the
Doctor), a lion's bite gives no pain ; but there was no time to
think of anything in particular. The whole adventure was the
affair of a moment. I just brought my rifle round in front of
CHAP. VI NARROW ESCAPE FROM A LION 133
me, holding the smallof_the stock in my right hanH a^H thp
bar^ei-fn my ielt, NvItlTa vague idea of getting it into the hon's
mouth, and at the same time yelled as loud as I could, " Loos"
de honden, loos de honden," which being translated means,
" Let loose the dogs." In an instant, as I say, the lion was
close up to me. I had never moved my feet since firing, and,
whether it was my standing still facing him that made him
alter his mind, or whether he heard the noise made by my
people, who, hearing my shot, immediatel}- followed b\- the
Toud growling of the lion, were all shouting and making a
riojse to frighten the lion from coming their way, I cannot take
upon myself to say ; but he came straight on to within about
si\- yards of me, looking, T nilLSL_£gXj_"'^"'^t^ unpleasant, and then
suddenly svyerved off, qnd-P^ssing mp, gaU<^pM -«way
I tried to keep my eye on him and get the bridle back
over my horse's head at the same time, but he was thoroughly
frightened and kept on backing. At this instant the dogs
came up, and Punch and Ruby took the spoor, followed by the
others ; but by the time I had quieted and mounted my horse
both lion and dogs were out of sight. I now galloped in the
direction they had taken, and soon heard a dog bark, immediately
followed by the growling of the lion. Then there was a perfect
chorus of barking and growling and I knew that the dogs were
on to him, and that, bar accidents, his skin was mine.
Putting spurs to my horse, I soon came up with the dogs,
just as they were going through an open valley with their grim
opponent, a great gaunt, hungry-looking lion, but with a fine
mane. My pack were all round him, barking furiously. Punch
and one of the young dogs going sometimes dangerously near.
Just as the lion entered the bush he faced round at the dogs
and I jumped off for a shot ; but he turned again, and only
gave me a chance from behind. I fired, and knew I had hit
him by the growl he gave, and I afterwards found that the
bullet had passed through his left thigh without breaking the
bone and out through his flank. Just within the bush the dogs
again brought him to bay alongside a large ant-hill, and I
galloped round in front of him.
As soon as he saw me he paid no further heed to his canine
foes, but stood, with his eyes fixed on the most dangerous
134 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
of his assailants, growling hoarsely, and with his head held low
between his shoulders — ^just ready to charge, in fact. I knew
my horse would not stand steady, so jumped off, and taking a
quick aim fired instantly, as it does not do to wait when a lion
is looking at you like this, and when he may make up his mind
to come at any moment. Usually they jerk their tails up over
their backs, holding them perfectly stiff and rigid, two or three
times before charging. They sometimes charge without doing
this, but they never do it without charging. My bullet inflicted
a mortal wound, entering between the animal's neck and
shoulder and travelling the whole length of his body. He sat
down like a dog on his haunches immediately after, and was
evidently done for, as he lolled his tongue out of his mouth
and growled feebly when the dogs bit him in the hind quarters.
Not wishing to spoil the skin I would not fire again, and
was standing by my horse waiting for him to give up the ghost,
when a rifle was discharged from behind mc, and over the lion
rolled. This shot was fired by John Slaipstein, one of the two
men who had first seen him, and when I found that, firing at
a distance of about fifteen yards, with a lo-borc rifle, he had
knocked a hole through the lion's skin about the size of a shil-
ling, I was naturally vexed, and abused him very freely. My own
bullets, being solid 450's, had scarcely marked the skin at all.
I now examined the dead beast, and could find no sign of
his having been hit by my first shot, but on his cheek a patch
of hair had been knocked off and blood was oozing from the
skin, and what happened I think is this : my first bullet must
have struck the fallen tree, and, glancing off, missed the lion,
but knocked a splinter of wood into his face with sufficient
force to tear some hair off and make the skin bleed. This
made him growl and come out at me. Had he been really
wounded, and then charged, I do not believe he would have
swerved off as he did. He was a fine large lion, and must have
been a very fine animal when in his prime : but he was evi-
dently very old and in low condition, and his teeth were much
worn and broken. His skin, however, was in good order, and
he had a very nice mane. I have no doubt that he would have
paid a visit to my camp that night had he not been seen and
hunted up, for he must have been suffering from extreme
VI THE SEA-COW ROW 135
hunger. His pegged-out skin measured ten feet eleven inches in
length, and he was in fact the second largest lion, judging by the
length of the pegged-out skin, that I had killed up to that time.
I have since killed two more whose dimensions were greater.
About the middle of December I reached Matabililand,
and for the first time received unjust treatment at the hands of
iTTBengula, though I believe that I h,i\c to tliank Ma-kwaykwi,
th^ head enduna of Bulawayo, for all the trouble and annoy-
ance I was put to. 1 will brictl}' relate what occurred, as it
win give stay-at-home people some idea of the injustice white
men sometimes have to put up with amongst savage tribes!"
Certainly the rcniembrancc of what is known in Matabililand
as tfTe " Sca-Cow Row " still calls up very bitter memories in
me ; and though the resentment I felt against the king at the
time, and for long afterwards, has now very much toned down,
r~have never forgiven Ma-kwaykwi for rounding on me as he
did, after having for years previously pretended to be my friend.
rt gave me a lesson which I shall never forget, the moral of
which is — never believe you know the workings of a savage
man's mind sufficiently to enable you to trust him implicitly.
It has long been known by the white men resident in
Matabililand that the people do not like hippopotami to be
killed indiscriminately, though they do not object to one or two
being shot for food. They have some superstition on the sub- ■
ject, and profess to believe that a drought will follow the •
slaughter of a large number of these animals, unless their bones
are thrown back into the river. I have always respected this
superstition, and never shot any of these animals in Lo
Bengula's country except when 1 wanted food, and then
usilairy after ha\inL[ asl^cd his express permission.
Well ! in I 'S^ij, hipiiopotamus hide sjamboks being in great
demand in the Cape Colon\' and the Transvaal, a trader in
Matabililand, whose name it is unnecessary to mention, was
foolisli enough to employ scvcial Griquas and colonial natives
who had settled in ATatabililand, and who were all expert
hunters, to shoot hippopotami fur him and cut up their hides
ifi'to sjamboks ; thinkiiiL;, of course, that the king would not
hear of it. These men slaughtered about fifty hippopotami,
however, and as enormous numbers of untrimmed sjamboks
\^3
n
136 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
were continually being broug^ht in to Mrizz:z:'s store at
-Enililangen, the king soon got to hear of what had been going
oir;-and \vas naturally very angry. M was summoned to
Bulavvayo, and was still there on my arrival from the hunting
veld in December. I left my waggons at Emhlangen and
rode over to Bulawayo to see Lo Bengula, and the same even-
ing walked up to the kraal with ni\' old friend Mr. James Fair;
bairn to see liini. As I came iij) to tlic large brick house
which has been built for him, AI was just leaving, and, I
heard the king sa\-, " You ha\c sinned, }'ou have sinned greatly
(' onili kakulu '), and }-ou shall pa\- for it." When I came up he
greeted me in the most friendly manner, and asked me. all
about my hunt ; and he then told me how angry he was that
so many hippopotami had been killed. I told him that I
thought it ^\'as a great shame, and further said that I had not
even seen a hippopotamus_the whole year, but I also told him
that one of my waggon drivers (practically one of the king's
own people, as he belonged to the kraal of the Amazizi) had
shot one hippopotamus for food for himsejf and_his_bo};;Sj_low
down the course of the ]\Ian)ami river, beyond the farthest
liTnits of Matabililand. i he king, however, only said, " Asi
luto, loko ; hai-iko umlando gu-ec, Selous" ("That's nothing.;
"there's no case against you, Selous"), and shaking ha_n_ds^_we
parted the best of friends.
I returned to my waggon, and was naturally very much
surprised when a few days later I was summoned by messengers
from tlie king to Bulawayo. Th^ messengers told me that
mere was going to be^a^JjigJiiw^about, the^iUiJig^^Sf^-ihe-kmg^
iiippopotami, and that M , whq^ had caused all the trouble,
and all the white meiL-wiiQ had hppn in j;he veld, \veFe
1 0 hgJrigH hy a ronncil of head men. There were four of us
altogether, M - - , Tiet Ostenhuisen, Grant, and myself — Ptetr
Ostenhuisen had shot a few hippos, but not many, during the
season, but Grant had not killed a single one. The case lasted
three days, and during that time we had to sit in the rain all
day long, outside the king's quarters in the big kraal, listening
to the harangues of the head men whom the king had chosen
to try the case. All the Griqua hunters and colonial boys who
had been in the hunting veld were also present, my own two
THE SEA-COW ROW 137
drivers amongst them. They asked me why I had shot the
king's sea-cows ; to which 1 rcplied_that_J^Jiad_-iiot_dofte— so.
" Well, then,"-ttTC3rsaid, " you sx^nt your man to shoot them ; "
a~nd to tTTis r~had no reply, for although in reality f Tiad
cautioned John against doing so, had I said as much, and dis-
claimed my responsibility in the matter, they would in all proba-
bility have killed him, and John Slaipstcin was an old boy of
mine, and a man I much liked. Th_ey.ov:erhQrfi_ail argument with
floods of vehement assertions, and heaped every description of
insult upon M and Piet Ostenhuiscn, and told Grant wKSn
Tie said that he had not killed a sea-cow, that they would make
him pa)- for walking in the king's country and drinking the
king's water. To me personally they said but little, except-
that I was the " witch, who had killed all the king's game,"
and that they would make me pay for the sea-cow that John
Slaipstein had shot. At one point I was able to turn the laugh
against Ma-kwaykwi, for when after saying, " It is you, Selous,
who have finished the king's game," he went on, " But you arc
a witch, you must bring them all to life again. I want to see
tjiem — all, all. Let them all walk in at the kraal gate, the
elephants and-JJifi__huffalpes and the elands" — I .gtood^jap and_
'called out, " All right ; but when the lions come in, \\ill you^
iMa^waykvvl, remain where }'ou are to count them ? " This
auged a general laugh at Ma-kwaykwi's expense, and quite
opped his Hbw-of eloquence.
On the third day the king came out to give judgment.
His big chair was brought, in which he seated himself He
first called me to him and said, " Why did you kill my sea-
cows ? " I of course denied having done so ; when he said,
" Well ! you sent Moilo (John's native name) to shoot them."
I replied that I had myself told him about the one hippo that
John had shot, when he himself had assured me that it did not
matter. To this he made no answer, but simply repeated that \
I had sent John to kill his sea-cows. I could not give poor
John away, so I said, "John is my man; he has shot a sea-
cow ; if he has committed a fault, I will take it on myself"
He at once said, " Do you say that because you are rich ? " and
got very angry, as did all his en^unas^^wliea L Jtold Jiim- ihat-I-
did not say Tr"BecauFe 1 was^ch, but because I was one jpaa"
138
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, vi
^
alone in his ^ountiy, and saw that he wanted to " tumba," i.e.
to^ pjunHpr "l^^^Aftpr remaining silent, drumming with his
'You
foot, and looking very black for a few moments, he said,
say you will pay ; what will you pay ? " I said L would -gSe'
h7TrrTwo__lieiiers__fbr the sea-cow John had shot, when he im-
mediately said in a very angry tone of voice .and holding up
and^sbaking both hands in the air with all the fingers extended,
"^Jfou shall pay ten." T said, " You can take them ; you are .
strong, and I am alone, but I won't give them." I then walked
back to my companions in misfortune and sat down. Being
now very angry, I fixed my eyes^on one of the enduiias who
attracted my attention by saying something, and stared him in
the face. Seeing me look~at himTrnTway that veryTTkely sug-
gestcd that 1 would like to put a bullet through him, he said
angrily, " What are you staring at me for ? " and as I kept my,
gaze steadily fixed on him, jumped up excitedly, saying, " I
will tear those eyes out of your head, and throw them on the
ground, and stamp on them." Presently the king again retired,
an^ finally we had to pay. The business cost M • about
;^300, and myself over £60, of which sum I shall always con-
sider that Lo Bengula robbed me.
Native Battle-Axes.
'^^l^
CHAPTER VII
Return to the Transvaal — Meet Mr. Montagu Kerr — We travel together to Mata-
bililand — Mr. Kerr starts for Lake Nyassa — Journey to the Mababi — Man-
eating lion — Another lion story — Return to Soda Gara — Giraffe hunting —
A tropical thunderstorm — Meet Mr. Watson — Trek out to Tati.
A.S soon as the sea-cow case was settled I set out for the
Transvaal, and reaching Klerksdorp in January 1884, at once
commenced packing my collections for iinmediatc transmission
to Europe. At this time I felt so sore at the treatment I had
received from Lo Bengula that I determined not to hunt in
his country during the coming dry season, but to spend the
year in the northern parts of Khama's territory, shooting and
preserving specimens of those species of antelope for which I
had orders, which are not to be found in Matabili or Mashuna-
land. It was whilst preparing for this expedition that the
late Mr. Walter Montagu Kerr turned up one day in Klerks-
dorp. He had come up from Kimberley purposely to see me
and to ask my advice concerning an expedition into the in-
terior which he had in view, and as I liked him from the first,
I asked him to travel up with my waggons as far as Bulawayo,
for, although I had no intention of hunting in Lo Bengula's
country, it was necessary for me to revisit Matabililand on
business, before going westwards to the Mababi. On 5 th
March 1884 we set out on our travels northwards, but as my
poor friend Mr. Kerr has given an account of this journey,
which we made together as far as Bulawayo, in his very
interesting book T/te Far Interior, Ineed say no more about
it here. Arrived at Bulawayo we found Lo Bengula ~ver^ \l\\D—r<i
friendly to all outward appearance, and he made no difficulty^
about allowing Mr. Kerr to set out upon his arduous journey ( sc>^
I40 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chai-.
through Matabililand and Mashunaland to the Zambesi. I
was able to give my friend a 'iqw boys, whom I knew he could
rely on, to accompany him into the Zambesi valley as far as
one or other of the stations that are governed by one of the
native chiefs holding the official position of " Capitao Mor,"
under the Portuguese Government, from whom I knew he
would be able to obtain guides and porters to Tete. As my
friend was new to African travel, and his resources were very
slender, I advised him to limit his ambition to traversing the
then unknown country between Mashunaland and Tete, and
to give up his more ambitious project of extending his travels
from there through the Makanga country to Lake Nyassa ; but
Montagu Kerr was a true scion of the brave old Scottish
Border family whose name he bore, g.nd he succeeded in carry-
ing out his original programme in its entirety. Unfortunately
he suffered great haitlships and prixations in doing so, the
erfect of which on his constitution no doubt had much to do
~wifIT~Hastening his untimely death whilst still in the prime of
TTffer Like poor Jameson, with whom he had much in comnjoM",
• Montagu Kerr was a general favourite with all sorts and con-
ditions oilmen' tn~ Africa, and by his death I lost a very dear
friprifj,
In the middle of May, after bidding adieu and God-speed to
my friend, I trekked away westwards towards the Mababi. I
was accompanied by my old driver Samuel and the Griqua
boy Laer. I shall give no detailed account of my travels
during 1884, as on looking over my diaries for that year I
find that they contain but little of any special interest.
Suffice it to say that I only took one waggon with me, and my
best span of bullocks, leaving my heavy buck waggon and the
greater portion of my live stock with Mr. P'airbairn at Bula-
wayo. I travelled right across country from Matabililand
to Koungyara (one of the permanent waters on the hunting
road from Bamangwato to the Mababi). The country was
perfectly level the whole way, and there was only one river to
cross in the entire distance — the Gwai. In certain parts, how-
ever, we had a good deal of chopping to do in order to prepare
a way for the waggon, as I followed no old track of any kind.
Luckily a very heavy rain-storm passed over the entire country
vn CAMP AT MABABI FLAT 141
in the end of May which was most useful to me, as it filled all
the vleys and pools with water on my line of march. I first
made for Bukwela's town on the River Gwai, where I had been
in 1873, and got some men from him as guides as far as the
road which leads from Tati to the Zambesi. These men then
turned back, but as water was plentiful, and the country pretty
open on ahead, I had no difficulty in piloting my waggon my-
self, always travelling westwards. After reaching Koungyara
I followed the waggon track to Sodc Gara, and from thence to
the Mababi. This is the same road I travelled over in 1879,
but whereas in that year we found no water in any of the
vleys along the roadside, in 1884 water was plentiful,
rendering the journey easy for the oxen and pleasant for
myself
Towards the end of June I reached some large vleys that
are situated near the northern end of the large open plain,
known to hunters as the Mababi flat. Here I formed a
camp, as it was a good spot from which to hunt eland and
giraffe, and I was anxious to shoot some of these animals in
order to secure a supply of good meat and fat before trekking
down to the river. I soon had a lot of Bushmen and their
families camped round my waggon all eager for meat ; and as
I found them most anxious and willing to show me game, and
they carried in all the meat I wanted for myself, I gave them
a very liberal supply for themselves. However, though I could
get fresh giraffe spoor every day, and shoot them when I
wanted, I could not get hold of an eland bull, the animal
I particularly wished for.
One day two Bushmen came up from the river saying that
a lion had killed one of their people the day before, and two
days previously, a Makuba Kafir. They begged me to try to
shoot the animal for them, and I promised to do my best
when I trekked down to the river with the waggon, which I
intended to do in a few days' time. Three days later I started,
and the same evening met a lot of Masubias coming from their
towns on the river, who were carrying a good supply of mealies
(maize), which they were anxious to sell to me, and which I was
very glad to get for my horses. These men were accompanied
by some Bushmen, who informed me that the same lion that
142 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
had killed the two men a few days previously had since killed
two more, the one again a Bushman, and the other a Makuba.
All these four men had been killed in broad daylight, the two
Makubas whilst digging up mice in the open plain, and the
two Bushmen in the Mopani forest skirting the plain.
The next morning the men who had sold me their maize
left the waggon early, in order to get home before nightfall.
That evening I slept close to the top end of the reed bed in
which the Mababi river disappears, and the following day
trekked down to our camping-place of 1879, where some old
buffalo heads still marked the spot. I had scarcely out-
spanned, when two Masubias, both of whom I knew well, as
they had worked for me when I was last here, came up and
told me that their companion had been killed that morning
by a lion. On asking them how it happened, Ramakutzan
replied : " Yesterday afternoon three of us, thinking your
waggon was still far off, left home with mealies to sell to you,
but had not travelled far when we met those of our people
who first visited you returning. They told us that you were
• coming down to your old camp, and would be here that even-
ing or the next day early, so we thought it useless to go any
farther, and made a scherm for ourselves under those high trees
yonder," pointing to some about two thousand yards distant, close
to the edge of the reed bed. " Here we slept. A little before
daylight, feeling very cold, I got up, and sitting by the fire,
lit my ' dacha ' pipe, and commenced smoking. My comrades
were lying under their skin blanket, and I was still smoking,
when I saw an indistinct something coming rapidly along the
ground towards them. ' Tauw, tauw ! (Lion, lion),' I cried.
' Wake ! wake ! ' and as one of them threw the blanket off
him and raised his head, the something, which even in the dim
gray light I knew to be a lion, was on him, and seizing him
by the head so that he never cried out, dragged him away
from the fire. I seized my gun, which was standing in the
back of the scherm, and fired after the lion ; but I am not a
white man, that knows how to use a gun properly, and my
bullet did nothing."
Upon hearing this tale of woe I got one of my horses up,
and calling all the dogs, rode down to where the man had
VII A MAN-EATING LION 143
been killed, to see if I could hunt up the lion. Under a tree
about fifty yards away from the fire from which he had
dragged him, we found where the brute had eaten his victim.
There was a lot of blood about, a broken string of beads, and
some odd portions of a man's inside. From here he had been
dragged into the reeds through some shallow water, and we
soon found his remains. The skull had been crushed when he
was first seized, and the intestines pulled out, and all the flesh
of the thighs and buttocks eaten off. The lion, I have no
doubt, was at this time somewhere not very far off in the reed
bed, but as the dogs either could not or would not take the
spoor in the wet ground, and it was a place where it was
impossible to see two yards in front of one, I could do
nothing.
As I had cows, calves, horses, and donkeys at the waggons,
I made sure I should have some trouble with this lion, and
determined, if I could not get a shot at him in the daytime,
to set guns for him at night. However, strange to say, he
never bothered me, nor did I hear of his killing any more
people during the month my waggon stood on our old camp-
ing-place. The first two nights he certainly prowled round,
but the moon was just at the full, and I had a very good lot
of dogs, so he did not venture very close, but I saw his spoor
both mornings on the footpath running along the reed bed.
After this my camp assumed the appearance of a market, as
crowds of Masubias came up from their towns every morning
with mealies, pumpkins, Kafir corn, etc., for sale, and as the
men always remained two or three days, and went out hunting
with me to get some meat, my waggon was soon surrounded
by several large camps. Perhaps all this bustle and noise
frightened and disconcerted this man-eating lion, and caused
him to move off to some other part of the country where he
could catch a Bushman every now and then and eat him
quietly, or else perhaps the last Kafir disagreed with him, and
he had resolved to change his diet.
The Mababi country used to be a very good district for
lions, and one sometimes found them far from the bush on the
open plain, where they had perhaps killed a wildebeest, and
were loath to leave the carcase. In October 1879 Mr. H. C.
144 TRAVEL AND, ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, vii
Collison and myself, upon two occasions, saw lions right out in
the open — first two large males, and again two lionesses, one
of them with a small cub. The two latter we shot, but, alack
and alas ! the two males got off untouched, and their skins are
not amongst our hunting trophies. It happened in this wise.
My friend and I having ridden out, as we had to do every few
days, to shoot some Tsessebe and wildebeest to supply our
numerous native retinue as well as Khama's men with meat,
soon came in sight of several large herds of these animals and
galloped in pursuit. They were very wild, and in order to kill
any without galloping our horses to death, we had to fire rather
long shots at about three hundred yards. This day I killed five
animals — two wildebeest and three Tsessebe antelopes — with
my twenty cartridges, and heard Collison firing away to the right
though he was out of sight. As soon as some of my boys
came up to where I stood by the last animal killed, I handed
one of them my now useless rifle and rode back to the first
wildebeest I had shot, where I could see Franz, my Basuto
boy, standing with a pack-horse. I may say that the Mababi
plain was here as flat as a billiard table, without the smallest
bush, and free from holes and long grass, which had been burnt
off some months before. It was impossible, however, to see
anything at a great distance upon it on account of the mirage.
As I came up to Franz I noticed two small objects close
together on the open plain, the best part of a mile off", looking
like two small ant-heaps. As there were no such things about,
I could not make them out, and gazed fixedly at them for
some seconds ; but, as they remained motionless, I turned to
the wildebeest and helped Franz to skin it. I soon looked up
again, however, and at once knew that what I had seen were
two lions' heads. The animals had now got up and were
walking slowly over the open plain one behind the other. I saw
at once that they were lions, from the length of their bodies
and the way they held their heads below the line of their
backs. I could see, too, that they were males, from the
thick, humpy look of their necks caused by the mane. Oh, for
a rifle and ten cartridges ! and then, as I was very well
mounted, in all probability I should have added two more lion
skins to my collection. Thinking that as I could not shoot
to £-
•ri 'iimm-
CHAP. VII TIVO LIONS AT BAY 147
them I would like to have a look at them, I mounted my good
horse Bob and galloped towards them. They continued to
walk slowly along, until I was within four hundred yards of
them, when, after first turning to look at me, they went off
at a heavy canter, but soon commenced to trot, and when
I was about two hundred yards from them stopped, and facing
round stood side by side with their heads held low and their
mouths slightly open, and all the time twitching their tails and
growling savagely. I continued to ride straight towards them,
thinking they would give way and run again ; but, when within
about one hundred yards, as they still stood defiant, and one
of them, a very fine dark-skinned animal with a handsome
mane, seemed particularly furious, I slightly turned my horse's
head, so as to pass them at a distance of sixty or seventy
yards.
Whilst executing this manoeuvre, the dark-maned lion came
slowly towards me for a few steps, and then, bounding forward,
and growling loudly, charged out at his best speed. As I had
to half turn my horse and get him into his stride, the lion got
to within some ten yards or so of his tail before he was
going at his best pace, and stuck close to him for some distance.
How far he chased me I am afraid to say, but a very con-
siderable distance, and certainly twice as far as I have ever
been pursued by any other of his kind. When at last he
pulled up, he trotted slowly back to his comrade, and they
then both lay down on the bare open ground, with their
massive paws outstretched, their heads held high, and their
mouths half open, with their tongues lolling out, for it was a
very hot day. They lay almost exactly in the position of
Landseer's lions in Trafalgar Square, and it is quite a mistake
to say that that great artist has made an error in representing
lions lying with the fore-paws straight out like a dog. When
on the alert, a lion always lies like this, and only bends his
paws inwards like a cat when resting thoroughly at his ease.
I now saw Collison in the distance, and riding back past
the lions — which, however, both stood up and growled at mc
as I passed — I galloped up to him, hoping that he might
have some cartridges left. He had still four cartridges, but,
having had a fall, had knocked his foresight off, so that his
148 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, vii
rifle was practically useless. However, we resolved to try what
we could do, and arranged to have two shots each, my friend
taking the first shot. As soon as I left them, the lions had
resumed their way towards the forest skirting the plain, but
we got up to them again when they were still some distance
from it. They made no attempt to run, but, as soon as they
saw us, faced round, and with lowered heads stood growling at
us. How the black-maned one now chased us about is some-
thing I shall long remember, but it would be too tedious to
relate. Once I believe that, but for a ruse, he would have
caught my friend's horse, which was not nearly so fast an
animal as mine. The other lion, which was also a fine large
male, very light in colour, and with but little mane, only made
two short charges, both times in company with and alongside
of his irascible companion. To make a long story short, suffice
it to say that, owing to there being no foresight on the rifle,
and the black-maned lion not allowing us to approach to within
one hundred and fifty yards of him without charging, we fired
our four shots away without effect, and then had to leave our
adversaries masters of the situation, and ride back with heavy
hearts to camp.
But this is a retrospect, and I will now resume my nar-
rative.
I did not remain long in the Mababi, as there was not
much to be got there that I wanted, and so in August trekked
back to Sode Gara, where I remained for some time hunting
gemsbucks, and hartebcests, and ostriches ; then I travelled
slowly eastwards again, on my own waggon spoor. One day
I camped at a small pool about a mile to the west of a deep
vley situated on the main road from Bamangvvato to Panda-
matenka, which is known as Horn's Vley, and here I remained
for some little time, as I found elands, giraffes, and gemsbucks
fairly plentiful in the neighbourhood. One afternoon, as I was
thinking of moving forwards, I rode several miles along my old
waggon spoor to the eastward to see if the vieys which had
been filled by the great rain that had fallen in the preceding
May still held any water. I rode seven or eight miles along
the now almost obliterated waggon track, and found that several
of them did. I saw two small herds of giraffes on my way
CHAP. VII A GIRAFFE HUNT 151
out, but did not molest them. On my way home, however,
late in the evening, and when less than four miles from camp,
I came across two more young bulls, one of which, after a
short gallop, I shot. Early the following morning I returned
with Laer, all my own Kafirs, and a lot of Bushmen, to cut up
the meat, and found that nothing had touched the carcase
during the night, but, as the animal was in a very low condition,
I gave it to the Bushmen, and went away with my own boys
to look for a fat cow. Though we made a long circuit we
were, however, unsuccessful in meeting with any, or crossing
fresh spoor until late in the afternoon. When nearing the
place, however, where I had shot the giraffe the previous day,
and whilst riding along an open glade in which were several
pools of water, I suddenly saw a giraffe emerge not far ahead
from the thick thorn bush which skirted and ran parallel with
the open ground. The great size of the animal assured me
it was an old bull, which was of no use to me, as the
meat of a bull giraffe is not good, having often a very strong
smell and taste. However, I reined up my horse behind a
bush, and bade my boys crouch down. The first giraffe was
soon followed by three others, only the last of which was a
cow ; thus there were three big bulls and only one cow, a
combination that I had never seen before, nor have witnessed
since. They came right down to a large vley in which there
was still a little water, and, as I have upon several occasions
done before, I watched them drinking, straddling out their fore-
legs by little jerks, until their feet were yards apart, before they
could get their mouths down to the water. They sometimes
stretch one foreleg in front of them, working the other back-
wards until it touches their hind feet, and sometimes straddle
both forelegs out sideways, one to either side. It was now
growing late, and a tremendous storm, the first of the approach-
ing rainy season, was coming up apace ; and the whole sky on
one side of the heavens was as black as ink. However, I
thought it might hold off for an hour or two, and give me time
to shoot and cut up the cow giraffe, so I rode out from behind
the bush and let my horse out as hard as he could go across
the open, in the hope of cutting off the giraffes and getting a shot
at the one I wanted before they reached the thick thorn bush.
152 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
I was mounted on Nelson, who had now become a first-
rate shooting horse, and Laer was on the stalUon that I had
ridden the previous day. The distance was, however, too short,
and I only got up to the giraffes just as the cow, who was
IcacHng, entered the bush. It was very dense, and it took me
all my time to keep near the giraffes whilst going through it.
Presently we emerged on another open space, and here 1 rode
up to and shot the animal I wanted. Laer and the boys were
soon up, and to our joy we found that I had struck oil ; for
the giraffe cow was in splendid order, and carried fat half an
inch thick on her ribs. The storm had now commenced, and
was evidently fast approaching ; the thunder and lightning
were simply terrific. Some of my boys hastily collected wood
and made a big fire, saying they would sleep at the carcase and
make a night of it ; but I was anxious to get back to the
waggon, so after cutting off all the choicest meat, and taking
out the inside fat, Laer and I loaded up our horses and then
started for home. It was by this time growing dusk, and the
rain was beginning to fall in heavy drops. We just managed
to get to the single waggon spoor, whilst there was still light
enough to see it, and then one of the most awful storms I
have ever been out in closed in on us. In a very few
minutes it was quite impossible to see anything of the
waggon track, except by the lurid glare of the frequent
flashes of lightning. I put Laer in front on the stallion, and
told him to give the old horse his head, for as he had been
along the track with me the previous day I thought that
was the best chance of getting home. And now the rain
came down solid, in such a way that, although the soil under
foot was deep loose sand, the lightning showed a sheet
of water, for the sand could not absorb the rain as fast as it
fell. Once before, in December 1879, did I see water lie
like this, on the sands of the Kalahari. Between the fla.shes
of lightning, although my horse's nose was at the stallion's
tail, I could see neither Laer nor the stallion, nor my own
horse ; and the glare of the lightning was so intense, and the
darkness that followed it so dense, that each lurid flash seemed
to strike one blind. And the rain and the thunder ! well, it
was a fierce tropical storm, a grand but awful display of the
VII AN AFRICAN THUNDERSTORM 153
dread powers of Nature ; an open-air sermon on man's im-
potence and insignificance, preached in the grand old temple
of Nature. But I was glad when the discourse was over, for
it is a bit eerie riding on such a night through the African
wilderness. Whether the stallion kept the waggon track I
cannot say. Without the rain, of course, he could have done
so easily enough, despite the darkness, for he would have smelt
his own spoor of the previous day ; but as it was, I do not
know how he managed it. At any rate he kept pretty well on
the line, for just as the storm was abating, and, the rain having
ceased, the night grew lighter, we came into an open piece of
ground, and soon afterwards struck the main waggon road
near Horn's Vley, and on firing a shot to make sure of our
whereabouts, were rejoiced to hear an answer from the waggon,
from which we were less than a mile distant. Another ten
minutes brought us home, and as Samuel had managed to keep
a fire alight in the temporary hut he had made for himself,
Laer and I soon got a cup of hot coffee to drink. The storm
had now completely passed, and presently the moon coming
up, the night became quite clear and bright. After drinking
my coffee I turned in, and was lying reading in the waggon
when Samuel called to me, and said in Dutch, " Sir, there are
waggons coming along the big road from Bamangwato ; I have
twice heard a whip crack." As it was now nearly six months
since I had left Matabililand, and as during all that time I
had never seen a white man, or spoken a word of English, this
was exciting news ; however, though I sat up and listened for
some time I heard nothing, and concluded that Samuel was
mistaken. But the next morning I saddled up Nelson at day-
light and rode over to Horn's Vley to examine the waggon
track, and there to my great joy found two waggons out-
spanned, and the cattle feeding round the water. It turned
out to be an old friend, Mr. F"rank Watson, who was taking in
two waggon-loads of goods to George Westbeech at the Zam-
besi. How inexpressibly delightful are such meetings in the
wilderness, and how different the conduct of two Englishmen
to one another on such occasions from the Continental idea, as
expressed in caricatures ! Watson offered to broach a case of
brandy, in the old interior style, and the orthodox thing to
154 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, vii
liavc done would have been for both of us to have remained at
Horn's Vley until the case was finished, — and a day or two
iong^er to recover from the effects of it. However, as I am
practically a total abstainer, and knew, too, that poor George
Westbeech wanted all the brandy he couicT^geT: to help hi'm to
withstand the deadly climate of the Zambesi valley, I would
not consent to my friend's proposition ; so we only had a
friendly chat over numerous cups of tea and exchanged news.
The following day we parted, but before doing so I was able
to supply my friend with a good stock of meat, both frcsli and
salted, sufficient to last him to Panda-ma-tenka.
I now resumed my journey eastwards, and early in
November reached the old waggon track leading from Tati
to Panda-ma-tenka, where Bukwela's guides had left me on
my way from Matabililand to the Mababi. From this spot
I followed the old waggon spoor southwards, passing the
Makalaka kraals of Beri-Rima in the middle of November,
and reaching Tati by the end of the month.
Bartering with Natives.
CHAPTER VIII
Ride to Bulawayo — Exposure to rain — Determine to liunt in Mashunaland again—
Make an early start for the hunting veld — The white rliinoceros — My best
shooting horse lamed — Cross the Umniati river — Reach the Umgezi — The
kiipspringer antelope — Lioness shot on the Umgezi river — Reach the Zweswi
— Large herd of elephants — Hysena shot — Zebra wounded — A day with the
elephants — Six elephants killed.
After reaching Tati I had to go on to Bulawayo, both to look
-after the property I had left there in Mr. Fairbairn's han^s
and to get my letters, which had all been sent on there.
The distance between the two places is between one hundred
an? twenty and one hundred and thirty miles, sa I .elected,
to ride" it on horseback, as I was anxious to get my letters.
I took my strongest horse, the old stallion. The first day"
I rode right through to Mangwi, about sixty miles, as
a Boer friend was at this time living on what had once r\ Jtf^/V^
been known as John Lee's farm, and I knew I should get ^^
a kind welcome, a good supper, and a feed for my horse. Mr. (J ^
VJJi
/
iS6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
and Mrs. Greeffe received me with their usual kindness and
hospitahty, and the next day I remained at Mangwi until late
in the afternoon, and then again resumed my journey, intend-
ing to ride on till late in the night, and to finish my journey
before mid-day on the following morning. Latterly we had
been having intensely hot weather, but during the last few
days rain had been threatening, and of course it chose to set
in soon after I left Mynheer Greeffe's house. I was soon soaked
through, and as I could not light a fire I passed a miserable
night, and got thoroughly chilled ; nor could I get a change of
clothes until I reached Fairbairn's house the following mid-day.
Returning to Tati I had much the same experience, as wet
weather had now set in ; and these chills, following upon the
great heat that had gone before, brought on a severe attack of
fever, which, though it never actually laid me up, hung about
me, and made me feel weak and ill for several months. This
season I did not go down to the Transvaal, but remained in
Matabililand, and sent my specimens down country in a
trader's waggon.
As I still had a large number of unfulfilled orders for the
skins and skeletons of certain antelopes and other animals that
were more plentiful in Mashunaland than anywhere else, I
determined to spend another year collecting there, if I could
get leave from Lo Bengula to do so ; so in December I took
my waggon up to Bulawayo. Lo Bengula demanded a salted
horse (worth say £66) for the right to hunt in Mashunaland.
This was a very long price to pay, as elephants were no longer
plentiful ; but as he would take nothing else I at last agreed
to give him a horse on my return to Bulawayo, provided I
might go into the hunting veld as soon as I liked, and remain
there till the end of the year. I also got leave to shoot five
hippopotami if I wanted to do so. When I told the king that
my heart was still sore at the way I had been treated in the
" sea-cow case," he said, " Houw ! that case is finished ! dead !
what is the use of thinking any more about it ? Go and hunt
nicely until your heart is white " {i.e. until you are in a good
temper).
After making everything right with the king, I trekked
over to Emhlangen, where I was the guest of my old friends
''STEEKS" 157
the Elliotts, from whom, as well as from all the other mission-
aries and their families in Matabililand, I have received the
most constant kindness. I had intended to have waited here
for my friends, Mr. H. C. Collison and Cornells van Rooyen,
and to have travelled to Mashunaiand in company with them ;
but as I knew they would not return from the south before
April, I grew restless, and resolved to go on by myself, the
more especially as I thought that the change of air and scene
might be good for me, and help to shake off the feeling of
languor and weakness from which I was suffering. It was
still early in February, therefore, when I left Matabililand, and
as it was so early in the year I had good hopes of finding
elephants outside the " fly " infested districts, and of having a
turn with them on horseback.
As the main object, however, of my expedition was to
collect the skins and skeletons of large mammalia for mounting
in museums, and as such things are very bulky, I took two
waggons with me, and thirty-two bullocks to pull them. In
addition to these I had a good many loose cattle, amongst
which were a bull and ten milk cows, and I also had with
me five pack donkeys and four horses. Of the latter, one was
Nelson, who had now served me well and faithfully for four
years. A second was the stallion I had had with me in the
Mababi. He was a big powerful animal and a wonderfully steady
shooting horse, but liable to become sulky and to refuse to run
at his best pace — a phase of temper recognised by the Transvaal
Boers, and described by them by the word " steeks," — and when
in this mood spurring was simply wasted upon him. Of the
other two, one was a horse that I had just bought from a
trader at Tati because of his good looks, and in spite of his
bad character. He, however, turned out hopelessly bad, and
is the only really vicious horse I have ever had anything to
do with in South Africa. I almost cured him of bucking by
riding him with an adze handle, and stunning him by a heavy
blow administered between the ears as soon as he commenced,
which he invariably did as soon as one touched the saddle ;
but I never could make a shooting horse of him, and
finally gave him to Lo Bengula in the hope that he would
present him to Ma-kwaykwi, or some other of his endunas,
158 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
/ against whom I had a personal grudge ; but, as I never heard
of any one being killed by him, I expect he was turned loose
amongst the large number of his horses that are never ridden,
and of which no use whatever is made. My fourth horse was
a fairly good animal, but old, and in very low condition.
As it was now the latter end of the rainy season, and I
knew from experience that the whole country would be
covered with long grass, making it very difficult to see game,
I did not expect to shoot much along the road, though 1
thought that after crossing the River Gwelo I should always
be able to keep my boys and dogs in meat. However, it was
not till the fifth day after leaving Emhlangen, and when near
the River Se-whoi-whoi, that I saw a small herd of Tsessebe
antelopes, one of which I managed to kill.
It was within a mile of this spot that two years previously
I shot the last two white rhinoceroses {R. sinms) which I have
killed, and they were probably the last of their kind that I
shall ever see. They were male and female, and I preserved
the skin of the head and the skull of the former for the South
. African Museum in Cape Town, where they now are. I shall
never cease to regret that I did not preserve the entire skeleton
for our own splendid museum of natural history at South
Kensington, but, when I shot the animal, I made sure I should
get finer specimens later on in the season. However, one
thing and another prevented my visiting the one district where
I knew that a few were still to be found, and now those few
have almost all been killed ; and, to the best of my belief, the
great white or .square-mouthed rhinoceros, the largest of modern
terrestrial mammals after the elephant, will in the course of
the next few years become absolutely extinct ; and if in the
near future some student of natural history should wish to
know what this extinct beast really was like, he will find
nothing in all the museums of Europe and America to enlighten
him upon the subject but some half-dozen skulls and a
goodly number of the anterior horns.
In 1886 two Boer hunters, Karl Weyand and Jan Engel-
brecht, got into the little tract of country where the few white
rhinoceroses were still left, and between them killed ten during
the season ; five more were killed during the same time by
VIII THE WHITE RHINOCEROS 159
some native hunters from the Matabili country. A few were
still left, as in the following year (1887) I myself and some
English sportsmen saw the tracks of two or three in the same
district, but could not find the animals themselves. Some few
white rhinoceroses no doubt still survive, but it is not too much
to say that long before the close of this century the white
rhinoceros will have vanished from the face of the earth. I
hope my readers will pardon this long digression, but the
subject of the extinction of this huge quadruped has a melan-
choly interest for me, when I remember that, twenty years ago, it
was a common animal over an enormous e.xtcnt of country in
Central South Africa.
After shooting the Tsesscbe antelope, as I have described,
I had all the meat carried to the waggons, and then trekked
on to the Bembisan river. Here I found that the banks had
been washed away at the old ford by the heavy summer rains,
and it was only after a couple of hours' work with all my
Kafirs, and by putting the two spans of bullocks on to each
waggon in turn that I managed to cross. However, by sun-
down I had got both my waggons standing on the farther side,
and had chopped a small " kraal " for my loose cattle, milked
the cows, and made everything snug for the night. That night
a heavy misfortune befell me, for Moscow, my useless vicious
brute of a horse, kicked my well-tried shooting nag Nelson on
the inside of the hough, laming him completely ; indeed, so
badly was he injured, that not until four months had elapsed
from the date of the accident was I able, once more, to put
a saddle on his back. Could he have had perfect rest from
the commencement he would doubtless have recovered sooner ;
but I was obliged to drive him, lame as he was, for more
than one hundred and fifty miles to where I finally made my
permanent camp on the Manyami river. After this my journey
was an uneventful one till I reached Umfuli. I travelled very
slowly as time was no object to me, and I wished to get a little
stronger in health (as I was doing daily) before coming to the
elephant country. As soon as I had got on to the high
plateau of Mashunaland, although it was about the hottest
season of the year, I found the heat by no means oppressive
by day, and the nights cool and pleasant. Every day I saw
i6o TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
game of some kind or other, principally sable and roan ante-
lope, Tscssebc, zebras, koodoos, water-bucks, and reed-bucks,
and was able to keep myself well supplied with fresh meat
without great exertion.
Late one evening, when near the Umniati river, having
pitched upon a suitable place for camp, and set all my boys
to work with the hatchets to make a kraal for the cattle, I
rode on ahead by myself, just to pass away the time till
sundown. I was about a mile from the waggons, perhaps,
when a reed-buck, with a fine head, jumped out of the long
grass in front of me, and bounded away. Dismounting hastily,
I took a quick shot through the long grass, my bullet striking
the animal just above the root of the tail, paralysing its hind
quarters, and bringing it instantly to the ground. I soon de-
spatched it, and, as it had a fine pair of horns, cut off the head
with the skin of the neck, which I fastened, together with the
two hind legs, to the saddle, and then, dragging the remainder
of the carcase to a patch of timber near at hand, lifted it up
and placed it in the fork of a mopani tree, about six feet from
the ground, intending to return for it the following morning, if
it were not interfered with by lion, leopard, or hy;i;na during
the night. I then rode back to the waggons. I was up at
daylight the following morning, sitting over the fire drinking
a cup of coffee, when a lion commenced to roar loudly, the
sound coming from the direction of the spot where I had shot
the reed-buck the preceding evening, but seemingly not so far
off. I at once had the saddle put on the stallion, as now that
Nelson had been put hors de combat he was my best shooting
hor.se. Just as I was mounting the lion roared again, so, with-
out waiting to have the dogs caught and led, I cantered off in
the direction from whence the sound appeared to come. This
was unfortunate, for had I taken the dogs with me they might
have hit upon his fresh spoor, in which case they would prob-
ably have followed it up and brought the lion to bay. As it
was I never saw him, which is not surprising, seeing that the
whole country was covered with long grass. When I reached
the spot where I had placed the reed-buck in the tree I found
that the carcase had been removed, and was lying on the ground
very considerably chewed up, and with very little meat left on
vni SET A GUN FOR LIONS i6i
it. The lion, I think, must have been the marauder, and I
fancy he must have roared just after finishing what, if he was
hungry, must have been a very unsatisfactory meal for him.
In the perfect stillness of the very early morning the loud
roars had sounded much nearer than was really the case. Just
beyond here were some low stony ridges, bordering the Umniati
river, and thinking that the lion might possibly be lurking
amongst the rocks and bushes, I rode all round them, and then
along the bank of the river. However, I could see nothing of
him, so gave up the search, and rode down to look at the ford.
This I found to be quite impassable for waggons, as the heavy
summer rains had washed the banks of the river completely
away. I now rode up the river in search of another crossing
place, and found a very good one about two miles off. Here
I also saw much hippopotamus spoor only a day or two old,
the animals all seemingly travelling up stream towards a range
of hills named Taba Insimbi (the hill of iron). The whole
country is over four thousand feet above the sea- level about
here, and I myself was surprised to find hippopotami so high
up the course of the river, but these animals wander very
much when undisturbed in search of suitable food, especially
during the rainy season.
Early in the afternoon I spanned in, and crossed the river
with my waggons without difficulty, and then, having nothing
particular to do, recrossed the river, and set a gun across our
track, in the hope that the lion that had taken my reed-buck
in the morning would follow my cattle spoor during the night,
and cross the line attached to the trigger, with unpleasant
results to himself Just as I had arranged matters to, my satis-
faction, a small herd of Tsessebe antelopes came in sight, feeding
over a neighbouring rise ; so, taking my rifle, I crept towards
them, and succeeded in killing two, which both lay within a
couple of hundred yards of our waggon track. I then sent for
the donkeys, and had all the meat carried into the camp,
removing the line attached to the trigger of the set gun from
across the road until they had passed, and then resetting it.
I now made sure that either the lion or a hyaena, attracted by
the smell of blood, would follow up our tracks and come to
an untimely end during the night, but was much afraid lest
M
i62 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA ciiAi-. viii
the latter should come first, and save the former's life. How-
ever, though I lay awake till late, hoping and expecting, no
report broke the stillness of the night and I at last fell asleep,
and found, on waking in the morning, that the set gun was
still as I had left it on the preceding evening, neither lion nor
hya;na having disturbed it. After breakfast I trekked on, and
in the afternoon reached the River Umgezi, where I slept.
This little river used to be a favourite resort of hippopotami,
small herds of which animals were usually to be found in the
deep black pools (some over a mile in length) that lie on either
side of the Machabi hills. Taking a ride along the course of
the river, late in the afternoon, I came across much recent
spoor, some of it not more than a day or two old, but the
animals themselves seemed to have moved northwards, towards
the deep pools which I knew lay beyond the hills. Whilst
riding down the river I saw a large herd of koodoos and a few
water-bucks, but, as they were all females, did not interfere with
them. I also saw several agile wiry-haired little klipspringers.
It is worthy of remark that in Northern Mashunaland these
compactly-built, though active little antelopes are to be found
along the courses of all the larger rivers, such as the Umgezi,
Umniati, Umfuli, and Manyami, wherever they run (as they
often do) amongst boulders and masses of rock. Thus they
may be shot by walking along the banks of the river, and with-
out ever climbing a hill at all. I say this because I have
heard that in the Cape Colony, where these little antelopes are
also to be found, they are only to be got at amongst the
steepest and most rugged hills and mountains, amidst the
highest portions of which they live. This I have heard stated
more than once, though I have had but little actual experience
myself in that part of South Africa. I once shot one years
ago, in 1 87 1, on the top of a high hill overlooking the Orange
river, between Colesberg and Philipolis ; and in 1876, when
snowed up for a week on the highest part of the Sneeuwberg
range of mountains, between Graaf Reinet and Middleburg, I
saw several of these hardy little beasts, but failed to bag any
of them. The snow then lay from one to two feet in depth
on the mountains, and the air was bitterly raw and cold,
especial!)- at nights, yet the klipspringers managed to weather
o
X
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o
Q.
I-
I
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CD
o
a:
(D
CHAP. VIII A L/ON- SHOOTING INCIDENT 165
it out, finding food and warmth, no doubt, amongst the rocky
ravines where the snow would not lie. In Khama's country
and in Matabililand klipspringers are found amongst hills of
a very small elevation, and, indeed, may sometimes be shot
from the level ground, when standing on the topmost rock of
one of the little " kopjes " (composed of great blocks of granite
poised one upon another, often in a most marvellous way)
which form so prominent a feature in the scenery of Southern
Matabililand ; but it is only in the Mashuna country that I
have met with these little antelopes living amongst the rocks
through which the rivers run, often at a considerable distance
from any hills.
Whilst riding back to camp on the other side of the river
I came across the remains of a koodoo bull that had evidently
been killed very recently by a lion. The horns were fairly
large, though nothing remarkable, so I left them lying where I
found them. That night lions roared loudly not far off down
the river, but did not approach my waggons. In the course of
my travels I have shot two lions on the banks of the River
Umgezi, the one a male, and the other a female. The former
animal, when I first caught sight of him, was chasing some
koodoos by broad daylight, which, I think, is a very unusual
occurrence, as lions almost always do their hunting by night.
However, it was a cold winter's morning, and the sky was
cloudy and overcast, as it often is in Mashunaland during the
coldest time of the year.
The shooting of the lioness was a very tame affair, and, owing
to peculiar circumstances, was attended with as little danger
to myself as would be the shooting of a lion in a menagerie
through the bars of a cage. It happened in this wise. I was
riding one day in May 1882 (without any attendants, as I had
left all my Kafirs making camp) along the bank of a deep hip-
popotamus pool, nearly a hundred yards in breadth and half a
mile or so in length, when I saw something move amongst the
grass growing beneath a small bush on the opposite bank of
the river, and some one hundred and twenty yards away from
where I sat on my horse. The next instant the head and
shoulders of a lioness appeared, looking towards me ; so, in-
stantly dismounting, I fired at her across the river, and rolled
1 66 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
her over. For some seconds I could see nothing of her, but I
knew she was roUing about, as she kept the grass in continual
motion, and, moreover, never ceased growling. Suddenly she
appeared again, evidently in a dying condition, and, half falling,
half walking down the steep bank, lay all of a heap at the
water's edge, holding her jaws, now all besmirched with blood,
slightly open and growling softly. I might have bombarded
her in perfect safety ; but, as I thought she was done for, and
did not want to spoil her skin, I refrained from doing so, and,
cantering up to the end of the pool, crossed the river and rode
down the bank close to the spot where the lioness lay. She
was not quite so dead as I thought, for as soon as she saw me
she managed to raise her head and growl savagely, her eyes
gleaming with all the fierce fury of her unutterable though futile
rage. I may here say that any one who has not seen at close
quarters the fierce light that scintillates from the eyes of a
wounded lion, or any other of the large Felid;t, can hardly
imagine its wondrous brilliancy and furious concentration. In
the present instance the fury of the wounded lioness was impotent,
as she had not the strength to raise herself from the ground,
and, indeed, could do nothing more than lift her head and growl
savagely. The small 450-bore expanding bullet had done its
murderous work, and the life that had so lately been strong
within her was fast ebbing away. However, the sun was low,
my waggons were some distance off, and I was alone, with no
one to help me to skin the lioness ; so I killed her with a shot
through the brain, and at once set to work to remove her hide,
which I then fastened to the saddle and carried back to camp
— the first, but not the last, lion skin my good horse Nelson
ever carried for me.
After leaving the River Umgezi an easy day's travelling
brought me to the Zweswi, and here I was obliged to delay for
five days in order to give Nelson a rest, as he had become so lame
that I was afraid he might knock up altogether. I found that
about a fortnight before my arrival a large herd of elephants
(probably the big herd of Northern Mashunaland, in which there
were far over a hundred animals) had come up along the river,
through the Machabi hills, and then struck off in the direction of
the thick bush on the upper Umfuli. The whole country near
viii A HW-ENA VISITS THE CAMP 167
where the waggon track crosses the Zweswi had been cut up by
them ; they had trampled broad paths through the long grass
which still covered all the open valleys. In every patch of
forest numerous trees had been stripped of their bark, or had
had large branches broken off them, and in some cases had even
been uprooted bodily ; whilst the ground had been dug up in
all directions into deep holes in search of roots. On seeing the
spoor of this large herd of elephants that had passed here such
a short time before my hopes were high of meeting them before
very long, as they were well out of the "fly" country, and travelling
still farther away from it ; and were, moreover, moving very
slowly, feeding along quietly in perfect security. Bitterly, in-
deed, did I repent my folly in buying the evil-tempered brute
that had lamed my good horse Nelson. Had he been sound
I should have gone in search of this large herd of elephants
forthwith, taking provisions enough for myself and Kafirs to
last us four or five days, in order not to have had to shoot game,
and run the risk of disturbing the more valuable animals before
actually coming up with them. As it was, I hoped that the
stallion would prove himself to be a good elephant horse when
the day came to test him, but I felt no confidence in him, and
so resolved not to make any actual search for the great beasts
before reaching the next river, the Umfuli.
On the second night of my sojourn on the banks of the
Zweswi, I woke up suddenly about an hour or two after mid-
night, and for some reason unknown to myself got up and put
my head out of the front of the waggon. It was a brilliant
moonlight night — and the moonlight of the tropics is very
brilliant indeed. My two waggons stood side by side, the four
horses and the donkeys being tied between them. On the
other side of the buck waggon stood the cattle kraal, between
which and the waggon my drivers and Kafirs were sleeping ;
and, as it happened, my well-fed pack of dogs, all forgetful of
their duty, were doing the same. On the farther side of the
waggon in which I was sleeping there was neither fire nor
fence. At the back of it hung half the meat of a sable ante-
lope bull which I had shot the same morning. As I have said
above, I woke suddenly in the small hours of the morning, and,
getting up, looked out of the waggon across the broad expanse
l68 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
of veld that lay before me, and over which the brilliant moon
cast a pale soft light. Then I turned my head and looked
round towards the back of the waggon, and there, not ten yards
off, stood a great hy.-Ena, looming white in the strong moon-
light. He was standing gazing at the sable antelope meat that
hung within a few yards of him at the back of the waggon.
Cautiously withdrawing my head, I felt in the blankets for the
loaded rifle that always lay beside mc, and then looked out
again. The hyaena had advanced a yard or two nearer, and, as
I hastily took aim a.t him, either did not see me, or, at any rate,
paid no attention to me. The ne.xt instant I fired, and, as he
was so near, it was not surprising that I hit him. He fell to the
shot, but picked himself up again and made off into the bush
behind the waggon, closely pursued by all my dogs, which,
awakened by the shot, had rushed out en masse from behind
the buck waggon. They soon brought him to bay, and when,
simultaneously with one of my drivers and some of the Kafirs,
I arrived barefooted at the spot where the worrying was going
on, I found the hya;na lying on the ground in the last agonies,
with a dog pulling at each ear, while Punch had him by the
throat and old Ruby was tearing at his flank. A few minutes
later he was dead ; so, calling off the dogs, and bidding the
Kafirs drag the carcase up to the waggons, I again turned in
and slept till daylight.
After having rested for a few days at the Zweswi, I again
moved on, and on 27th February slept within a few miles of the
Lundaza river, a tributary of the Umfuli. Early the following
morning I saddled up the stallion and rode along the track
ahead of the waggons, not taking any of my Kafirs with me.
Presently I espied a small herd of zebras feeding in an open
glade in the forest, and, being in want of meat for my dogs and
Kafirs, resolved to try to shoot one. As the animals had not
yet observed me, and as there was a large ant-heap standing
conveniently within shot of them, I dismounted, and, leaving
my horse standing amongst the bushes, which completely con-
cealed him from view, crept cautiously forward towards the
unsuspecting herd. I reached the ant-heap unobserved, and,
peering cautiously round the side of it, saw that I was well
within shot. Picking out a big fat-looking mare, I at once
VIII A LARGE HERD OF ELEPHANTS 169
fired, and she fell to the shot, rolling over on her back with her
legs in the air. She picked herself up again, however, almost
immediately, and galloping off, soon caught up to her fast-
retreating companions. As she regained her legs I saw where
she had been struck, as the blood was running from a wound
in the shoulder, too high to be mortal, but which showed me
that my bullet had just grazed, without injuring, her backbone,
causing her to fall to the ground suddenly. As I was anxious
to secure her, I now ran to my horse, and, mounting quickly,
galloped in pursuit. I was just getting within shot again when
a freshly-broken tree, evidently the work of an elephant, caught
my eye. I at once reined in, and, examining the ground, soon
saw that a very large herd of these animals had passed during
the night, and as the trees were broken in all directions, and
many of them stripped of their bark, it was evident that they
had been browsing along slowly without any suspicion of
danger. What was to be done ? To follow them up forth-
with was out of the question, as I had only about half-a-
dozen cartridges in my belt, all loaded with expanding bullets,
which were perfectly useless for killing elephants. The first
thing to do was to return to the waggons, so I cantered back
along the road and soon met them. I then hurried them on
to the head of the stream near where I had first seen the
zebras, and outspanned. Knowing the Mashunaland elephants
as well as I did, and their capabilities of travelling enormous
distances in a very short time, I thought it very possible that
I should have to sleep on their spoor, and not overtake them
till the following day, so I resolved to have something to eat
before starting.
Whilst this hasty meal was preparing, I got everything
ready. I determined to mount my Griqua lad Laer on the old
horse Charley, and to take up the spoor with him alone, leav-
ing all the Kafirs at the waggons, so that we could follow up
the elephants at a canter. As I was still verj' weak, I was
afraid that the weight of my lo-bore rifle would be too much
for me, and finally decided to see what I could do with my little
450-bore single Metford, by Gibbs of Ikistol. Of course I
used the military cartridges, loaded with 75 grains of powder
and long-pointed, toughened S40-grain bullets. I had already
170 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
killed giraffes, buffaloes, hippopotami, and a few rhinoceroses with
one of these little rifles, and felt confident that I would be able
to kill elephants too. I fixed two strong leather pouches in
front of my saddle, each containing twenty-five cartridges, and
carried twenty more in my belt, being determined not to run
out of ammunition whatever else might happen. I also tied a
warm coat over the pommel of the saddle, thinking it more than
probable that we should have to sleep out for a night, and
put a few pieces of dried meat in the pockets. Laer carried a
single lo-bore rifle and twenty cartridges, and tied a small
kettle behind his saddle, together with a little tea and sugar in
a handkerchief As he was still quite a lad, and had had no
experience at all with elephants, I told him to keep close to me,
and not to fire except at animals which I had first disabled.
It was still early when we took up the spoor, which there
was no difficulty about following, as the herd was a very
large one, and had trodden broad paths wherever they had
crossed the open gras.sy glades intersecting the belts of forest ;
whilst, in the forests themselves, so many trees had been
broken and stripped of their bark that one could ride straight
ahead without looking at the ground at all. The elephants, I
think, must have passed where I first saw their spoor in the
early morning, not long before daylight, and had been moving
very slowly, feeding quietly along, utterly unconscious of
danger, otherwise we should not have overtaken them as soon
as we did. Cantering briskly along the spoor, we ere long
crossed the Lundaza river, and upon emerging from a broad
belt of forest, about a couple of miles beyond it, suddenly
saw the elephants in front of us. The herd was one of the
largest it has ever been my fate to look upon, and as, when
the animals first came into view, they were crossing a broad
open gras.sy valley, between two patches of forest, I had an
unusually good opportunity of observing them. They were
moving in masses across the valley, walking at that slow
majestic step natural to the wild elephant when entirely unsus-
picious of the presence of man.
As I reined in my horse on the border of the forest, and
gazed over the valley across which stretched this great herd
of mighty beasts, a thrill of excitement shot through my frame
VIII AN ELEPHANT-HUNT 171
and braced my fever-weakened nerves ; for never can elephants
be beheld by the South African hunter without feelings of
intense excitement. When elephant-hunting, one seldom
comes up with the animals without having followed them for
several hours, and as a rule it is a pursuit which entails great
hardships : fatigue, thirst, and exposure to the intense heat of
the tropical sun. On the present occasion, however, I had
come up with the elephants without having endured privation
or hardship of any kind. It was a pure stroke of luck, and in
many ways never had I had such a chance of doing a good
day's work with these animals before. There was an immense
herd of them before me — numbering probably nearer two
hundred than one hundred — and for some miles all round the
forests were fairly open. I had also a good little rifle and
seventy cartridges. My bodily weakness, the result of fever, was
certainly much against me, but what militated more against my
success that day than anything else was the obstinacy of my horse,
whose disposition I was soon to find out. Even to-day, as I think
of this episode in my hunting career, I cannot but lament and
rail at fate, when I think of what I did, and what I might have
done that day had I but had my good horse Nelson between
my knees. However, regret is vain ; the past is irrevocable,
and I will now proceed to relate what happened to me.
As I looked eagerly over this great mass of elephants, the
foremost amongst which were close upon the forest that skirted
the farther side of the open valley, I could see but one bull,
whose mighty form showed well above the backs of the cows
that surrounded him. A fine pair of tusks showed out
well beyond his trunk, but I could see that, though of fair
length, they were not very thick. He was amongst the rear-
most elephants, walking slowly forwards through the grass,
which was some three or four feet high over the whole valley,
and more resembled a field of wheat than an English meadow.
Riding quickly down into the open with Lacr following me, I
was soon even with him, and about a hundred yards to his left.
He then, in common with a lot of the rearmost elephants,
.seemed to become suspicious of danger, for, though none of
them looked towards me, they all commenced to walk a great
deal faster than they had been doing. I now dismounted, and
172 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
taking a steady shot for his lungs, aiming rather high up behind
his shoulder, fired. I felt sure I had given him a good shot, but
had no time to mark its effect, for at the very instant of the
report a tuskless cow that was some distance beyond the bull 1
had just fired at, wheeled round with a loud scream, whirling
her trunk at the same time high in the air, and then drop-
ping it before her chest, came rushing towards mc, accom-
panying the charge with shrill and oft-repeated screams. At
first, I suppose, she only heard the shot, and perhaps saw the
smoke of the powder ; but, it being perfectly open, she must
very soon have caught sight of me, as she came on in the most
determined manner. I was obliged to gallop away, and so
take my eyes off the bull, but thought that I would be able to
shake my pursuer off by galloping hard for a hundred yards or
so, and could then circle round and get up to him again before
he gained the shelter of the forest on the farther side of the
valley.
I now plied my stallion hard with the spurs, but soon
found that it was one of his sulky days, as I could not get him
to gallop ; in fact, he was going considerably slower than the
enraged elephant behind him, who kept up a constant suc-
cession of shrill screams, and who, seeing that she was gaining
on the horse, pertinaciously kept up the chase, which she would
have long ago abandoned had she been losing ground. Nearer
and nearer she came, till at last I saw that it was getting serious,
and that if I did not manage to get into the bush and dodge
her there, she would infallibly catch me. Laer had wisely
galloped straight back into the forest when she first screamed.
I now made for a patch of rather thick machabel bush that
projected into the valley, and, as I entered it, I do not think
she was thirty yards behind me ; and when she first charged,
she was at least one hundred and fifty yards away, probably
considerably more. Of course such an experience could only
happen in a perfectly open piece of country devoid of trees.
Once in the bush, I turned suddenly to the left, and, being no
longer able to see me, and the wind being luckily in my favour,
she lost me immediately.
As soon as I found that I had shaken off my pursuer I
gave my sulk)' horse a good spurring, and then galloped
VIII AN ELEPHANT- HUNT 173
across the valley into the forest beyond, which now seemed
alive with elephants. I could not see my bull anywhere, how-
ever, and as I was looking for him, I saw a small lot of
elephants coming at a quick pace obliquely from behind me,
amongst which was a big bull, though his tusks were very
poor for his size. These elephants, I feel sure, were not in
the open when I first sighted the main herd, but must have
been still behind in the forest to my left. Thinking that if
I had hit the other bull through both lungs with my first shot
he must be dead, and that if not I had lost him irretrievably,
I now turned my attention to the next best animal I could see.
Just as I got up to him he turned and entered rather a thickish
piece of machabel bush, with two cows just in front of him.
He was not going very fast, so jumping off, I took a careful
aim for the ridge of bone which shows out so distinctly in an
elephant from above the root of the tail to the top of the
back. My bullet, a solid toughened 5 40 -grain missile, pro-
pelled by only 75 grains of powder, struck him exactly in the
centre of the bone, and stopped him instantly. His hind
quarters seemed partially paralysed, as on mounting again and
riding in front of him he was unable to come towards me,
though he tried hard, poor brute, raising his great ears and
screaming fearfully. Though so near the elephant, and in spite
of the terrific trumpeting, my stallion paid no more attention
to the furious though disabled beast than if he had been a rock.
I quickly got on one side of him and gave him a shot through
both lungs, to which he succumbed very rapidly ; then, re-
mounting, I was soon galloping on the tracks of a portion of
the retreating elephants, and presently got up to about thirty,
and could see another lot of about the same number to my right.
By this time I think that the whole of this great herd of
elephants had broken up into a number of smaller ones, each
diverging on its own line from the point where I had first dis-
turbed them. One of these herds turned right back, recrossing
the Lundaza, and passing through the valley on the edge of
which my waggons were outspanned, in plain view of all my
people. Just as I was getting up to the elephants again, Laer
came up to me. As elephants, when running away, and when
there are a number of them together, go at a very different pace
174 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
from a single elephant when charging, I had no difficulty in getting
alongside them, and gave one, apparently a cow with nice tusks,
but which afterwards proved to be a young bull, a good lung shot.
He hung behind almost directly after getting the shot, and very
soon left his companions, and went off alone, going at a good
pace, however, when I came near him. I gave him two more
shots, and then seeing that he was very badly wounded, and
fearing that the other elephants would scatter — as they nearly
always do in Mashunaland — I called to Laer to try to finish
him, and at any rate to watch him, and then again took up the
spoor of the herd. I had followed it for some distance, and had
got about a hundred yards beyond a sort of pass, between a
rocky ridge on the one hand and a mass of large granite
boulders on the other, when I came face to face with one of
the elephant.s, a large cow, coming straight back towards me on
the spoor of the herd she had left. The forest was very open
about here, and she saw me as soon as I saw her, and, raising
her head and spreading her ears, charged forthwith, screaming
loudly. Turning my horse I galloped back for the rocks, but
the stallion would not put out any pace, and I could tell from
the screams that the elephant was gaining rapidly upon me.
Hastily turning my head I saw she was getting very near,
and knew she would soon catch me ; so I resolved to dismount
and run for the rocks. My stallion was, in some respects, a
perfect shooting horse, and immediately I leant forward and
seized his mane he stopped dead. I was off and in front of
him in an instant, and running for the rocks, which were not
twenty yards away. As I got round the first rock I turned,
and this is what I saw. The horse was standing absolutely
still, with his head up and his fore feet planted firmly in the
ground, as if carved in stone, and the elephant, which had
then ceased to scream, and was making a curious rumbling
noise, was standing alongside of him, smelling about with her
trunk. In front of my saddle was tied a leather coat, with a
red flannel lining — a present the preceding year from my
friend poor Montagu Kerr — and I suppose that the elephant
must have touched the horse with her trunk, as he suddenly
gave a jump round, throwing the red-lined coat into the air.
He then walked slowly to the rocky ridge behind him, and
viii AN ELEPHANT-HUNT 175
again stood still about fifteen yards away from the elephant.
All this time I had been afraid to fire, for fear of exasperating
the elephant, and causing it to kill my horse. I now, however,
determined to do so, and was thinking of firing for her brain,
for she was very near me, when she raised her head and ears
and came towards the rocks screaming like a railway engine.
She must have got my wind, I fancy, suddenly. However,
she could not get at me without going round the other rocks ;
and as she did so, she gave me a splendid chance at a distance
of not more than fifteen yards. 1 fired into the centre of her
shoulder, and immediately the bullet struck her she stopped
screaming, and, dropping her ears, swerved off. She only ran
a hundred yards or so, and then fell over dead, shot through
the large blood-vessels of the upper part of the heart. Directly
she fell I ran to my horse and remounted. Prudence whis-
pered to me to give up the hunt, but I could not make up my
mind to do so just yet, though I resolved to be cautious and
not go too near the elephants in future, as my stallion had
evidently not the slightest fear of them, and had made up his
mind that nothing should make him really gallop out this day.
It was not that he could not do so ; he was simply sulky, as
he had a very good turn of speed if he liked to exert himself
I was soon hard on the spoor again, but had not followed
it a mile before I found that the elephants had scattered,
making it difficult to keep on their line, as they had no longer
left a well-defined trail. However, by taking up the spoors of
different animals, I got along at a good pace, and before long
sighted a few of the hindmost animals. These were, however,
with the exception of two, all scattered and diverging rapidly
one from the other. The two were going off to the right,
walking very quickly in single file, the hindmost animal being
followed by a small calf Riding out to one side of them
through the open forest, which was just here quite free from
underwood, I saw that they were two fine cows, both having
long white tusks, and at once resolved to attack them. I did
think of the poor little calf, but consoled myself with the
thought that if I destroyed its mother it would follow up the
herd and be adopted by another elephant. This is the case, I
believe, if they arc old enough to live without their mother's
176 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
milk. These two elephants I ought to have killed very quickly
and easily, as the forest through which they first led me was very
open, and they kept close together. I was now, however,
getting tired, being still very weak, and found it impossible to
shoot steadily. Before long I had wounded both the elephants
severely, and the one with the calf especially seemed very hard
hit. Presently they got into a patch of machabel scrub, the
soft fern-like leaves of which were, luckily for me, still very thick,
and one of them here charged savagely, screaming loudly. I
thought I should have had to dismount and run for it again,
as I could not get the stallion out of a hand gallop, but by
making a quick turn round an immense ant-heap I managed
to give her the slip, but I saw that I had to be careful. As
soon as she had lost me she rejoined her comrade, and they
continued their flight together, before long crossing a small
stream of running water.
As they were climbing the farther bank I came down
quite close to them and gave the cow with the calf a
dead shot, as she only just managed to reach the top
when she stopped, and, facing round, fell over backwards,
throwing her trunk high in the air as she did so. I ought to
have killed the other one here too, as she stopped about a
hundred yards on ahead and stood broadside on, waiting
probably for her dead comrade. I fired at her, but did not hit
her where I ought to have done. She walked on again and
went right through a broad open valley covered with long
grass, like the place where I had first seen the herd of
elephants that morning. As long as she was in the open I
dared not go near her, but as soon as she entered the machabel
bush on the farther side of the valley I followed as fast as I
could get my horse to go. I was still a hundred yards away
from the bush, but could see the wounded elephant walking
slowly along, skirting just within its edge, when she must have
got my wind, for she suddenly swung round, and, raising her
head and ears, came out into the open, trumpeting loudly. I had
already got my horse's tail towards her, and was doing my best
to get him into a gallop, but it was useless, and as it was at
least two hundred yards to the other side of the open valley I
knew she would catch me long before I reached the shelter of
VIII HORSE AND WOUNDED ELEPHANT 177
the trees where I might have dodged her. Of course, directly
she emerged from the bush she saw me plainly in the open
before her and came on two yards to my one, screaming
shrilly all the time.
I did not hesitate an instant what to do, but resolved
to sacrifice the horse and try to get away myself in the
grass. Catching him by the mane, when he instantly stopped
dead, I jumped past him and ran forwards through the grass
as hard as I could, which was not very hard, as I was now
much exhausted. I had got some forty yards beyond him
when the elephant suddenly stopped screaming and commenced
making the rumbling noise I have spoken of as being made by
the first elephant that came up to him. Turning my head I
saw that she was standing exactly like the first one, alongside
of the horse, who remained perfectly motionless, but that she
had not yet touched him. I instantly ducked down in the
grass and watched her. I was very much afraid lest she should
get my wind and come on after me, and at the same time
feared to fire at her, as I felt so terribly shaky after my run
that I knew I should only give her a bad shot and let her
know where I was. I was very much surprised at her leaving
the horse alone. Had she been unwounded, like the first one
that came up to him, I should have thought nothing of it, as
there are many similar cases on record ; but, irritated as the
poor brute must have been from the wounds she had received,
I made sure she would have killed him instantly. She would
most certainly have killed me had she caught me, and I think
she showed more magnanimity than sagacity in sparing my
horse, for, although he had taken no part in injuring her, he
had, at any rate, been instrumental in bringing me within shot
of her. However that may be, the fact remains that this
wounded and furious elephant ran screaming up to my horse,
and, finding his rider gone, stood alongside of him without
touching him. After a space of half a minute, perhaps, she
turned and walked back into the bush, and I then went back
to my horse, who had never moved his feet since I placed my
hand on his mane and sprang from the saddle. 1 mounted
again at once, and riding into the bush soon caught sight
of the wounded elephant walking very slowly forwards, and
N
178 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
constantly stopping. At length she passed one of the
enormous ant-heaps common in this part of Africa — ant-heaps
twenty yards in circumference, and often with large trees
growing on them — and, as soon as she was behind it, I left
my horse and ran up to it. Peering round I saw her standing
broadside on not fifty yards off, evidently listening and looking
very suspicious. I now rested my rifle on the side of the ant-
heap and fired into her shoulder. On receiving this shot she
moved on for a very short distance and again stood, when I
fired once more from the same spot. It was unnecessary,
however, as the last bullet must have passed through her heart,
I think, and she was just about to fall when I fired again.
I now resolved to give up any further pursuit of the
elephants, as it was manifestly tempting fate to follow them up
again, and could only end in getting caught myself, or, at any
rate, in having my horse killed, who, in spite of his occasional
obstinacy, was a valuable animal. Had I had Nelson I should
certainly by this time have killed more elephants than I
had done, without having tired myself very severely, and I
should now have galloped- hard round to the right until I had
cut the spoor of another of the small herds into which the
elephants had broken up, shot several of them before they
scattered, and, if the horse had been equal to it, perhaps got
round to a third herd. However, as it was, I was already
much exhausted, and felt that it would be foolish to follow up
the elephants again, and so, with large numbers of these
animals still within my reach, in beautiful open forest country,
entirely devoid of thick brush, and with my saddle-bags still
full of cartridges, I had to give up the hunt. Still it might
have been worse. Four animals I knew were dead ; the fifth
that I had left badly wounded with Laer I hoped he had
managed to kill ; and I still thought I might find the big bull
I had first v/ounded, as I knew I had hit him about the right
place. In going back to the waggons I visited the four
elephants I had .seen lying dead. The three cows were all
pretty good ones, with tusks weighing from lo lbs. to 14 lbs. ;
but the bull, although a large animal, had very poor tusks,
that proved to weigh only 25 lb.s. and 23 lbs. respectively, both
of them being slightly broken at the ends.
viii SIX ELEPHANTS KILLED 179
When I came to the cow that I had killed on the bank of'
the small stream, I found her little calf still standing beside
the carcase. When I approached, the poor little beast, with
the pluck always shown by elephant calves, raised its ears,
and, screaming shrilly, charged right at me. I did not move,
as the poor thing was hardly more than three feet high, and
the old stallion never moved or paid the slightest attention to
it. It came right up to the horse, but stopped without actually
touching him, and, after standing there a few moments,
returned to its dead mother. It would, perhaps, have been
more merciful to have shot it at once through the brain and
ended its troubles, but I had not the heart to do so, and
thought it might perhaps escape lions and hyaenas and follow
up the spoor of its mother's relatives. At any rate, the next
morning, when I returned to chop out the tusks, the calf was
nowhere to be seen. On reaching the waggons I found Laer
there before me, and an elephant's tail hanging from the side
of the waggon showed me he had killed the animal I left in
his charge. He told me that after I left him, as the wounded
animal only walked very slowly forwards, he had dismounted
and run round in front of it, and as it came past him had
given it a shot in the shoulder with the lo-bore, to which it
succumbed almost immediately. This made five elephants at
any rate, and eventually I got the big bull too, which had been
killed with a single bullet from the 450-bore Metford and had
only gone a few hundred yards from where he had been hit.
His tusks proved to weigh 41 lbs. and 43 lbs. respectively,
and were a nice even pair, quite perfect at the points.
\
A Kopje.
CHAPTER IX
Chop out the tusks of the <lea<l elephants — Immense numbers of vultures — The
stallion lame — Resolve to proceed to the Manyami river — Form a main camp —
Game plentiful — Ilyscna shot — My big cauldron — Trek to Golodaima's kraals —
Another hyrena shot — Hya.'na killed at the Tchangani river — Find the big bull
elephant — Shoot anotlier fine bull — Obtain specimens of Lichtenstein's harte-
beest— ^Return to Mataljiliiand — A sable antelope amongst the cattle — Several
of our best dogs are killed — Danger of approaching \vf)undcd antelopes.
On the day following the clephant-hiuit described in the last
chapter, I took all my boys and distributed them amongst the
carcases of the slain animals, in order to get the tusks chopped
out quickly. I also took the pack donkeys to cany the hearts,
inside fat, upper parts of the trunks, and other choice portions
of the meat. I thought I should have been able to have
finished this work early in the day, and intended to have
devoted the afternoon to looking for the big bull that I had
first wounded. However, it was late before all the work was
done that required my personal superintendence, and the
enormous number of vultures that were either perched in the
trees or flying all round about in the neighbourhood of the
dead elephants, rendered it impossible to use them as a guide
3fV LARGE CAULDRON
to the exact whereabouts of any particular animal. I was, too,
feeling rather unwell and despondent after my disappointment
at the way in which my horse had behaved on the previous
day ; and finally I again returned to the waggon without looking
for the big bull. My stallion, too, was now dead lame, having
trodden on a sharp stone and injured the frog of one of his
fore feet during the hunt, and this annoyed and irritated me
dreadfully ; for although I possessed four salted horses, two
were now lame, one was useless for a shooting horse, and the
fourth (old Charley) was in such low condition that he could
not possibly do any hard work. The following morning I
resolved to bother no more about the wounded elephant bull,
but to trek on across the Umfuli to the Manyami river, and
there to form a strong permanent camp which should be my
headquarters until the following rainy season.
As soon as I reached the Manyami I sent a messenger
to Inyamwenda's people to tell them I had come, and at the
same time let them know that I wanted to buy a good supply of
mealies ^ for my horses. The following day about forty of them
came down to my camp, which I had pitched about a mile
higher up the river than where my waggons had stood in 1883.
With the assistance of the Mashunas I was able to make a
fine strong camp in a couple of days, with fences that a lion
could not very easily get through. Game I found very plenti-
ful in the district, and I had no difficulty in shooting a good
supply of meat, without working old Charley very hard. I used
to ride out on him until I sighted game, and then get off and
stalk it.
Before starting on this expedition from Matabililand, I
had had an immense cauldron made of sheet iron by a very
clever blacksmith, who was in the employment of the Gold
Mining Company at Tati. This cauldron I had made for the
purpose of boiling down animals, in order to preserve their
perfect .skeletons. The first night I got to the Manyami
several hyrenas came howling round the camp, so on the follow-
ing evening I set a gun for them, with the result that I killed
a fine old male tiger-wolf {HycBna crociitd), and after skinning
him and taking out his inside^ — there was a bit of a smell — I
^ Maize.
i82 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
put the whole carcase into the cauldron, which was about four
feet deep and three in diameter. I made a fine skeleton of
him — which has gone to America — but the Mashunas and my
own boys thought I had defiled the pot by cooking the unclean
beast in it ; and when the next day I boiled down a zebra,
they actually would not drink the soup, as they said it would
taste of hya;na. However, they had no scruples about the
third and all subsequent animals, and they used to get the
most glorious feeds out of my big pot, which became well
known in the country-side, and was looked upon by the
Mashunas as a sort of soup-kitchen, as there was almost always
something in it ; for when I was not using it in the interests
of science my boys used to get the benefit of it.
It was still very early in the season, and as I knew that I
could not expect Collison and Van Rooyen for a month or six
weeks to come, I resolved to cross the Manyami with my
waggon, and trek along the eastern slope of the Umvukwi
hills to Golodaima's kraals on the Gurumapudzi river. At
these kraals I had heard from natives that I should be able
to buy a good supply of maize ; for Inyamwenda's people did
not seem to be very well supplied with that kind of grain. I
expected to be away for about a fortnight, and by the end of
that time I thought the stallion would be sound again, and
also hoped that old Charley would have improved considerably
in condition, as I was feeding him up with as much boiled
maize, with a little salt sprinkled in it, as I could get him
to eat.
On reaching a small stream, a tributary of the Guruma-
pudzi, not far from Golodaima's town, I sent word to the chief
to let him know that I had come and wanted to buy a
waggon load of maize. The next day he turned up with a
lot of his people, and said the women would all come the
following day with grain. He told me there was a large herd
of elands in the neighbourhood, and asked mc to go out and
shoot some meat for him and his followers. He also informed
me there was an old lion about that had lately killed several
people. As I wanted to get hold of an eland bull for the
sake of the fat, I saddled up old Charley after breakfast, and
went out with the Mashunas. However, we were not lucky
jx A HY^NA KILLED 183
enough to see the elands or strike their fresh spoor, so coming
across a small herd of zebras (Burchell's) on the way home, and
when not far from camp, I shot two of them and had all the
meat carried in. That night Golodaima and his followers
remained at my waggon, and sat up eating and talking till a
late hour. At last they all went to sleep, and I tried to follow
their example.
I was lying on the " bed-plank " of the almost empty
waggon, and in the back part of it, my rifle lying in front,
with the barrel resting against the forechest. Suddenly I
was awakened by hearing old Charley snort, and pull violently
on the thong by which he was fastened to the hind wheel
of the waggon. Starting up, and throwing the piece of sail-
cloth that was hanging down behind iny head to one side, I
looked out into the night, which was dark, though clear and
starlit. I at once saw what had frightened the horse ; for a
dark object was advancing rapidly along the ground from the
direction of the stream near which we were camped. It was
not coming towards the horse, however, but passing the waggon
obliquely, towards where the oxen were tied to the yokes. I
made sure it was the lion Golodaima had told me about, and
fearing for my oxen, shouted out, " Hey ! you brute ! " and
letting fall the sail-cloth, sprang to the front part of the
waggon and seized my rifle. The creature, which I still
thought was a lion, was now within a few yards of the oxen,
none of which had moved or manifested the slightest alarm ;
so, looking at it, and levelling my rifle, though of course I
could not see the sights, I fired, and rolled it over. Directly
I fired I knew it was a hyjena, as it made a kind of cackling
noise. The oxen had now all got up, but did not manifest
any alarm, though the hya;na was rolling about on the ground.
I now shouted to the Mashunas to bring torches of grass, and
unfastening an Indian hog-spear, which was tied to the side of
the waggon, I jumped to the ground and advanced on the
wounded hyjena. When, however, I approached him, he
clacked his powerful jaws so ominously that I waited until
the Kafirs came up with wisps of blazing grass. Then I saw
that the wretched creature was shot through the loins and his
hind quarters paralysed, so I despatched him with the hog-
1 84 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
spear. He was, like the last one killed at the Manyami, an
old dog hyiuna.
Speaking of hyaenas, 1 icmember a curious fact in con-
nection with one of these animals. In December of this
same year of which I am now
writing — 1885 — I returned to
Matabililand with Mr.' Collison,
Cornelis van Rooyen, and Mr.
James Dawson of Bulawayo, who
had come into Mashunaland, to-
wards the end of the hunting
season. When we reached the
Tchangani river, in the neighbour-
hood of which there are several
Matabili kraals, we made a halt
of a few days to rest our oxen.
Cornelis van Rooyen. t^ . , ■ . -.^ , ,
Durmg this time Dawson and I
rode into the mission station at Emhlangen to get our letters,
returning to the waggons (about twenty-five miles) the follow-
ing day.
On our arrival Van Rooyen told us that our dogs — we
had a first-rate pack between us — had seized a hya;na the
night before and held it fast, whilst the Kafirs assegaicd it.
He said it was a very large one, and that it was still lying
less than a hundred yards away, on the bank of the river. As
it is very unusual for dogs to be able to hold one of these
powerful beasts, Dawson and I went down to look at the
carcase. It was that of a huge old bitch hyaena {Hyana
crociitd) that had been the mother of many cubs, as her two
suckling teats were quite an inch in length. I soon noticed
something that Van Rooyen had overlooked, namely, that the
canine teeth of the lower jaw were missing, and examining
more closely found that the ends of both lower jaw bones were
gone. It looked as if a bullet must have struck the animal in
the mouth from one side, just behind the lower canine teeth,
breaking both jaw bones, and the loose piece of bone left in the
extremity of the animal's lower jaw must subsequently have
rotted out. However, this accident had evidently happened
long prior to the date of the animal's death, as the wounds had
IX SEARCH FOR ELEPHANTS 185
long been healed. Now the question is, how this hyaena had
been able to feed with her jaws in this condition ; for one
would think that the two lower jaw bones, being independent
as it were, would be useless for crunching bones, and bones
are what hyaenas principally live on. Yet this animal was
excessively fat, and its coat in excellent condition. As it was
living in the near neighbourhood of several native villages I
have no doubt it managed to unearth a corpse now and again,
but it could hardly count upon an unfailing supply of such
luxuries. It has often puzzled me to imagine how this hyjena
could have lived at all, let alone kept itself fat. It was evi-
dently unable to make use of its jaws to defend itself against
the dogs.
As, on my return from Golodaima's to the main camp on
the Manyami, I found that the wound in the stallion's foot was
quite healed, and as the old horse Charley had by this time
improved considerably in condition, I determined to take a
round in search of elephants through the mahobo-hobo forests
lying to the north-west of my camp. I had made up my mind
not to run any more risks with the stallion, so I rode old
Charley, and mounted Laer on the stronger horse, but told
him not to go near to elephants should we come across any of
those animals. On the evening of the first night we left camp
I asked Laer if he had seen anything of the bull that I had
wounded with my first shot at Umfuli, when the tuskless cow
chased me away from the herd. He told me that he had been
some little distance behind me when I fired, and on seeing the
cow coming towards my horse, had turned Charley round and
galloped into the edge of the forest we had just left. There
he had reined in, and looked round, and had then' seen the big
bull, behind all the other elephants and still in the open. He
had then, he said, watched him walk slowly forwards, and gain
the edge of the forest-covered slope beyond the valley in which
we had first seen the herd. " The last I saw of him, sir," he
concluded, " he was standing still among the trees, holding his
trunk straight up in the air ; then I heard you firing and
galloped after you." " Great Heavens ! " I .said, on hearing
this, " why on earth didn't you tell me so the day after the
hunt ? That elephant is dead. He was dying when you saw
1 86 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
him standing with his trunk in the air, and must have been
shot through the big blood-vessels of the lungs." Laer pleaded
that he was unused to the ways of elephants, and said that the
fact of the animal's holding its trunk straight up in the air
conveyed no particular meaning to him. But to me it was
different ; I had seen many an elephant shot broadside through
the lungs with a big-bore gun first run two or three hundred
yards, as if there was nothing the matter with him, then walk
slowly forwards a little farther, and then stand, throwing the
blood in all directions from his upraised trunk, which usually
he would stretch straight up in the air several times before
falling dead ; and I felt sure that the remains of this particular
elephant lay just where Laer had last seen the animal standing.
My great fear was lest any Mashunas out hunting or looking
for honey had been guided by the vultures to the carcases, and
had found the remains of the big bull and gone off with the
tusks.
I asked Laer if he thought he could find his way easily to
where he had last seen the elephant standing, and he said he
could. I did not doubt him, as he had Bushman blood in him,
and I knew by experience that he could find his way back to
any spot he had ever visited before with an unerring exactness
to which no European or Kafir could ever hope to attain. I
have already spoken of this faculty in my chapter on the
Masarwas and Bushmen, and they are the only people I have
met with in Africa who possess it in perfection.
The next morning I started straight away for the place
where a month previously I had shot the five elephants, putting
Laer in front. Late in the afternoon we crossed the Umfuli,
and I soon saw that we were nearing the spot where the
carcases lay, as we began to cross the broad trails made by the
great herd through the grassy valleys between the patches of
forest when the frightened animals first took to flight. Pre-
sently Laer said, " Sir, you shot the second bull just over there,"
pointing to a patch of machabel forest, " and the big bull was
standing out in that direction," pointing on ahead, " when I
last saw him." " Very well, then go straight to the place," I
replied ; and Laer rode on. Soon we came to the sole of an
elephant's foot, which had rotted off, and had probably been
FIND THE CARCASE OF THE BIG BULL
187
dragged away from the carcase by a hysena or jackal.
Immediately afterwards, Laer cried out joyfully, "There he lies !"
and the Kafirs, catching sight of the remains of the carcase, at
the same time rushed forwards with a shout. I galloped up,
and was mightily pleased to see that the tusks were still in the
skull. They proved to be a fine even pair, not very large,
but at the same time by no means to be despised, as they
proved to weigh a little over 40 lbs. each, and were worth
Head of an African Elephant.
therefore at least ^20 apiece. Thus at last, more than a month
after having shot it, did I find the remains of the big bull I
had first fired at on the day of the elephant-hunt. One bullet
through the lungs had killed it — a 540-grain bullet propelled
by only 75 grains of powder. The bullet was, of course, solid
and toughened, and was fired from a 450-bore Metford rifle by
Gibbs of Bristol.
Before returning to the Manyami I made a round in search
of elephants through the thick scrubby forests which grow on
i88 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
both banks of the Upper Umfuli, and was one day hicky
enough to come on a small herd. I heard one of them trumpet
at a great distance early one morning, and riding in the direction
of the sound at last cut their fresh spoor. Before I came up
with them, however, the keen-scented animals winded me, and
decamped, and almost immediately began to scatter. Galloping
after them, first on the spoor of one, then on that of another, I
soon came up with some young and worthless animals. Old
Charley behaved well and showed no fear. At last I caught
sight of a fine cow, with long white tusks, and not liaving seen
a bull, and concluding there were none, I resolved to kill her.
I had given her three shots, and sustained a pretty smart chase,
as the scrubby forest was very awkward to get through with a
horse, when I suddenly saw three big bulls, walking one behind
the other through the ' bush not far to my left. I thought no
more about the cow, but at once rode towards the more valuable
animals. One bull had a fine pair of tusks standing out well
beyond his trunk. A second had very short tusks, protruding
less than a foot beyond the lip ; whilst the third was a tuskless
male, a great big brute, but without a pound of ivory in his
head. I soon got a chance, and fired at the bull with the best
tusks, upon which each one of the three at once took a line of
his own. I of course followed the one I had wounded. The
bush was excessively dense, and awkward to work in, and once
I nearly lost my elephant, which suddenly doubled back in a
very thick bit. However, I just saw him passing. After giving
him seven or eight shots he stopped, and facing round stood
with his ears extended in a manner that showed me he meant
to charge if he could see me or scent me. The bush was here
so thick that I could not get a good view of him from where
I sat on my horse ; so dismounting I walked away from old
Charley, always facing towards the wounded elephant, and
trying to get a clear space to fire through into his chest. I
was about twenty yards from my horse and was still moving
away from him, when the elephant must have smelt one or
other of us, for he suddenly came rushing on, crashing down
the small trees, and trumpeting shrilly. Old Charley thought
it was not worth while waiting for me, and galloped off directly
the elephant screamed. However, I think that I must have
IX CHARGED BY AN ELEPHANT 189
walked out until a breath of wind had enabled him to scent
me. At any rate he came straight for me with cars outspread,
trumpeting out the shrill short screams of rage with which a
wounded elephant usually accompanies a charge. I only had
my little single Metford, and I must say I had grave doubts as
to whether the small 450-bore bullet would stop the angry
monster. I aimed carefully, however, and put the bullet, when
he was about fifteen yards from me, just under his tusk, and
past the side of his trunk into his chest ; for his trunk was
hanging down in front of him, as it always is, I fancy, when
an elephant really charges through bush ; though they will
often rush out at the start and scream, with their trunks held
up in the air. When they settle down to a regular charge,
however, they drop the proboscis in front of them, turning the
end in towards their forelegs. Directly, the bullet struck him,
this big bull elephant at once stopped screaming and swerved
off, almost at right angles to the way he had been coming. ■ I
believe my bullet must have gone through his heart, for he
almost immediately settled down to a slow walk, and soon
stopped and stood still again ; I then gave him another bullet,
aiming once more for his heart, and soon afterwards his limbs
began to quiver and I saw he was done for. Just then Laer
came up with the Kafirs, and they were just in time to see
the elephant fall. Old Charley had not gone very far away,
and the boys soon tracked him up and brought him back
to me. This elephant was a fine big bull, and his tusks
were quite perfect, and weighed a little more than those of
the other I had so fortunately recovered, as together they
turned the scale at 88 lbs.
I will here record my belief that the tuskless bull I
saw this day was the same animal that seven years pre-
viously, in 1878, had torn one of our Matabili Kafirs ^
into three pieces. This I say, because, although tuskless
cow elephants are comparatively common in Africa, and one
or more may be seen in every herd, tuskless bulls are very
exceptional, and the only two I have ever heard of or seen in
Mashunaland are the one that killed Ouabcet, and the one I
have mentioned above ; and I believe they were one and the
^ See A Hunter' s Wanderings, p. 334.
igo TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
same animal, as it was close to the spot where Quabeet was
killed in 1878 that I saw the tusklcss bull again in 1885.
He must be still at large, for I have not heai^d of his being
killed since. The other bull with the short tusks, however, was
killed about a month later by CoUison, Van Rooyen, and myself
Though so short, his tusks were very thick and weighed nearly
40 lbs. apiece.
As to give any detailed account of my various journeys in
search of game during the remaining months of 1885 would
not only in all probability prove tedious to my readers, but
would certainly oblige me to curtail other portions of my
narrative of more general interest, I will content myself by
saying that in the course of the season I again made a journey
to the River Sabi in search of Lichtenstein's hartebecsts, and
on this occasion succeeded in shooting and preserving five fine
specimens of those animals. One pair of these are now in our
national collection at South Kensington, whilst the second are
in the collection of the South African Museum at Cape Town,
the odd one having gone to a foreign museum.
In December I returned to Matabililand in company with
Mr. H. C. Collison, Cornells van Rooyen, and Mr. James
Dawson of Bulawayo, who had come into Mashunaland with
an empty waggon in order to help me out with the large
number of natural history specimens I had collected, which
amounted altogether to more than a load for one waggon.
I remember one incident of our return journey, which I think
is worth relating.
One night wc had outspanncd at the head of a lovely
grassy glade, between the Umniati and Sebakwi rivers, down
the centre of which ran a nice little stream of water. Just
at daylight the next morning the cattle were all unloosed
to get a bit of a feed before being inspanned for the morn-
ing's trek, and soon spread out over the open valley which
lay in front of our bivouac. I was drinking a cup of coffee,
seated in the front part of my own waggon, when I saw a fine
sable antelope bull come out of the forest that skirted the
open ground and advance towards the cattle, which he kept
examining inquiringly, standing still for a few seconds at a
time, and then coming slowly forwards again. Before long he
IX SABLE ANTELOPES AT BAY 191
had come quite close up to some of the foremost oxen, and was
then not more than one hundred and fifty yards or so from Van
Rooyen's waggon, which was some distance in advance of mine.
My friend had all this time been watching the sable antelope
as well as I, and at this juncture he fired at and wounded it,
shooting from the inside of his waggon. Directly the shot
was fired every dog rushed out from beneath the particular
waggon to which he or she belonged, and the whole motley
pack, about twenty in number, were soon streaming out down
the valley. The foremost dogs soon caught sight of the sable
antelope, which, badly wounded by Van Rooyen's bullet, was
making off slowly towards the stream which ran down the
centre of the open ground. As it disappeared down the steep
bank the foremost dogs were almost up to it. Van Rooyen,
Dawson, and myself were now running as hard as we could to
call the pack off and despatch the wounded antelope before
any of our valuable dogs were killed ; for we knew from
experience what havoc a wounded sable antelope can make
amongst a pack with its long curved horns. Just as we were
nearing the water two of my own dogs came howling up the
bank, both badly wounded, and the loud barking of the rest of
the pack, coupled with the defiant snorts of the sable antelope,
which proceeded from the bed of the stream, let us know
that the brave beast was still making a gallant fight and doing
his utmost to sell his life dearly. A moment later we de-
spatched him with two bullets through the head and neck, and
not a moment too soon. Four of our best dogs lay dead around
their quarry, one of which, a kind of mongrel deer-hound. Van
Rooyen would not have parted with at any price. Besides
the four that were killed outright, four more were badly wounded,
one of which subsequently died. My old bitch Ruby had one
more very narrow escape. She had been struck right through
the throat by the sharp horn of the sable antelope, which, how-
ever, had only pierced through between the skin and the wind-
pipe. She must, I fancy, have been swung up into the air, and
then twisted off with such violence that the skin had torn ; so
that a great piece of it as large as the palm of my hand hung
down under her jaw. This piece of loose skin, however,
I sewed in its place again, and the wound soon healed up.
192
TRA VEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, ix
I have mentioned this instance of the able manner in which a
sable antelope can use its horns when beset by dogs to show
that these animals are often very savage when wounded, and I
would caution young sportsmen against approaching either a
sable or roan antelope, a gemsbuck or a wildebeest, when any
of these animals are standing at bay. Individuals of all these
species will often make a short rush if approached too closely,
and are very quick with their horns. Not long ago one of Lo
Bengula's men, belonging to the village of Churchin, was killed
by a wounded sable antelope cow, which drove one of its horns
right through his kidneys.
>)^,-/i/*e^
Native Household Utessils.
Cave of Sinoia (Underground Lake).
O
CHAPTER X
Return to England in i8S6 — Another hunting expedition to Mashunaland — Twelve
lions shot — Discovery of the caves of Sinoia — Various journeys made from the
main camp on the Manyami river — Return to the Transvaal — Start for the
Zambesi — Reach Panda- nia-tenka — Civil war in the Barotsi country — Letter
from Mr. Arnot — Cross the Zambesi at Wankie's — Death of Daniel — Reach
Shampondo's — Have trouble with the Batongas — Their extortionate character —
Death of Father Teroede — Murder of David Thomas — Reach the River Muga
— Two impala antelopes shot — Zebra (Burchell's) shot — Scarcity of game —
Hire fresh guides — Return of Shaniedza's men.
I HAVE now brought my narrative down to the end of 1885,
and shall pass briefly over the next two years.
During 1S86, though, I twice visited Matabililand, I did
but little shooting or collecting, and between those two visits
.. took a quick run home to England, where I spent six weeks
during August and September, getting back to Bulawayo
again by the end of November. In 1887 I made another
hunting expedition to Mashunaland, in company with three
English sportsmen, Messrs. J. A. Jameson, A. C. Fountaine,
and F. Cooper. Space will not permit of my giving any
detailed account of our various peregrinations during this year,
though I shall relate certain incidents of our sport in a later
chapter. Suffice it to say that we travelled over much country,
and on the whole enjoyed good sport, the bag including
amongst other items twelve lions. It was during this year
that we discovered the limestone caves of Sinoia, and the sub-
terranean lake in the principal cave. The colour of the water
in this cave is most remarkable, being of the deepest cobalt
blue, like that in the celebrated grotto of Capri. I wrote an
^j^fiQunt of the caves of Sinoia at the time of our first visit,
which was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Geo-
'^raphical Society of London for May 1888.
196 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
We established our main camp on the Upper Manyami,
and from this central point made hunting expeditions of from
a fortnight to six weeks' duration to all points of the com-
pass. In this way we went northwards between the Angwa
and Manyami rivers as far as the conspicuous mountain called
by the natives Techcnena ; and on another occasion reached
the Sanyati, as the river is called below the confluence of the
Umniati and Umfuli. Between these two journeys, too, we
travelled south-eastwards to the Manica country, reaching a
point on the Odzi river just below the mouth of the Umtali,
and not more than twelve miles from the spot where the town-
ship of Umtali has now sprung up. Later on in the year we
broke up our camp and, crossing the Manyami, trekked over to
the Gwibi river near Mount Hampden. From here we cut a
road direct to the source of the Umgezi river (the spot where
Fort Charter was established by the pioneer expedition of the
British South Africa Company in 1890), and trekked right
over the ground where the town of Salisbury now stands. In
1 890 the spoor made by our six waggons was still plainly
visible in the sandy soil near Fort Charter, but had entirely
disappeared in the firmer ground near Salisbury. From the
head of the Umgezi river we made a road for ourselves to
Matabililand, and then returned to the Transvaal. My friends
then set out for England, and I returned once more to the
interior.
On 9th April 1888 I left Bamangwato for the Zambesi,
with two waggons, five salted horses, sixteen donkeys, etc.
My intention was to have crossed the river with everything I
possessed and to have journeyed up to Lialui, in the Barotsi
valley, the residence of Lewanika, the ruling chief, and there
to have taken up my abode for at least a year ; my principal
object being the collection of specimens of natural history,
combined with a little elephant-hunting and trading. I may
here mention that Mr. Coillard, the chief of the French Pro-
testant Mission now established in that country, had already
taken several waggons across the Zambesi, and it was he who
made the waggon track which now exists right up to Lialui.
The journey to Panda-ma-tenka may be dismissed in a few
words. The country is well known, most monotonous and
MR. ARNOT 197
uninteresting, and game at this time of year very scarce. I
managed, however, always to l<eep my Kafirs and dogs in meat,
and, amongst other things, shot five ostriches (two beautiful
cocks and three hens, all at this time of year in splendid
plumage) and seven gemsbucks. I only once saw giraffe, and
shot a fine fat cow.
On 1 6th May I reached Panda-ma-tenka, with all my live
stock in good condition. Here I had hoped to meet my old
friend, Mr. George Westbeech, the well-known Zambesi trader,
but I found that he was still at the river, some seventy miles
distant. I found, however, my old acquaintances, John Weyers,
a colonial Dutchman, and all the half-caste elephant-hunters
in Mr. Westbeech's employ. From them I heard all the news,
and, to my intense chagrin, learned that the country across the
Zambesi was in a very unsettled condition, and that there was
no chance of my getting through the river. I heard, too, that
Marancinyan, a rival claimant to the Barotsi chieftainship, had
lately made a raid on Sesheki, burning down the town and
killing some of the inhabitants, that Lewanika with all his
people was away, with the double object of following up and
exterminating the raiders, and also of capturing cattle from
the Mashukulumbwi, and that I might have to wait months
before being able to cross the river.
To a man of my impatient, restless temperament this
was crushing news, and the next morning I saddled up
one of my horses, determined to ride on and get correct
information from George Westbeech. I met him a few
miles beyond Gazuma, and spent a day discussing the
situation with him. He confirmed all that I had heard
at Panda-ma-tenka, and put things in a worse light still,
saying that a revolution was on the point of breaking out in
favour of Marancinyan, in which case it would be months before
the country became settled again, and that at present, at any
rate, it was impossible to cross the river with my waggons, as
all the people were away, and there was no one to work the"
canoes. Mr. Westbeech then showed me a letter which he _
iiad received from Mr. Frederick Arnot, a young missionary
and a worthy countryman of Dr. Livingstone, who had once
travelled with me, and had now established himself in Central
J9S TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, x
Africa. In this letter, which was dated from " Moshidi's
Town, Garanganzi country, about ten days' journey west of
Lake Bangweolo," and had been carried by Mambari traders
first to the west coast, then to the Barotsi valley, and finally
down the Zambesi, Mr. Arnot said that he was in a fine country
under a powerful chief, and that elephants were in astonishing
numbers. " If you should meet our mutual friend, Mr. F.
Selous," he wrote, " tell him how delighted I should be to
receive a visit from him." By Jove, thought I, the very thing ;
as I cannot get up to the Barotsi with my waggons, I will
accept Mr. Arnot's invitation, and try to make my way to
the Garanganzi country. I at once set about making prepara-
tions, and arranged packs for the sixteen donkeys, and loads
for about fifteen boys, containing ample supplies of everything —
provisions, ammunition, and goods — for a year; for my intention
was to make my way to Mr. Arnot, and remain there hunting
and collecting during the following rainy season, and to return
to Panda-ma-tenka the next winter.
Consulting my maps, I determined to cross the Zambesi at
Wankie's Town, and after following the river down to its
junction with the Kafukwi — my old route of eleven years
before — to cross the latter river, and then strike away to the
north until I got into about the right latitude, by which time I
thought I should be sure to hear something of the whereabouts
of the chief Moshidi. I now stored all my surplus goods at
Panda-ma-tenka, and on 5 th June started on my journey, John
Weyers accompanying me as far as Wankie's, from whom he
hoped to buy some ivory. I had with me three men who
spoke Dutch — Daniel, a Hottentot, who had driven one of my
waggons in from Bamangwato ; Paul, a Natal Zulu, who had
married and been living amongst Wankie's people for some
years ; and Charley, a lad who had been brought up by one of
Westbccch's hunters, and was an excellent interpreter and a
good shot. I also had two of Khama's people with me, each
of whom carried a double lo-borc rifle (two splendid weapons,
one by Rigby and one by Purdcy), whilst Paul carried a
single 10, all three taking one cartridge, and Charley and
myself had two 450-bore Metfords by George Gibbs of Bristol.
I also had four Mashunas with me who belonged to me — two
REACH IVANKIE'S TOWN
young men and two boys. All the other boys were hired
at Panda-ma-tenka, and no dependence was to be placed on
their sticking to me ; but I trusted to my own people and the
donkeys.
We took eight days getting to Wankie's on the Zambesi,
as the road is a most difficult one for donkeys, especially along
the banks of the Matietsi river. One of them was jostled,
pack and all, off a high bank right into a deep pool, everything
of course getting wet, and the donkey being all but drowned
before we could loosen the pack, and even then we had the
greatest difficulty in getting the unfortunate animal out of the
water. As we neared the Zambesi the country became more'
and more rugged and barren, the stony, desolate hills being
nevertheless sparsely covered, with stunted, leafless trees. In
the way of game there is little else in these hills beyond a few
koodoos and impala antelopes, and we saw nothing at all to
fire at. It took us a whole day, from early morning till nearly
sunset, to get the donkeys and all the goods through the river,
working with two canoes, one a pretty good one, the other very
rickety. The river here is about four hundred yards broad,
and the stream strong. The donkeys were towed across, one
by one, at the tail of the big canoe. At length everything was
safely landed on the other side, and we camped beneath an
immense baobab-tree, close to Wankie's Town. Early the
following morning the old fellow came down to our camp.
He must then have been a very old man, but he still managed
to get about, and seemed in the full possession of all his faculties.
I had to pay him for bringing me through the river, and found
him much more grasping and difficult to deal with than when
I crossed here eleven years previously. However, at last I
satisfied him, and at once made ready to start. My boy Daniel
had complained during the morning of severe pains in the head
and back of the neck, and I now found that he had a bad attack
of fever. He evidently could not go on with me, so I left him
in charge of John Weyers, who was going to remain a few days
at Wankie's. I subsequently learned that the poor fellow only
lived three days, dying on the fourth after he was taken
sick, so dangerous is this disease in the Zambesi valley to
unacclimatLsed men, whether white, black, or yellow. Striking
202 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
an average, I think the yellow has the least power of resistance,
the black the greatest.
By mid-day I had everything once more ready for a start,
and with a hearty handshake bade adieu to John Wcyers, not
expecting to see a white man's face again for some time to
come. The following day my troubles commenced. In tlie
morning, when I wanted to get under way, the boys I had
hired at Panda-ma-tenka said that one of their number was ill.
" Very well," I said, " then he had better go back to Wankie's,
and then home to his kraal." If one went home, they replied,
they must all go. Seeing that it was what the Americans call
a " put-up job," I at once told them to go, and bade them get
out of my camp forthwith. Ten of them at once tied up their
traps, and with their sick comrade moved off to a tree at some
distance. Only a fortnight before these fellows had protested
most solemnly that they vyould stick to me through thick and
thin, and return with me to Panda-ma-tenka. Before hiring
them I had explained to them most minutely where I wanted
to get to, and the route I wished to take, so that they had
entered my service under no delusion in this respect. Although
this desertion was most annoying, I was too well used to native
character to feel surprised at it. They doubtless thought they
had me in a fix, but, if so, I soon showed them their mistake
by packing all their loads on the donkeys and proceeding on
my journey.
The humble donkey is proverbially the poor man's
friend, but nowhere more so than in the interior of Africa.
Hardy and enduring, he can carry as much as five ordinary
Kafirs, and makes no complaints. In countries where the
tse-tse fly is in excessive numbers, the donkey, strong as he is,
will not live long ; but he resists the poison far better than any
other domestic animal, and will pass through belts of " fly "
country without taking much harm, his constitution being so
strong that he will recover from the effects of the poison if not
kept too long in the infected district, whereas an ox or a horse,
if once impregnated, will almost to a certainty pine away and
die. I say almost to a certainty, because I have heard of cases
of oxen and horses recovering after having been bitten ; but
such cases are very exceptional. The younger the animal,
X TROUBLE WITH THE BATONGAS 203
whether horse, ox, or donkey, the better will he resist the " fly "
poison.
But I must get on with my narrative. A couple of days'
journey through barren stony hills and dreary leafless forests, in
which we found water very scarce, brought us once more to the
banks of the Zambesi at the village of Shampondo, a Batonga
headman. During these two days I had recruited several fresh
boys at the small Mashapatan villages by which we passed, and
the donkeys were now no longer overloaded. We had heard
that there was at present a scare amongst the Batongas about a
Matabili " impi," which was said to be camped on the southern
bank of the river, and on reaching Shampondo's found that
there were really some Matabili camped there. They wished
to cross the river, and a large force of Batongas had been
collected to prevent their doing so ; but as the latter had all
the canoes on their side it was difficult to see how the Matabili
could have crossed, even if the Batonga army had not been
there. However, they were in a great state of excitement, and
had sent all the women and children and goats away into the
bush. That evening we camped just below Shampondo's
village, the Batonga army of observation being about a couple
of miles farther up the river. Old Shampondo came down to
my camp. I made him a present, received a goat in return
from him, told him my plans, and that I wished to start again
early the following morning, and everything seemed friendly
and pleasant. At daylight the next day, however, he came
down again, accompanied by a lot of men, all armed with
barbed spears, and intimated that he was not satisiied with my
present, and that he wanted this, that, and the other. His men
at the same time assumed a threatening attitude, standing
round in a semicircle, talking and gesticulating violently. My
two Mangwato men, alarmed at the warlike aspect of affairs,
now caught up their rifles and commenced putting cartridges
in, whereupon the Batongas seized their assegais, and stood,
every man of them, with a long throwing spear, poised and
quivering, in the right hand, and half-a-dozen more in the left,
their language at the same time becoming very threatening.
These Batonga throwing spears, I may here say, are all
horribly barbed, and altogether most indigestible -looking
204 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
weapons. The situation began to be unpleasant ; however,
upon my advancing unarmed, and asking the Batongas what
they meant by raising their assegais to my people, they laid
them down and sat down themselves. We were utterly in
their power, and they knew it, for with a dozen men, most of
them boys in fact as well as in name, one cannot fight a hostile
tribe. The most I could have done would have been to have
shot some natives, and then escaped, leaving all my property
in the enemy's hands and giving up my enterprise.
I now called Paul, and with him walked to where old
Shampondo was sitting, and discussed matters with him.
After a great deal of talking, and when I had given him a
piece of black calico, a tin of powder, and two rings of brass
wire, only producing each article after a vast deal of argument,
the old fellow professed himself satisfied, and said that the road
was open for me. We had just got the donkeys loaded when
a long string of Batongas appeared, emerging from the village,
and advancing towards us. This proved to be the army of
observation, about one hundred and fifty in number, many
armed with guns, the rest with spears and shields. Upon
:oming up they all squatted down, and their headman informed
is that the Matabili had left their camp, and were in full
•etreat to their own country. He now also demanded payment
from me, on the ground that he and his men had driven the
Matabili away, and that if they had not done so, and the
Matabili had crossed the river, they would have taken my
goods and killed mc and all my people. Old Shampondo now
also made fresh demands, and all the trouble commenced anew.
Suffice it to say that before they had done with me, and would
let me proceed on my journey, they had got about ;^io worth
of goods out of me.
It is such experiences as this, when, one's heart almost
bursting with rage and indignation, it is necessary to pre-
serve an outward appearance of equanimity, talk, argue, and
pay calmly, that turn the hair of the poor African adven-
turer gray before his time. The leader of an expedition
fitted out regardless of expense, and with a small army at
his back, is, of cour.se, free from such annoyances, but he
who, on the one hand, has sufficient goods to excite native
X BATONGA EXTORTIONS 205
cupidity, and, on the other, not sufficient strength to resist
extortion, will have a fine opportunity of studying the most
unamiable points in the negro character.
At last we were free, and once more got under way. I
pushed on hard for the rest of the day, passing one or two
small villages, and at sundown reached Shamedza's, another
Batonga headman of some importance. There were a lot of
small villages about here, and the natives flocked round us in
great numbers, the women examining myself and the donkeys
with great interest. Early the following morning Shamedza
himself came to see me, telling me that he was the chief of the
district. I knew what he meant, and my prophetic soul told
me that I should have to submit to fresh extortion. However,
I made him the customary small present with a little speech,
and told him that I wished to proceed at once on my way.
He took his present and retired with it to where a knot of
elderly men were sitting, with whom he held a consultation.
Presently he sent one of them to me, to inform me that I must
give him something more. I now saw plainly that I must
abandon my intention of following the Zambesi any farther,
or the extortions of the Batongas would ruin me before I
reached the Kafukwi. About ten miles farther on I should
have to pass Mwemba, the biggest man and the biggest
scoundrel amongst them, besides several more of bad repute,
and I therefore determined to alter my route if possible, and
try to get away from the Zambesi to the Kafukwi. With
this object I now offered Shamedza a good present if he would
give me guides through the mountains which lie between the
high country and the Zambesi valley. He at once, to my joyi
agreed to do so, and gave me as guides one of his sons and!
two other men as far as the Zongwi river, where, he said, we|
would be able to get fresh guides on to the plateau.
Before proceeding farther, I will here say a few words about
the astonishing change that had taken place in the character of
the Batongas since I first travelled among them in 1877. I
was then very well received, had presents of goats and food
made me at every village, and nowhere met with the slightest
attempt at extortion. The reason was this. They were afraid
of me. No white man had been through their country since
2o6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Drs. Livingstone, Kirl<, and Charles Livingstone had passed
up the Zambesi on their way to Linyanti, many years before,
and they had a superstitious dread of the white stranger who,
with his breech-loading rifle, killed game afar off, and travelled
among them without fear that they could harm him. Since
then numbers of them had been to the diamond fields, and
found out that white men are mortals like themselves. Many,
.too, had been to the Matabili country, and worked with white
men there, and had—a&en with how little respect Europeans,
whether missionaries, traders. Government envoys, or any other
' class, are there treated by Lo Bengula and his people. In fact
fhey had found out that a white man is not a god to be
I worshipped at a distance, but only a mortal like themselves.
In 1880, acting, I am sorry to say, at my suggestion, a party
of Jesuits visited Mwcmba with the intention of founding a
mission station there. My Zulu man Paul was with them, and
from him I have learnt full particulars of their cruel experiences.
They crossed the Zambesi at Chichilaba's, a Batonga living —
fortunately for me — on the southern bank of the river between
Shampondo's and Shamedza's. This rascal would not take
them through the river at all until he had extorted an enormous
payment, and after at last agreeing to do so, landed them and
their goods on an island, and would take them no farther until
he had received a second payment. At last they got across
the river, and proceeded to Mwemba's, with seventy loads of
goods. Here they all fell ill with fever, and in a few days'
time Father Teroede, the head of the party, died, believing that
he had been poisoned. Mwemba now demanded an enormous
payment because the white man had died in his country, and
the remaining members of the party being too ill to attend to
his demands or to anything else, he seized their entire outfit —
viz. seventy loads of goods — leaving the unfortunate expounders
of the Gospel to the heathen to get back to Panda-ma-tenka
the best way they could. The survivors, like Father Teroede,
thought that they had been poisoned as well as robbed ; but
John Weyers and other old hands, who saw them on their arrival
at Panda-ma-tenka, say that they were simply suffering from
fever, which on the Lower and Central Zambesi is most deadly
to white men freshly arrived from Europe. This stroke of
X MURDERS OF THOMAS AND ZOLDNER 207
business was followed by no unpleasant consequences, and must
have been most encouraging to the Batongas.
Three years before my last visit to the Central Zambesi in
1888. Mr. David Thomas, a son of one of the first missionaries
to the Matabili country, had formed a station on an island in
~tne z,amtjesi, nea'- ttlff rr""<^>' "♦ *^^"' i^ '""'"• T nfna fi-/-.r» uriipnfo
to hunt and trade to the north. Here he was murdered in
the night by the Batongas, and all his property seized, amongst
it two breech-loading elephant guns which I had lent him, poor
fellow. Lastly, only two months before my own arrival, as I
afterwards learned, a white Portuguese trader was murdered
with a lot of his people farther down the river. Altogether, I
feel sure now that, had I persisted in following the Zambesi to
the mouth of the Kafukwi, myself and party would have been
robbed and murdered by the Batongas sooner or later. On the
other hand, on the route which I now wished to take, I was
well aware that I might get into trouble with the Mashukulumbwi
living along the Kafukwi, who two years previously had looted
Dr. Holub's camp, and killed Oswald Zoldncr, one of his sub-
ordinates. However, I hoped for the best, and breathed a sigh
of relief as we turned our backs on the Zambesi and followed
our guides along a good footpath leading to the north. I also
chuckled at the thought of what a sell it would be for Mwemba,
who, of course, had heard that I was coming down the river,
and would pass his town, when he learnt that I had changed
my route.
In the evening we reached the River Muga, after having
crossed a range of hills, amongst which we saw a great deal of
buffalo spoor, but none of the animals themselves. On the
Muga we found several small villages, but the people, never
having seen a white man before, were frightened and friendly.
The following day I remained where I was, for the double
purpose of buying food and giving the donkeys a rest, as my
guides said it would take us three days to reach the nearest
villages on ahead. The next morning, striking towards the
north, we crossed the Kachomba river and got into a country
in which buffaloes were evidently numerous. We did not run
across any, however, but saw several herds of impala antelopes,
one of which I shot in the afternoon, and Charley another in
2o8 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, x
the evening. Tse-tse fly were also pretty numerous, and must
be very much so later on during the hot months.
As our guides had said, we reached on the third day some
small Batonga villages at the junction of the little river Mwedzia
with the Zongwi (or Morongo Mineni, as it is called here). In
the evening, whilst my men were making camp, I took a stroll
through the hills, and shot a zebra whilst returning and when
close to camp, so that we got in all the meat. This was the
fourth shot I had fired since leaving Panda-ma-tenka, the result
being a duiker, impala, and zebra killed, and a koodoo wounded
but lost ; four shots in over two hundred miles of country, the
latter part of which was almost virgin ground to Europeans.
However, even in quite unexplored parts of Africa one must
not expect to find game everywhere plentiful.
At this camp I hired several Batongas, who had followed
me from the Zambesi, in the hope of entering my service.
They were a good set — strong, active young fellows, and always
willing and cheerful. They agreed to go right through with
me, and I believe they would have done so, for had I got them
across the Kafukwi they would scarcely have dared to leave
me and go home by themselves, but, as will be seen later
on, I was not destined to cross the Kafukwi. I here also got
two men who said they would act as guides through the
mountains to the north, and show me a path that would take
me right on to the high country. Shamcdza's men here left
me and returned home. Besides the men I had hired, several
others accompanied me in the hope that I would shoot game
and give them some meat.
-^m^^
^^k.
^4
fl- ^
IjLiA^
Mashukulumbwi Village.
CHAPTER XI
A rough country — Scarcity of water and game — Surefootedness of the donkey — Death
from acute dysentery — The country improves — Obtain guides to Monzi's — Roan
antelope shot — Herd of wildelieests seen — Pleasant travelling — Delightful
climate — Abundance of game — Reach Monzi's — Friendly relations with the
people — Proceed northwards — The first Mashukulumbwi village — Interview
with Sikabenga's men — Cross the Magoi-ee river — Reach the Ungwesi — Shoot
three Lichtenstein's hartebeests — Arrival at Minenga's village — A musical
entertainment — Shoot zebras and hartebeest— Description of the Mashuku-
lumbwi— Night attack on our camp — Escape into the long grass — Alone in
Central Africa — Swim across the Magoi-ee river — Commence a lonely journey.
DuRiNc; the two following days our route lay through what I
think must be about the roughest country to walk over in the
whole world, a chaotic mass of detached conical hills of from
five hundred to one thousand feet in height. These hills are
stony and barren in the extreme, and have a fearfully dry
parched-up appearance. Water is excessively scarce and there
is little or no game ; indeed, no animal with legs to take him
anywhere else could be expected to live in such a miserable
country. Our guides, however, evidently knew it well, and
followed a path, or rather what once had been a path, but which
at the time of our visit was in many places quite invisible.
These two days' journeys were terribly trying to the donkeys,
and I was surprised to see what break-neck places these sure-
footed animals climbed up and down ; let him take his own
P
2IO TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
time, and a donkey will clamber up and down almost anywhere,
no matter how steep it may be. Without competent guides it
would be, owing to the scarcity of water and the broken nature
of the country, a very difficult matter to get through these hills.
On the afternoon of the day we left the Zongwi, one of the
Batongas who had followed me for meat, a strong, active-look-
ing young man, was seized with acute dysentery, and on the
following morning about six o'clock he died — pretty quick work.
His friends remained with the body, which I afterwards learned
they did not take the trouble to bury, but simply threw into
the water-hole below our camp. I was afraid that this sudden
death might cause a scare amongst my own boys, but they did
not appear to think anything of it, and some of tlicm imitated
the spasmodic twitching of the poor wretch's fingers, the turn-
ing up of his eyes, and the protrusion of the tongue as he was
dying ; laughing all the while and saying that they saw it was
all up with him. Paul told me that his friends attributed his
sudden illness to the machinations of an enemy at his own kraal,
by whose spells he had been bewitched and done to death.
On the third day after leaving the Zongwi the character of
the country began to change very much for the better, the hills
becoming more rounded in appearance, and being covered with
forests of machabel and mahobo-hobo trees in full foliage ;
beneath the shade of which grew a plentiful supply of grass. I
spent a couple of hours during the middle of the day in catch-
ing butterflies, and took several good ones, amongst them some
of the handsome Achrma acrita. I found them to be identical
with those met with on the northern and eastern slopes of the
Mashuna country south of the Zambesi, at an elevation of
between three thousand and four thousand feet, and the same
was the case with the vegetation.
On the evening of the following day we camped at a small
Batonga village, situated in a fertile valley beneath the shadow
of a range of hills, the main range, which, I think, runs all the
way from the Victoria Falls to the Kafukwi. Here I got
another guide (though the two men from Zongwi still remained
with me) to take me to Monzi's, a Batonga chief living on the
high plateau over which I knew from Mr. Ravenstein's map
that Dr. Livingstone had passed more than thirty-five years
A GOOD GAAfE COUNTRY
before, on his journey from the Makololo country to the Lower
Zambesi. Our new guide told us that we now had only to
climb this one range of hills and we would then be fairly upon
this plateau, and that once there I would see plenty of game,
and find the travelling easy for the donkeys. I was delighted
indeed to hear it, and the next morning we made an early start,
and ascended the steep face of the hill by a winding footpath.
After reaching the summit, an hour's walk through undulating
forest-clad country brought us to a stream of water, beyond
which lay open grassy downs. Here I shot a roan antelope
bull, and so halted for breakfast by the carcase. Shortly after
we came upon a large herd of blue wildebeests, which on seeing
the donkeys came running towards us to have a look at them ;
but as I knew that we should see more game farther on and
nearer to our camping-place, I did not fire at them. In the
evening I shot another roan antelope bull, and the following
morning a fine wart-hog boar. From here to Monzi's we
travelled very pleasantly through an uninhabited country of
alternate forest and open downs, well watered and full of game.
1 he climate, too, on this high land and at this time of year was
delightful, the days being quite cool even in the sun, and the
nights very cold. Every day I shot whatever game I wanted,
Lichtenstein's hartebeests, Burchell's zebras, and elands being
the most plentiful. At length we reached Monzi's.
When Dr. Livingstone was here in 1853 this chief was living
close to the little hill U-Kesa-Kesa ("marked Kesi-Kesi in Mr.
Ravenstein's map). Since then he had probably changed the
site of his village more than once, and at the time of my visit
he was living about eight miles to the north-east of U-Kesa-
Kesa. I found Monzi to be a little wizened old man, blear-
eyed, and getting very infirm, but very chatty and friendly ; he
remembered Dr. Livingstone's visit quite well, and did not speak
of it as though a long time had since elapsed. In fact, leading
the lives they do, the.se savages have really no idea of time, and
five years or fifty is much the same to them. He told me that
since Dr. Livingstone's visit, more than thirty-five years prior to
my own, no other white man had ever passed through his country,
from which I concluded that European enterprise was not
making much headway in this part of Africa. Poor old Monzi
212 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
at the time of my visit was bewailing the loss of his cattle,
which had all been carried off about two months previously
b\- that section of Lewanika's forces which had followed up
Marancinyan, who, as I have mentioned, was an aspirant to
the Barotsi chieftainship, and had not long before made a
raid upon Sesheki, in the very heart of Lewanika's country.
Marancinyan, Sikabenga, or Makunguru, for he rejoiced in three
names, was then living, with a considerable following, near the
Nyandabanji hills, some fifteen miles south of Monzi's, and it
would appear that Lewanika's men were afraid to attack him,
since they turned back when within a {cv^i miles of his town,
sweeping off, however (not to return empty-handed), all the
cattle they could seize from the small Batonga villages where
they were not likely to meet with resistance.
I stopped over a day at Monzi's, and we were on very
friendly terms with the people. I gave them the best part of
an eland and a zebra, and my boys revelled in sweet potatoes
and ground nuts, besides any amount of good meat — in fact,
they were enjoying themselves thoroughly, and were perfectly
happy and contented, and ready to follow me anywhere.
Many of the men about here were perfectly naked. We
also saw some with their hair dressed in the Mashukulumbwi
fashion, that is, plastered up into a lump at the back of the
head, the rest of the head being shaved. I found it impossible
to get any precise information about the country on ahead.
No one in the village ever seemed to have been more than
twenty miles north of where he was born arid reared. At last
I got two men, who said they would guide me to the Kafukvvi ;
but I am convinced they had never been there, and knew
nothing of the character of the people on ahead. After leaving
Monzi's we travelled over open treeless downs, much of the
country being covered with grass from six feet to seven feet
high. However, we followed good native footpaths leading from
village to village, breakfasting near one village and sleeping
near another. At the second of these two villages the people
were all Mashukulumbwi, and the men were without exception
stark naked, and wore their hair dressed in the fashion I have
described, which is peculiar to that tribe. At the village where we
slept we could get no bush to make a "scherm," nor wood for
XI VISIT FROM SIKABENGAS MEN 213
cooking, the surrounding country being an open grassy plain.
We were therefore obHged to do the best we could with corn-
stalks,' which we planted in the ground, and we bought firewood
from the [Vlashukulumbwi, who had carried it from a distance.
After dark one of our guides, who had been in the
village, came and reported that a lot of Sikabenga's men
had arrived, and that they had come after me. They did not,
however, come down to our camp that night ; but early the
following morning they paid me a visit. There were about
fifteen of them, all Barotsi, and all carrying guns, and they came
accompanied not only by the Mashukulumbwi men belonging
to the village, but by a lot more, whom they must have
collected from other villages during the night. Every Mashu-
kulumbwi carried a large bundle of finely-tapered throwing
spears, about seven feet long, all villainously barbed. I put on
my cartridge belt and took care to have my rifle in my hands.
However, the Barotsi were apparently friendly. They said
that the news of rny having passed by Monzi's had been
communicated to their chief Sikabenga by the Batongas, and
that he had thereupon sent them after me with two tusks of
ivory, to buy ammunition. I told them that I had no powder
to sell, and indeed, none at all, with the exception of what was
in the cartridges that I was carrying for my breech-loading
rifles. These cartridges I informed them I could not afford
to part with, as my journey was to a far country, where
I should require all I had for my own use. They did not,
however, believe what I said, and insisted that some biscuit
tins, in which were packed some medicines, books, and other
miscellaneous articles, contained powder.
They then wanted me to return with them to Sikabenga,
saying that the Mashukulumbwi would be sure to murder me
and my people before we reached the Kafukwi. I asked them
why they had collected the Mashukulumbwi in the night ; to
which they replied that they were Sikabenga's people, and had
come to pay homage to them as his representatives. They then
again tried to persuade me to return with them to their own
town, and when I once more refused to do so asked me if I
' 'I"he stalks of maize and Kafir corn grow to si.\ or eight feet in height, and in the
Zambesi valley those of the latter grain [holcus sorghum) attain a length of fifteen feet.
214 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
had never heard how Dr. Hokib's camp had been attacked and
plundered two yeans previously by the Mashukulumbwi, and
told me that I would never cross the Kafukwi. " You will
live two days more," they said, " but on the third day your
head will lie in a different place from your body." However,
I paid no heed to their threats, and finally sjave them a
blanket for Sikabenga, and a few yards of calico for themselves.
They and the Mashukulumbwi then left us to pack the
donkeys and proceed on our journc\-.
A couple of hours' walk brought us to the banks of the
Magoi-ee river, which rises a little to the south of U-Kesa-
Kesa, and runs north into the Kafukwi. Here I shot a zebra,
and as there was water close at hand and the day was ahead}'
far advanced, I decided to proceed no farther, but to camp for
the night. Moreover I wished to question our guides closely
about the country on ahead, as I did not exactly like the
appearance of the Mashukulumbwi, and had no wish to get
into the middle of their country, knowing what had happened
to Dr. Holub amongst these same savages not long before.
My idea was that it would be wise to change our course, and
instead of continuing due north direct to the Kafukwi, to
strike to the eastward, and cross it lower down at Semalembui's,
where Dr. Livingstone had crossed it years before, by which
means we would avoid all but the small outlying villages of
the Mashukulumbwi. Paul and Charley agreed with me, but
we unfortunately allowed ourselves to be dissuaded and led
into the jaws of death by our ignorant guides, who said that
they did not know the country to the eastward, or where
we should get water (which was doubtless true enough), and
that by the route we were taking we should pass no large
Mashukulumbwi towns, but only small isolated villages, where
the people were friendly. Thus we were deterred from taking
a route by which we might have got through to the Kafukwi.
Pearly the next morning we passed another small village,
where the people were evidently frightened of us. After
leaving this we followed a path leading due north, parallel
with the course of the Magoi-ee. This river is marked Makoe
in Mr. Kavenstein's map. During the day we travelled through
a country teeming with elands, zebras, and other game, and
XI CAMP ON RIVER UNGWESI 215
passed through a strip of forest where tse-tse fly were also
numerous, and in the afternoon reached the River Ungwesi.
Here we found more Mashukulumbwi villages, and as it was
already late determined to camp on the farther bank of the
river. At first the people were shy, standing watching us
from a distance, every naked warrior, however, with his bundle
of dangerous-looking, long barbed javelins. Soon the head-
man came up to us with a few of his followers, and, becoming
assured we had no evil intentions towards him or his people,
was apparently very friendly, pointing out a good place to
pitch our camp, and telling my men where to collect wood, cut
grass for the donkeys, etc. I think that this man really
was kindly disposed, as he had a friendly, good-natured face.
I made him a small present, at which he seemed mightily
pleased, and, after going back to his village, he presently
returned with a basket of meal, with which he presented me.
This time he was accompanied by about thirty men, who were
all absolutely naked, unless a porcupine quill stuck through
the lobe of the ear may be considered an article of clothing.
Every one of them carried a bundle of spears over the left
shoulder, and at the same time held one or two in the right
hand. I confess I did not like the appearance of these warlike-
looking savages, for in all my travels I had never before met
with a tribe whose members apparently never stirred from their
huts unless fully prepared for battle. I learnt from the head-
man that the River Ungwesi is the same which Dr. Livingstone
crossed near its source, between Monzi's and Semalembui.
On Mr. Ravenstcin's map it is marked as running into the
Kafukwi. This is a mistake, however, as it runs into the
Magoi-ee, only a few miles from here.
The next morning the headman again paid us a visit, and
gave me a man to take me to Minenga, the headman of the
district, whose village is situated on the River Magoi-ee, about six
miles to the north from here, and not far from the Kafukwi.
Minenga, he told me, owned canoes on the latter river, and
would be able to ferry my goods and donkeys across. Shortly
after starting I came upon a herd of Lichtcnstein's hartebeests
grazing along the Ungwesi river ; and, as I knew that Minenga
was only a short half-day ahead, and that I would not be able
t>
2i6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
to get beyond his kraal that day, I thought it would be wise
to shoot one or two if possible, and take a supply of meat with
me. I shot three of them, and so halted for breakfast while
my boys were cutting them up. I also sent one of my guides
back to the village we had just left, with a message to the iiead-
man that if he would send a couple of men to me I would
give them some meat. The old fellow came himself with a
good many of his people, bringing meal and ground nuts for
me. I gave him and his men a lot of meat, and he appeared
to be, and I think really was, immensely delighted.
After breakfast we followed the Ungwesi till close to its
junction with the Magoi-ce, when we left it and cut across to
the latter river. We soon found ourselves amongst a number
of small Mashukulumbwi villages, and I saw that we had
suddenly got into the midst of a thickly-populated district.
The landscape was now, too, dotted with herds of cattle of
a very small breed. We were soon completely surrounded
by crowds of naked men, every one carrying his bundle of
barbed javelins. The crowd seemed, however, a good-natured
one, and the men appeared to be thoroughly enjoying them-
selves as they walked alongside of the donkeys, laughing,
shouting, and gesticulating violently. At length we reached
Minenga's village, which, like all the others, we found to be a very
small one. It was situated close to the bank of the Magoi-ee,
in the middle of a space cleared of the long grass with which
most of the country is here covered, and dug into irregular
ridges and furrows, ready to be sown with maize later on.
Minenga was at another little village, a few hundred yards
away from his own, when we arrived there ; but a man was
instantly despatched to call him, and he now appeared — a tall
spare savage, with neither a particularly good nor a jjarticularly
bad expression of face. Upon my asking him where we were to
camp, he replied that we must do .so right alongside of his village,
and when I objected that there was no bush near with which
to make a " schcrm " and nowhere to tie the donkeys, he replied
that this was not a country where travellers could sleep safely in
the bush, and that we could make a scherm of cornstalks, and
plant poles to which we could secure the donkeys. So, seeing
that we were now, if anything should be wrong, in the lion's
CAMP AT MINENGAS
den, and must brave it out, I gave orders to off-load the donkeys,
and to make a scherm of cornstalks, as he had suggested.
Now, the only spot of level ground to be found was
immediately alongside the village ; thus the back of our camp
was within ten yards of the chief's hut, and on one side of
the cattle kraal. The village therefore lay just at the back of
our scherm, and between it and the river, which was about two
hundred yards distant. In front of us lay an open space of
cleared ground dug into uneven ridges and furrows, bounded
at about sixty yards' distance by a large patch of long grass.
Minenga now sent me a pot of beer, and shortly afterwards I
went with Paul to his hut, and, making him a present of a
blanket and some fancj'-coloured calico, told him that I wanted
him to put me through the Kafukwi, and that I should like
to cross the river the following day. He replied that the road
was open for me, and that his own children should take me
through in his own canoe. He then said that he would like
me to remain with him the following day and drink beer, or I
could go out hunting and shoot some game for him, as there
were lots of elands, zebras, etc., to be found close to his town.
He also said that his large canoe was some distance off, but
that if I would remain with him the following day he would
send and have it brought down to the nearest crossing- place,
so that the ne.xt day I could get through the Kafukwi without
any delay. This statement induced me to comply with his
wish, and stop a day over, and 1 told him that I would do so,
and that if he would give me men to show me where the game
was I would go out early the next morning and try to shoot
something for him. He thanked me, and gave me some more
beer, and I left him with the impression that he- was a very
good fellow, and that I should get through the Kafukwi with-
out any trouble. By sundown my boys had made a pretty
good scherm of cornstalks and put the donkeys in the kraal
with Minenga's cattle. After dark the entire population of
the village came to our camp, and the women and girls sat
round the fires eating meat with my boys and giving them
ground nuts and sweet potatoes in return. The j-oung
men, now without their spears, went in for a dance with my
Batongas, and a fellow with a musical instrument, formed of
:i8 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
flat bits of hard wood laid across the open mouths of large
calabashes — which, when struck with a stick, emitted a good
deal of noise and no music — made such a din that at last I
was glad to bribe him to silence with a small piece of calico.
Altogether, as I lay and viewed the whole scene, I thought
that we had thoroughly gained the goodwill of the people, who,
though wild and savage, I decided were easy to deal with if
properly treated.
It was about nine o'clock, I think, when Minenga sent his
son to ask Paul, Charley, and myself to come and drink beer
with him. I was already undressed and under the blankets,
or I probably should have gone, but I did not care about
dressing again, and so sent word to say that it was now too
late, and that I had turned in, as I wanted to go out hunting
at daylight the next morning. Nor would Charley go either,
but Paul, being, like most Zulus, very fond of native beer, could
not resist the temptation, and so went up alone. When he
came back he said that Minenga had asked him a lot of ques-
tions why I had come there, where I was going to, what was
the object of my journey, what I intended doing with my
goods, etc. etc., and had told him that the natives on the other
side of the Kafukwi were a dangerous people to travel amongst,
but that he would give me one of his own sons to take me
through the unsafe district. Judged by the light of after
events, I now believe that, had I gone that night to drink beer
accompanied by Charlcj' and Paul, all three of us unarmed,
as of course we should have been, wc should certainly have
been murdered then and there ; and I feel convinced that the
fellow with the musical instrument was simply sent down with
the young men to get up a dance and make such a noise as
would drown any disturbance we might make whilst being
assassinated. We three disposed of, they knew they had no
one else to fear, as they could see for themselves that my two
Mangwato men, and the two Mashunas who carried guns, were
in an abject state of terror. However, they wanted to get us
all together, and as Paul went up alone they did not molest him.
At length the dancers went away, and I went to sleep,
never dreaming that anything was wrong, but flattering myself
that we were on excellent terms with the people. The next
XI MASHUKULUMBWI DRESS 219
morning I went up to Minenga's hut with some of m}' own
boys, and asked him for the men he liad promised to give me
to show me where the game was. I was rather surprised to
find that he seemed all at sea, and had no one ready to go
with mc, although on the previous evening he had been so
eager that I should shoot some game for him. However, after
a slight delay he sent his son and two more men with me.
Crossing the river by a ford just behind the village, where the
water was about waist-deep and very cold, we followed a foot-
path leading south, which soon brought us to some ground
where the long grass had been burnt off. Here we soon espied
some zebras and hartebeests. The zebras allowed me to walk
up to within one hundred and fifty yards of them, and I killed
two with my first two shots. I might have shot more of them,
but I wanted a hartebeest for meat for myself. Firing at
something over two hundred yards, I missed, but with my
fourth shot I killed one. I now gave Minenga's men the one
zebra and half the hartebeest, keeping the other half and the
second zebra for myself and my own people, and then returned
to camp, which was not more than two miles off
On my telling Minenga that I had given his men *a whole
zebra and half a hartebeest, he thanked me profusely, as did his
wives, and gave me a pot of beer. The rest of the day I passed
reading and writing at the scherm, where we were constantly
surrounded by crowds of Mashukulumbwi, who had flocked in
from all sides to see the white man. Some of them wore a few
strings of beads round the waist ; otherwise all were naked.
This nakedness does not arise from poverty, for these people,
having large herds of cattle, are well off for hides ; but it is the
fashion in this part of the world to go naked. Many of the
men had a small cat-skin made into a bag, in which they
carried tobacco, dacha, etc. These small skins, however, were
always hung either round the neck or over the shoulder, or on
the hip, or behind, but never where, with European ideas, one
might have expected them to be placed. Some of the men
had their hair worked up into a cone like a strawberry pottle,
quite two and a half feet in height. The base of these cones
was always fixed on the back of the head, but they were made
to curve upwards and forwards, so that the point of the cone
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
was pretty well straight
above the head, and in
the apex of these conical
head-dresses was fixed a
long thin strip of sable
antelope horn, looking
like a piece of whalebone,
which, though strong
enough to stand upright,
yet waved with every
movement of the head.
The extreme point of
thcsecurious head-dresses
was certainly over five
feet above the skull of
the wearer. These people
must necessarily live in
a very open country, for
with such head-dresses
they could never get
through bush. During
the day some hundreds
of Mashukulumbwi must
have visited our camp,
and I had a good oppor-
tunity of observing them.
They are a fine, sturdy-
looking race of men ;
very many of them have
rather aquiline features,
and are at the same time
lighter in colour than
their fellows ; and it ap-
pears to me that amongst
them there is a strong
admixture of some other
blood than the negro —
perhaps Arab or some
other North African race.
Mashukulumbwi Warrior.
.\-i AN EVENTFUL NIGHT 221
At length the sun went down, and our visitors all left us.
Just before sunset I went up again to Mincnga with Paul, and
told him that I wanted to make an early start in the morning,
and he replied that the road was open for me, that I could start
as early as I liked, and that his own son should take me through
the Kafukwi, and not leave me until we were three days' journey
on the other side of the river. His wife asked me for a small
piece of brass wire, and I went and cut off a ring and brought
it up to her. She was most profuse in her thanks, and said I
must come and drink some beer with her before starting in the
morning. I went back to camp still thinking that Minenga
was a very good fellow, and his wife a friendly, good-natured
woman. This evening we again put the donkeys in the cattle
kraal. Aly boys were trading meat for meal, ground nuts, etc.,
until after sundown ; but when it got dark there was not a
single stranger in camp. After a good supper — which I dis-
cussed with a light heart, for on the morrow I hoped to cross
the Kafukwi — I turned in. It was the 8th of July, the last
day of the old moon, and a dark though starlight night.
Although on the previous evening our camp had been
thronged with a crowd of men, women, and children, who had
danced and sung and kept up a constant chatter till after mid-
night, it did not escape my notice that this day there was not
a single stranger in our camp when it grew dark ; nor, with the
e.xception of a little conversation carried on in a low tone of
voice, did there appear to be any life or movement in the
village behind us. I must confess that I felt uneasy, for I
could not help contrasting the quiet and constraint with the
noise and revelry of the first night of our arrival in the village.
My boys too seemed uneasy, and sat in groups' round their
respective fires, whispering to one another, and all holding their
assegais in their hands. As it grew later, however, they lay
down one by one, and as the fires burnt lower and lower an
absolute quiet and stillness took possession of the night.
I could not sleep, however, and was lying under my blanket,
thinking of many things, and revolving various plans in my
head, when about nine o'clock I observed a man come cautiously
round the end of our scherm and pass quickly down the line
of smouldering fires. As he stopped beside the fire, near the
222 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
foot of Paul and Charley's blankets, I saw that he was one of
the two men who had accompanied us as guides from Monzi's.
I saw him kneel down and shake Paul by the leg, and then
heard him whispering to him hurriedly and excitedly. Then I
heard Paul say to Charley, " Tell our master the news ; wake
him up." I at once said, " What is it, Charley ? I am awake."
" The man says, sir, that all the women have left the village,
and he thinks that something is wrong," he answered. I thought
so too, and hastily pulled on my shoes, and then put on my
coat and cartridge-belt, in which, however, there were only four
cartridges. As I did so I gave orders to my boys to extinguish
all the fires, which they instantly did by throwing sand on the
embers, so that an intense darkness at once hid everything
within our scherm.
Paul and Charley were now sitting on their blankets,
with their rifles in their hands, and I went and held a whis-
pered conversation with them, proposing to Paul that he and
I should creep round the village and reconnoitre, and listen
if possible to what the inhabitants were talking about. " Wait
a second," I said, " whilst I get out a few more cartridges," and
I was just leaning across my blankets to get at the bag con-
taining them, when three guns went off almost in my face, and
several more at different points round the scherm. The muzzles
of all these guns were within our scherm when they were dis-
charged, so that our assailants must have crawled right up to
the back of our camp and fired through the interstices between
the cornstalks. The three shots that were let off just in front
of me were doubtless intended for Paul, Charley, and myself,
but by great good luck none of us were hit. As I stooped to
pick up my rifle, which was lying on the blankets beside me,
Paul and Charley jumped up and sprang past me. " Into the
grass ! " I called to them in Dutch, and prepared to follow.
The discharge of the guns was immediately followed by a
perfect shower of barbed javelins, which I could hear pattering
on the large leathern bags in which most of our goods were
packed, and then a number of Mashukulumbwi rushed in
amongst us.
I can fairly say that I retained my presence of mind per-
fectly at this juncture. My rifle, when I picked it up, was
XI A NIGHT ATTACK 223
unloaded ; for, in case of accident, I never kept it loaded in
camp, and I therefore had first to push in a cartridge. As I
have said before, between our camp and the long grass lay a
short space of cleared ground, dug into irregular ridges and
furrows. Across this I retreated backwards, amidst a mixed
crowd of my own boys and Mashukulumbwi.
I did my best to get a shot into one of our treacherous
assailants, but in the darkness it was impossible to distinguish
friend from foe. Three times I had my rifle to my shoulder to
fire at a Mashukulumbwi, and as often some one who I thought
was one of my own boys came between. I was within ten
yards of the long grass, but with my back to it, when, with a
yell, another detachment of Mashukulumbwi rushed out of it
to cut off our retreat. At this juncture I fell backwards o\-cr
one of the ridge.s, and two men, rushing out of the grass, fell
right over me, one of them kicking me in the ribs and falling
over my body, whilst another fell over my legs. I was on my
feet again in an instant, and then made a rush for the long
grass, which I reached without mishap, and in which I felt
comparatively safe. I presently crept forwards for about
twenty yards, and then sat still listening. Standing up again,
I saw that the Mashukulumbwi were moving about in our
camp. It was, however, impossible to see any one with
sufficient distinctness to get a shot, for whenever one of the
partially-extinguished fires commenced to burn up again it was
at once put out by having more sand thrown over it.
But I now thought no more of firing at them. I had had
time to realise the full horror of my position. A solitary
Englishman, alone in Central Africa, in the middle of a hostile
country, without blankets or anything else but what he stood
in, and a rifle with four cartridges. I doubt whether Mark
Tapley himself would have seen anything cheerful in the
situation. Could I only have found Paul or Charley, or even
one of my own Kafirs, I thought my chance of getting back to
Panda-ma-tenka would be much increased, for I should then
have an interpreter, I myself knowing but little of the languages
spoken north of the Zambesi. I now began to quarter the
grass cautiously backwards and forwards, whistling softly, in
hopes that some of my own boys might be lying in hiding near
224 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN ^.. VCW chap.
me ; but I could find no one, and at length came to the con-
clusion that all those of my people who had escaped death
would make the most of the darkness and get as far as possible
from Minenga's before day-dawn, and I decided that I had
better do the same. I knew that such of my boys as had
escaped and who were most probably in ones and twos, would
now make their way south through the veld, and would be
afraid either to use the native footpaths or to approach any of
the villages, which would make the chance of my falling in
with one of them very small indeed. The first village, I thought,
where they would dare to show themselves would be Monzi's,
where the people were not Mashukulumbwi,^and where we had
been so friendly with them. Therefore I determined that my
best plan would be to make for Monzi's, also travelling through
the veld, and to endeavour to get there before my boys, and
to wait for them there.
In my belt I had a knife, a box of matches, and a watch.
I looked at it, and by the light of the stars saw that it was
now eleven o'clock. First of all I had to cross the Magoi-ee
river, and I now made a half-circle round the village, always
keeping in the long grass, until I reached its bank, and then
made my way cautiously up to the ford. I found, however,
that a party of men were watching here, as one of them spoke
in a low voice to his companions, just as I was approach-
ing, and so luckily gave me notice of his whereabouts.
After .standing still listening for a few second.s, I cautiously
retreated, but when I had got about three hundred yards off
I thought I was far enough, and resolved to take it as it
came, and cross the river at all hazards. The bank, I found,
was guarded by a dense bed of reeds, and when I got through
this I found there was a high perpendicular bank between me
and the black sluggish-looking stream, which I knew to be full
of crocodiles. As the water looked deep, I stripped so as not
to get my clothes wet. These, together with my shoes, I tied
into a bundle and left on the bank, and then, holding my rifle
and the two belts in my left hand, 1 slipped down into the
river. The water, I found, was out of my depth, but, being
an expert swimmer, I had no difficulty in getting across,
holding my rifle well out of water. I had some trouble
XI FLIGHT 225
in getting up the steep muddy bank on the farther side, but
at length succeeded, and, depositing my rifle amongst the
reeds, once more sHpped into the water, recrossed the river,
and returned again with my clothes in safety. The water was
bitterly cold, and I was shivering as I climbed up the bank.
I now re-dressed in the long grass, and, climbing an ant-hill,
took a last look towards my scherm. The Mashukulumbwi
I saw had now made up the fires, upon which they were
throwing bundles of grass, by the light of which I suppose
they were dividing my property. I turned my back upon
this most melancholy spectacle, and, taking the Southern Cross
for my guide, which was now almost down, commenced my
lonely journey.
CHAPTER XII
Reach our first camp on the Magoi-ee river — Await the arrival of some of my own
people — Proceed on my journey — Shoot a wildebeest — Suffering from cold —
Reach a small native village — Lose my rifle — Narrowly escape getting shot —
Reach Monzi's — Resolve to make for Sikabenga's town — Experiences by the
way — Arrive at Sikabenga's — Start for Panda-ma-tenka — Arrive at Shoma's —
Fall in with Paul and Charley — Twelve of my people killed — Escapes of the
survivors — Recross tlie Zambesi — Reach Panda-ma-tenka — Some explanations
concerning the attack on my camp.
The night was very cold, and my whole clothing consisted of
a thin coat, a light shirt, and a pair of trousers cut short off
above the knee, my legs being bare. I now walked steadily
to the south until 4 A.M. by my watch, always in long tangled
grass, through which it was most fatiguing to force my way.
I then felt so cold that, coming to a small patch of forest, I
lit a fire and sat by it till sunrise. I heard no lions during
the night, though there are plenty of them in this country,
but hyaenas howled dismally the whole night through. Soon
after sunrise I continued my flight, reaching, the hill Karundu-
ga-gongoma about mid-day. This hill was about two miles
from our first camp on the Magoi-ee river, and was near the
spot where I had shot the zebra, on the evening of the day
on which I had parted with Sikabenga's men. I thought it
very likely that Paul or Charley or some of my boys who had
escaped from Minenga's might visit this camp, so I crossed
the river on a ledge of rocks, and walked up the footpath
which led to our old scherm. I could not find, however, any
sign of footprints made by the boots that Paul and Charley
were wearing, nor indeed any tracks whatever coming from
the north, so I recrossed the river, and finding a large tree
that cast a good shadow over a patch of grass beneath the
o
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s
o
§•
o
to
^
o
OJ
i
5
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S
o
T3
ALONE IN AFRICA 229
steep bank, lay down in the shade, and determined to remain
there until the evening, watching the ford, in the hope that
some of my boys would presently come along the footpath.
I had seen plenty of game during the morning, but had been
afraid to fire, thinking that I was still too near to Minenga's ;
but as I was now getting hungry I resolved to shoot some-
thing as soon as I got another chance. I had been lying in
the shade cast by the tree on the top of the river's bank for
some hours, when at last I heard voices and was on the point
of jumping up and shouting out, as at first I thought that
some of my own people were approaching. Luckily I
restrained myself, and lay quite still with my loaded rifle in
my hands. Very soon two heads appeared above the grass,
on the farther bank of the river, and the shaven crowns and
cone-shaped head-dresses at once assured me that none of my
own men were near me, as I had hoped, but only two of the
natives of the country. Each man carried the usual bundle
of long throwing spears over his left shoulder, and each of
them held one of these weapons ready for use in his right hand.
They were evidently discussing the imprints left by my shoes
in the soft sand of the path which led from our old camp to
the river. When they reached the bank they were at fault,
for I had crossed the river by a ledge of rocks, on which of
course there was no trace of my footsteps. With my rifle and
four cartridges, I was of course safe from these men, but, had
they seen me, I should have been obliged to have shot them
both in self-defence ; for if they had run away after having
seen me, they would have alarmed the country-side, and I
should then in all probability have been waylaid and assegaied
in the long grass. I could see them so plainly from where I
lay that I thought every moment they would have seen me.
However they did not, and after talking together a little
longer they turned round and went back the way they had
come. I then got up and moved away to a tree a couple of
hundred yards from the river, where I again lay down and
watched the ford until late in the afternoon. Having had
nothing to eat for nearly twenty-four hours, I was now getting
hungry, and on resuming my journey made up my mind to
try to shoot an animal off which I could dine. I had not
230 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
gone far when I espied a single wildebeest feeding in the
distance.
There was no bush about and the grass was short all round
him, but I was by this time very hungry and determined to
try to shoot him. With a great deal of care I reached a
single small bush something more than two hundred yards from
him, and nearer it was impossible to get. Having only four
cartridges to keep me in food all the way to Panda-ma-tenka,
more than three hundred miles distant, I hesitated to risk a
shot at this distance, and had made up my mind rather to go
another day without food when the wildebeest turned and came
walking straight towards me. There was a small stream of
water a short distance behind where I was lying, and I think
he was coming down to drink. He came on steadily without
stopping until he was level with the bush behind which I was
sitting, and not more than thirty yards from me, when I gave
him a bullet through the shoulders, killing him on the spot. I
at once cut off meat enough to last me for three days, and,
carrying it down to the water, lighted a fire and roasted some
on the ashes forthwith.
By the time I had satisfied my hunger the sun was
low, so, shouldering my rifle and load of meat, I resumed
my journey. I determined to walk through the night and,
if possible, pass all the remaining Mashukulumbwi villages
between here and Monzi's before daylight, and lie and sleep
there the following day, waiting until some of my own boys
should turn up. I also determined to take the footpaths by
which we had come, as the labour of forcing one's way through
the long grass was too severe. Early in the night I passed by
the village where Sikabenga's men had come up with us. From
here it was two and a half hours' hard walking, by the watch,
to the village where we had breakfasted after leaving Monzi's.
I was now on a high open plain, the night was bitterly cold,
and I was tired, sleepy, and thirsty. After an hour's walk,
coming to a few thorn-trees, I collected some small dry sticks,
and, lighting a fire, cowered over it until there was no fire left.
Then I had to go on again and try to keep out the cold by
fast walking. At length I reached the last Mashukulumbwi
village, a little over two hours' walk from Monzi's. I was
XII ALONE IN AFRICA 231
perished with cold, and tired and thirsty besides. It was now
long after midnight, and the inhabitants of the village were all
wrapped in slumber. Going close up I could see that there
was a fire burning outside one of the huts, beside which some
one was lying. The village only contained half-a-dozen huts
in all, and, being near Monzi's and far from Minenga's, I thought
the inhabitants might be friendly. At any rate I determined
to chance it, and warm myself, so I walked in and sat down by
the fire. There was a boy lying on the ground on the other
side of it, fast asleep. Presently I woke him up and asked him
for water, but he said there was none. The talking must have
awakened a man in one of the huts behind me, as he came up
to the fire and spoke to me. I saw at a glance that he was
unarmed, and when he sat down beside me I tried to explain
to him what had happened to me since I had passed his village
about a week before with my boys and donkeys. He could
not understand me very well, nor were his answers very
intelligible to me, as I spoke to him in Sintabili with only a
small leaven of Satonga, and he replied in pure Satonga.
However, when I told him I was thirsty and asked him for
water, he got up, and going to his hut soon brought me a
calabash full. I had just finished drinking when I heard some
whispering going on in a hut just opposite to where I was
sitting, and presently I saw a man emerge from it, and move
stealthily away in the darkness. After a short interval he
returned, and as he re-entered his hut I saw that he had a gun
in his hand. Presently I heard the sound of a bullet being
tapped with a ramrod, and knew that the owner of the gun was
either loading his weapon or making sure that it was already
properly charged.
All this was not very reassuring, but I felt so comfortable
alongside the fire that I determined to rest there for an hour
or so, and then leave the village and continue my journey to
Monzi's. Everything soon became perfectly quiet again, and
every one in the village was apparently asleep. At any rate
the boy was who was lying on the other side of the fire.
Presently I too lay down with my back to the warmth and my
head resting on one of the logs that protruded from the fire. I
held the butt of my rifle between my thighs, and had my hands
232 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AERICA chap.
clasped on the barrel. I had no intention of going to sleep,
but thought that I would rest and get warm for an hour or two
and then leave the village again without wishing any one good-
bye. However, I was tired and sleepy, and must presently have
dozed off and fallen fast asleep.
How long I slept I do not know, but I awoke suddenly
with a feeling that some one was near me, and starting
up, found that two men were just approaching the fire.
Seeing that they had no weapons in their hands, I sat
down again and laid my rifle alongside of me, with the
barrel resting on one of the fire-logs. The two men now
sat down beside me, and commenced to question me as to
what had caused my return, alone and in the middle of
the night, and I endeavoured to tell them something about the
disaster that had happened to myself and my people at
Minenga's. I only partially understood what they said, and
was not able to explain myself very well to them. In
endeavouring to do so to the best of my ability I kept gradu-
ally turning more towards them, till presently my rifle lay
almost behind me. It was whilst I was in this position that I
heard some one behind me. I turned quickly round to clutch
my rifle, but was too late, for the man whom I had heard
just stooped and seized it before my own hand touched it,
and, never pausing, rushed off with it and disappeared in the
darkness. I sprang up, and at the same moment one of the
two men who had engaged me in conversation did so too, and,
in the act of rising, dropped some dry grass which he had
hitherto concealed beneath his large ox-hide rug on to the fire.
There was at once a blaze of light which lit up the whole of
the open space around the fire. My eyes instinctively looked
towards the hut which I had seen the man with the gun enter,
and there sure enough he sat in the doorway taking aim at me
not ten yards from where I stood. There was no time to
remonstrate. I sprang out into the darkness, seizing one of the
pieces of wildebeest meat as I did so ; and, as the village was
surrounded with long grass, pursuit would have been hopeless,
and was not attempted. My would-be assassin never got off
his shot.
I now got on to the footpath leading to Monzi's, and
ALONE IN AFRICA 233
walked along it rapidly to keep out the cold. My thoughts
were gloomy indeed. My position had not been a particularly
enviable one before the loss of my rifle, but now it was ten
times worse. I could no longer procure myself food, and was
at the mercy of any one of the cruel savages amongst whom I
was, who might choose to make a target of me for his barbed
spears. My only hope was that Monzi would prove friendly,
and that there I should fall in with Paul or Charley and some
of the boys. Just before daylight I reached Monzi's, and sat
by a fire until the people turned out of their huts. Monzi and
his men — -one of the latter could speak a little Sintabili, and I
was able to tell my story — were friendly, I could see, but the
old man was in a great state of alarm when he heard how my
rifle had been stolen and my life attempted at the next village.
" You must leave my village immediately," he exclaimed ; " they
will follow you up and kill you. Be off! be off instantly ! "
He filled my pockets with ground nuts, and sent me out of his
town, with three of his men, at once. The man who spoke
Sintabili told me most emphatically not to trust the Batongas,
but to hide during the daytime and travel at night, and make
my way to the Zambesi as quickly as possible. After walking
a mile or so with me they returned home, telling me again not
to trust myself in the Batonga villages, or I would certainly be
murdered. This was pleasant.
As soon as Monzi's men had left me I turned into
a patch of forest, and, lighting a fire, cooked myself a
piece of wildebeest meat and roasted a few ground nuts.
From where I sat I commanded a good view of the
Nyanda Banji hills, about ten miles to the south-east, and,
as I looked towards them, a thought struck me. Why not try
to make my way to Marancinyan, whose town I knew was
somewhere about those hills, and put myself under his protec-
tion. I knew that he was a friend of George Westbeech, was
well acquainted with white men and their ways, and that he
would, therefore, know that I would be able to pay him well
for any assistance he might give me in getting back to Panda-
ma-tenka. To find his town was the difficulty. However, I
thought that if I made my way to the hills I would be sure to
find footpaths leading there, and I determined to spend that
234 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
day, at any rate, in the attempt, and if unsuccessful to strike
westward again on the morrow till I struck our trail coming
from the Zambesi. Here I hoped to find some of my men,
and if I did not do so I should have to make my way as best
I could to the river.
A tiring walk through long tangled grass brought me to
the foot of the hills, where I struck a footpath. This I
followed, and it soon brought me in sight of a few Batonga
huts, which I saw were inhabited. I did not much like trusting
myself amongst these people ; still it was necessary to ask
the way to Marancinyan's, so I determined to run the risk.
Advancing cautiously I reconnoitred the village, and saw that
all the huts with the exception of one were placed amongst
some trees at the farther end of a large cleared piece of ground
that had been prepared for planting maize and corn. One hut
was much nearer than all the others to where I was standing,
and on the farther side of it I saw a man scraping the dry
skin of some large antelope, which he no doubt intended to
prepare for a blanket. His bundle of long throwing spears
were standing against the eaves of the hut. I walked round
the edge of the clearing, in the shelter of the long grass,
until I got the hut between myself and him, and then
advanced rapidly across the open ground until I reached
it ; then walking round it I appeared suddenly in front
of the astonished savage, standing close to his bundle of
assegais. As I was the first European he had ever seen
he was no doubt much startled, and at any rate he looked
as if he was. " Zila-a-Sikabenga ankai?" I said, which is
good Satonga for " Where is the footpath to Sikabenga's ? "
This question I repeated several times before I could get any
reply at all ; and when the man I was speaking to at last re-
covered from his surprise sufficiently to answer me he would say
nothing but " No ziba " (" I don't know "). I did not half like
the appearance of this savage, and began to regret having
shown myself at all ; and I thought that if I could only get
back to the long grass without the remaining inhabitants of the
village noticing me I would try to avoid being seen by any one
else. I therefore said to the man by whose side I was standing,
"Where is the path to the water?" when he at once pointed to
XII / REACH SIKABENGA'S TOWN 235
one running down the clearing. I then turned and walked
down this path as quickly as possible, hoping that I should
reach the end of the clearing and gain the shelter of the long
grass before the rest of the Batongas saw me.
However, the man I had been talking to must have
rushed off and called his friends immediately I left him ;
for before I had got very far I heard shouts behind me,
and, looking round, saw about a dozen naked men running
towards me, all carrying their bundles of long throwing
spears. I could not tell their intentions, and I thought
it as likely as not that they would murder me forthwith.
But I knew that to run would be the very worst policy,
for it would be sure to increase their hostility should they
be unfriendly, whereas a bold front might tend to overawe
them. I must say that as I stood thus unarmed and helpless,
whilst these savage-looking men came running up to me, I
did not feel at all happy, and bitterly regretted the loss of my
good little rifle. However, when they came up to me, talking
and gesticulating violently, I found them not unfriendly. They
asked me a lot of questions, some of which I understood more
or less, as to why I was alone ? where were my people ? and
where was my rifle ? but I pretended I did not understand
them, and only asked them to show me the footpath leading
to Sikabenga's (Marancinyan). They told me that I was
on the path, which ran past their village, and one of them
accompanied me a considerable distance, until we were through
the hills, and then pointed out to me a small hill in the distance,
and gave me to understand that Sikabenga was living not far
beyond it, and that the footpath to his town passed close
beneath it. I gave him the empty cartridge case with which I
had shot the wildebeest as a reward for his friendliness, and he
left me highly pleased. I passed several more small Batonga
villages, and inquired my way of the people, of whom I now
had little fear, as I did not think that they would dare to harm
me so near to where Marancinyan was living. At last, late
in the afternoon, I reached the town, having been walking
almost continually during the previous twenty-four hours.
Marancinyan, or Sikabenga, as he was called by the
Batongas, I found to be a young man, tall and well built, but
236 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
with a rather weak-looking face. As he spoke Sintabili fairly
well, I was able to converse with him without difficulty.
He did not treat me with any excessive hospitality, as he
neither gave me enough to eat nor lent me a blanket to
keep out the cold at night ; yet had it not been for him I
should in all probability have been murdered by the orders of
his uncle. This, however, I only learnt some time afterwards,
and though for three days I must have lived constantly in
the very shadow of death, I had no idea at the time that
my life was in any danger. On the morning after my arrival
I tried to get Sikabenga to send a party to try to recover the
Metford rifle that had been stolen from me, and offered to give
him four muskets for doing so if he would send men with me
to Panda-ma-tenka to get them. He told me an hour or two
later that he had sent off a party of men on this errand. I
then asked him if he would give me men to attack the
Mashukulumbwi who had looted my camp and killed my
people, and he said he would if I would supply them with
powder. During the afternoon a sort of council of war was
held, at which most of his principal men attended. I tried to
get them to give me a sufficient number of men to accompany
me to Panda-ma-tenka to bring back a good supply of powder,
and offered also to get Mr. Westbeech's elephant-hunters to
help me. In addition to this I told them that I would bring
all my five horses with me to assist in the attack. However, I
could not get them to promise anything, and on the following
day Sikabenga told me he was afraid to send • men to Panda-
ma-tenka, as they might meet some of Lewanika's partisans
on the way. Shortly afterwards he told me that the men he
had sent to try to recover the rifle that had been taken from
me in the little village beyond Monzi's had returned, and that
they had been unsuccessful.
Late in the afternoon of this same day he came up
to where I was sitting in the courtyard attached to his
own hut and said, " You cannot remain any longer in my
town. The Mashukulumbwi have followed you, and are
now close at hand ; they demand your life, and I cannot
protect you. You must go at once to a small Batonga
village near here, whose headman is my close friend (umligan).
XII A DANGEROUS SITUATION 237
At sundown this evening I will come to you, and bring guides
with me who will take you to Panda-ma-tenka." I could see
that Sikabenga was anxious and disturbed, but I felt convinced
he was lying, as I knew very well that the Mashukulumbwi,
who have very few guns, would never dare to threaten the
Barotsi, who are all well armed with guns and rifles. However,
I could not understand what was the matter, though I saw that
something was wrong ; and when Sikabenga urged me to go
away at once with his friend the Batonga, and reiterated his
promise to bring me the guides that evening, I thought it best
to comply with his wish. The man in whose charge I now
was was an elderly Batonga with a rather pleasant face, and I
found that his village was situated on a small hill not two
miles from the Barotsi town. Arrived there, I sat down on a
rock waiting for Sikabenga. I felt angry and suspicious.
Presently the sun went down and it began to grow dusk, but
Sikabenga did not come. I then began to suspect some
treachery, and determined to return to his town and upbraid
him.
Without saying a word to the Batonga into whose charge
I had been given, I got up and walked quickly along the
footpath by which I had come to his village. He at once
ran after me and commenced to expostulate, but I walked on
without answering. Finding that I paid no attention to him,
he simply followed behind me, but as he carried a large assegai
I made him go on in front. It was dark when we reached
Sikabenga's kraal. I walked straight into his courtyard, where
I found him sitting with only a few of his wives and servants
about him. Addressing him in Sintabili I said, " What do you
mean, Marancinyan, who say that you are George Westbeech's
friend, and the friend of all white men, by sending me to sleep
amongst your dogs ? Have you given them orders to murder
me in the night ? If you want to kill me, you can do so here
in your own town." He was evidently much put about at my
reappearance in his town, but beat his breast and swore by
Beetjee, the daughter of Umziligazi, that he was truly a friend
of white men, and had no intention of doing me any injury.
However, he again told me that I was in great danger in his
town, and urged me to return and sleep in the village of his
238 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xii
friend the Batonga. " To-morrow morning," he said, " I will
come and see you, and bring two men with me who will guide
you to Panda-ma-tenka." Something in his manner told me
that he was really trying to do his best to help me, and although
I could not understand exactly where the danger lay, I felt
that it was nearer to me in Sikabenga's town than in the
Batonga village I had left ; so I once more went back with the
headman. That night I slept in a hut with several young
men, and all sense of immediate danger having passed, got a
good night's rest alongside the fire that burnt in the centre of
the hut. I lay, of course, on the ground and without a blanket.
On the following morning Sikabenga came to see me, and
brought three men, who, as I understood him, were to go with
me to Panda-ma-tenka. I started at once, and late on the
following day we reached a Batonga village, under one Shoma.
Farther than this Marancinyan's men would not go, but I here
found a friend in an old blacksmith, who had been to Penda-
ma-tenka years before, and there seen waggons and horses, and
who also spoke a little Sintabili. He gave me four boys to go
with me to Panda-ma-tenka, on condition that I paid them
certain articles on my arrival there, and also sent him a tin of
powder and a blanket. To these conditions I gladly agreed.
Here, too, I heard news of some of my people. A man told
me that ten of them had slept at a village not far off on the
previous night, and left again that morning, and that they were
making for Shankopi's, a Batonga headman living in the hills
about thirty miles on this side of Wankie's. I therefore asked
my friend the old blacksmith to let his boys take me also past
Shankopi's. The following morning we made an early start,
and, to make a long story short, in five days reached Shankopi's,
on the same day and almost at the same time as the remnant
of my people.
They were mightily glad to see me, as they had given me
up as dead long ago, and patted me on the breast and kissed
my hands. I now learned the extent of our losses on the
night of the attack on our camp. Twelve men had been killed,
and six more wounded out of twenty- five. Amongst the
killed was one of Khama's men, who carried my double lO-
bore Rigby rifle. The other, who carried the double Purdey,
u. o
CHAi-. XII / REJOIN THE REMNANT OF MY PARTY 241
had had his cheek grazed by a bullet, and had left his rifle
behind him. Every one had had his escapes. Paul, the Zulu,
got through the first rush of our assailants unhurt, but was
nearly drowned in crossing the river, where he lost my single
lO-bore rifle. Charley also got out of the scherm unwounded,
and, making his way to the river, there fell in with two of
our boys, and with their assistance crossed safely with rifle,
cartridge belt, and clothes. I found that we had all done the
same thing, namely, held to the south through the night,
across country. Charley said he was close to me when I shot
the wildebeest ; he heard the shot, and ran with the two boys
in the direction, but never saw me. I fancy he must have
passed me whilst I was cooking the meat, as I was then in a
deep hollow. He too had been seen and pursued in the day-
time near the village where my rifle was captured, but again
escaped in the long grass. This had also happened to the
survivor of the two Mangwato men, who, being likewise alone
and unarmed, had incautiously approached a village. He said
that one man got close up to him and threw three assegais at
him, one of which cut his right hand. At last, however, he
outran him and escaped. Neither Paul, Charley, nor the rest
had gone near Monzi's or any other village, being afraid of the
inhabitants, but had kept through the veld, and only cut into
our trail beyond the hill U-Kesa-Kesa. Here Charley shot
a zebra, and was shortly afterwards joined by Paul, who had
then been three days without food. Farther on Charley shot
another zebra, and here he and Paul remained for three days
more, hoping that I would turn up, and collecting all the other
survivors of our party. Our hardships were now over, except
that we had still to sleep without blankets. Shankopi gave
me a sheep, to be paid for at Panda-ma-tenka, and on the
following day we reached the village where Paul's wife lived.
Here we got a supply of meal and another sheep to take us to
Panda-ma-tenka, and next day reached Wankie's and recrossed
the Zambesi.
From here we walked to Panda-ma-tenka in three days,
about the shortest time on record, I think, five days being con-
sidered good time. On the third day wc did exactly ten hours'
actual walking (by my watch) at a great pace, and Paul,
R
242 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Charley, and myself, with three of the Kafirs, got in just at
sundown, the remainder not arriving till mid-day the following
day. I do not know exactly what the date was, and there was
no one who could tell me, John Weyers being away at the
river ; but, judging by the moon, it must have been just about
three weeks after the night of the attack on my camp near the
Kafukwi. All that time I had slept on the bare ground with-
out a blanket, and had suffered much from the cold, and had
also undergone much hunger and fatigue, but I did not appear
to be any the worse for it, and felt very well. I had, however,
lost so many things that I could not do without — all my
medicines, books, maps, compass, etc., besides four breech-
loading rifles with their ammunition — that I was obliged to
return to the Transvaal again at the end of the year, instead of
spending the summer beyond the Zambesi, as I had intended
to do.
In order that my readers may comprehend some incidents
in my narrative, to which I had no clue at the time they
occurred, I shall now put them in possession of certain informa-
tion in connection with the attack upon my camp of which I
myself was ignorant for some months after I wrote the first
account of that event.
In August 1888 a large Matabili war party crossed the
Zambesi near Mweniba's, with the assistance of the Batongas,
and made their way on to the plateau to the north. Their
allies guided them to Sikabenga's villages, which they sur-
rounded one night and attacked at daylight next morning.
The Barotsi were taken completely by surprise, and Sikabenga
(or Sitwala, as he was called by the Matabili) was killed,
together with the greater portion of his people. A few,
however, escaped, and subsequently made their way back to
their own country. In the following October one of these men
told my boy Charley many circumstances connected with the
attack that was made upon my camp, which left no doubt that
Sikabenga's men had been the instigators and organisers of the
whole business. When I passed by Monzi's, so Charley's
informant said, Sikabenga himself was away at the Zambesi,
but his uncle sent a party of men after me, with orders to get
powder from me at all costs, even if they had to murder me in
XII WHY I WAS ATTACKED 243
order to secure it. These were the men who came up to me
on the evening of the day I left Monzi's. Instead, however,
of returning home, as I thought they had done after saying
good-bye to me, it appears that they followed me up and
collected the Mashukulumbwi together and persuaded them to
assist in the attack upon my camp. One of the Barotsi who
was sent after me fell ill on the way, and remained behind his
companions in the first little village beyond Monzi's. This
was the man who tried to shoot me, as I have described in the
course of my narrative. It appears that he first asked Monzi's
sister to order her people to assegai me, which the old lady
refused to do, saying that the white stranger had treated her
well, and that therefore she did not wish his blood to run in
her village. Sikabenga's man then said he would shoot me
himself, and got a certain amount of assistance from some of
the villagers, who, however, could not have been very keen about
killing me, or they might have assegaied me twenty times
over without difficulty.
There remains one point more, which I must explain,
and that is Sikabenga's behaviour to me when I arrived
at his village. As he could talk the Sintabili language
I was able to converse with him freely, and he at once
saw that I did not suspect his people of having been in
any way concerned in the attack on my camp, and being a
man of a kindly nature, and moreover having been a great
friend of Mr. George Westbeech, the well-known Zambesi
trader, he made up his mind to protect me, and did so. What
made him tell me that I must leave his town on the third day
after my arrival was the return of his people with my donkeys
and part of the loot that had been taken after the attack on
my camp. Sikabenga was, I think, afraid that had I seen
any of my own property, and so become aware that his people
had been the ringleaders in the treacherous attack that had
been made upon my camp, he would have been obliged to have
had me killed, on the principle that " dead men tell no
talcs."
CHAPTER XIII
Resolve to visit the Barotsi chief Lewanika — Shoot five elands — Meet Harry
Ware — Cross the Zambesi — Reach the Kasaia river — Great abundance of
game — Horses fiightened liy zebras — Owl and chameleon — Reach Sesheki —
Kindness of the missionaries— Anecdote of Sepopo — The Loanja swamp —
Uninteresting country — Scarcity of game — Cross the Lumbi river — The mission
station at Sefula — Visit to Lialui — Lewanika, chief of the Barotsi — Mr.
Coillard — The Barotsi valley — Natives saluting the chief — Unhealthincss of the
climate — Embark on the Zambesi — Bird life on the river — Visit to the grave
of Nonambing I'leasing scenery — Elephants and buffaloes — The Ealls ot
Gonyi — Canoe capsized by a hippopotamus — Loss of goods — I'ass the Nambwi
rapids — Arrive at Kazungula — Great drought — Journey to and arrival at
Bamangwato.
Upon mj' return to Panda-ma-tenka from the disastrous
journey to the Mashukulumbvvi country I took a few days'
rest, during which I wrote a hurried account of what had
occurred, and at once sent it, together with many letters, by
special messengers to Bamangwato. By that time I had quite
recovered from the fatigue and hardships I had so lately
undergone, and the restlessness of my disposition — which I
think must be nearl)' equal to that of the Wandering Jew —
urged me to .set out upon another journey across the Zambesi.
This time I determined to visit the Barotsi valley, in the hope
of selling some of my horses to the chief Lewanika. At the
same time too I hoped to obtain from him permission to travel
and hunt next year in the unknown country to the north of
the Kabompo river (one of the main affluents of the Upper
Zambesi).
I had first to visit my cattle post at Gazuma, in order to
shoot some game and leave a supply of meat for the herd
boys. In this matter fortune favoured me, as the day after
my arrival there I found a herd of elands, which I drove to
CHAP. XIII CJ^OSS THE ZAMBESI 245
within a short distance of my camp. I then shot five of them,
and had every scrap of the meat carried in and cut up the same
day. The following afternoon I started for the river, where I
arrived with three horses on the night of iith August. Here
I met my old friend Mr. Harry Ware, whom I had known
since both of us were little more than boys, and who is now
one of the most experienced of the traders and travellers in the
interior of South Africa. My friend was conducting a shooting
party, which included a plucky young Englishwoman (Mrs.
Thomas), who had accompanied her husband to this distant
part of the world. They had all just returned from a trip to
the Majili river, near Sesheki, and were now about to visit the
Victoria Falls. Mr. Percy Reid, who was of the party, very
kindly gave me a compass, to replace the one I had lost in
the Mashukulumbwi country.
The following afternoon I crossed the Zambesi, towing my
horses through the river at the tail of a canoe without difficulty;
and that night I slept at the village of Mambova. We left
Mambova early the following morning, and after travelling
eight miles or so to the north-west reached the River Ungwesi,
where I saw three roan antelopes and a few pookoos {Cobus
vardoni). They were, however, excessively wild, and as the
ground was full of holes and sun-cracks, and altogether very
unfavourable to ride over, I did not go after them. I found
that the River Ungwesi flows into the Zambesi some eight or
ten miles west of Mambova, and not to the east of the junction
of the Zambesi and Chobi, as it used to be represented to do
in the best maps.
In the afternoon I continued my journey, and that night
passed through an extensive mopani forest, to the east of the
Kasaia river, in which the tse-tse fly still lingers, though in no
great numbers. After crossing the Kasaia we kept on for
another two or three miles, and slept on the edge of the plain
through which the waters of the Majili river find their way to
the Kasaia. In the rainy season the whole of this plain is
under water ; but during the winter the Majili, though a large
river on its upper course, containing reed beds, in which hippo-
potami are plentiful, is only connected with the Kasaia by a chain
of small pools, at a considerable distance from one another.
246 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xiii
On awaking the following morning and looking across the
plain on the edge of which we had slept, we saw herd upon
herd of wildebeests and zebras, all feeding slowly up wind.
Altogether there must have been many hundreds of these
animals in sight at once. As we were out of meat I saddled
up one of my horses and shot a wildebeest, and we then con-
tinued our journey, the path turning to the south-west. An
hour's walk, during which we were continually in sight of herds
of wildebeests and zebras, brought us to a small vley,' and here
I called a halt for breakfast. Whilst preparing this meal a
herd of zebras approached the water, and seeing the horses, came
towards them, upon which the latter apparently took fright, and
went off at a gallop in the direction from which we had come,
the herd of zebras galloping close behind them. I at once sent
all my boys after them, hoping that they would not go far ;
but in about two hours' time some natives turned up, travelling
to Sesheki, and from them I learned that the horses had turned
into the footpath near our last night's camp, and gone right
into the fly-infested forest, which we had been at such pains to
pass through during the night. I now fully expected that the
horses would go right back to Mambova before my boys would
be able to overtake and turn them, and made up my mind that
I should be detained for at least two days waiting for them.
However, late in the evening Charley turned up with them,
having managed to catch them about half-way between the
Kasaia and Mambova. The horses had twice passed through
the fly -infested forest beyond the Kasaia, but as it was a
cloudy day and a high wind was blowing, and the flies there
are few and far between at this time of year, I do not think
they were " stuck," and at any rate they never showed the
slightest sign of being in any way affected.
Whilst waiting for the horses I took a stroll along the foot-
path towards Sesheki with my butterfly net, and as I was
walking slowly along, saw, sitting on a patch of bare ground
beneath a thorn-tree, and not ten yards from me, a very small
species of owl, which I know well, though I am unacquainted
with its Latin name. Surprised at its tameness, I walked
towards it, but it did not move until I was quite close to it,
^ Pool of water.
CHAP. XIII OJI^L AND CHAMELEON 249
when it opened its wings and flew for two or three yards. As
it did so I saw that there was something attached to one of its
legs, and on catching it found that a large chameleon was fast
secured to it, having its tail firmly twisted two or three times
round one of the owl's legs. How they had got into this
position I cannot say, but I fancy that the little owl must first
have attacked the chameleon, though upon detaching it I could
find no wounds or scratches of any kind upon it. Neither
was there anything amiss with the owl, which, as soon as I had
released it, flew away and perched in a neighbouring thorn-
tree.
Early the following morning I rode on ahead of my boys
to Sesheki, which I reached in an hour and a half I was here
very kindly received by Messrs. Jeanmairet and Jalla and their
wives — missionaries belonging to Mr. Coillard's mission to the
Zambesi, which is an offshoot, I believe, o^s^the French Protest-
ant Mission so long established in B^^iitnlnndr-
~" Mr. Jeanmairet informed me that the crocodiles were a
great nuisance to him, having devoured all his pigs, all his dogs,
and nearly all his goats. These reptiles are very savage and
voracious at Sesheki, as in Sepopo's time they became accus-
tomed to eating human flesh, a practice they are loath to discon-
tinue ; so that for a man to fall into the water near Sesheki is
a very dangerous matter. In Sepopo's time many people were
executed for witchcraft and other offences, and their bodies
thrown to the crocodiles, as in the Matabili country they
are given to the hy?enas. I will here relate a story I had
from the mouth of an eye-witness, and which I think is true,
which shows that Sepopo had a strong sense of humour. In
October 1874, when returning to my waggons from a hunting
trip up the Chobi, I met Mr. T., a trader, who had just returned
from Sesheki. In the course of conversation he told me that
one day, as he was drinking beer with Sepopo, a very old man
crept up and begged for food. The king, turning to some of
his men, asked who he was, and learned that he belonged to
one of the slave tribes. He then said, " He's a very old man ;
can he do any work?" and was informed that the old man was
quite past work, and dependent upon charity — a very, very
scarce article in the interior of Africa. Then said the king.
250 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
" Take him down to the river and hold his head under water,"
and the old man was forthwith led down to the river. Presently
the executioners returned. " Is the old man dead ? " said Sepopo.
" Dead he is," they answered. " Then give him to the croco-
diles," said the king, and went on drinking beer and chatting to
my friend T.
I left Sesheki on i6th August, and followed Mr. Coillard's
waggon road to the north, sleeping that evening on the bank
of the Loanja river, or rather swamp. The road from here
follows the western bank of the Loanja for about forty miles, the
whole of which distance is infested with " fly," and has therefore
to be traversed at night by both oxen and horses. It can be
done in two nights by ox waggons, but is usually done in three,
and there are two islands in the swamp free from " fly," to
which the oxen can be driven to feed and rest during the day-
time. These islands are, too, conveniently situated so as to
divide the journey into three easy nights' work. With my
horses, and walking with the boys by bright moonlight, I passed
this " fly " infested district in two nights, making my halt at
Kalangu's, where I had an attack of fever and had to delay a
day in consequence. From the spoor which I saw in the moon-
light there must be a great many buffaloes on the Loanja, as
well as other game ; indeed, we saw a herd of the former
animals and several herds of antelopes as we were walking
along by the brilliant moonlight.
After leaving the Loanja we entered upon a forest country,
with fine white sand under foot, very similar to the country
south of the Zambesi on the road to Bamangwato ; and the
character of the country never altered all the way to the Barotsi
valley. In fact I found the journey by land from Sesheki to
the Barotsi inconceivably monotonous, and utterly devoid of
interest of any kind. Game was exceedingly scarce, far more
so than it is south of the Zambesi. At some large vleys
between the Loanja and the N'joko rivers I saw a few wilde-
beests and zebras, and also a small herd of Lichtenstcin's hartc-
beests. I tried, and failed, to shoot one of the latter animals,
but managed to kill a wildebeest. Near the N'joko I shot three
elands, and managed to get a little fat for cooking purposes.
Before reaching the N'joko we left Mr. Coillard's waggon track.
XIII REACH MR. COILLARD'S MISSION STATION 251
and, travelling more to the westward, did not re-enter the road
till we were near the Mutondo river. On 2Sth August we
reached the Lumbi, the largest of the affluents of the Zambesi
between Sesheki and the Barotsi valley. Here we saw a great
many Leechwe antelopes, but as I did not care about wading
through the swamp after them, I gave my rifle to my boy
Charley, who is a very good shot, and he managed to kill two
— a fine ram and a ewe. Where we struck the Lumbi it was
not more than twenty yards broad, though very deep, and
running with a strong current. The water was as clear as
crystal, so that in spite of the depth we could see the bottom
quite plainly. We crossed everything — goods, boys, and horses
— by the help of a canoe which my guides obtained from a
neighbouring village.
After crossing the Lumbi the country became, if anything,
more uninteresting than it had been, and almost destitute of
game. I managed to shoot a solitary wildebeest near the
Mutondo, the only animal I saw between the Lumbi and the
chiefs village of Lialui. We passed many large lagoons that
seemed to be exactly suited for wildfowl ; but as I saw none,
I suppose there was something wanting. Suffice it to say that
on 2nd September I reached Mr. Coillard's mission station at
Sefula. Here I was very kindly received by Mr. and Mrs.
Coillard, who, together with a young Scotch artisan (Mr. War-
dell), are living here alone in Central Africa, far indeed from the
busy hum of civilised life. As Mr. Coillard himself said to me,
nothing but a very strong sense of duty could induce a Euro-
pean to live in such a country, so utterly out of the world, and
cut off so entirely from all communication with his kind. The
mission station stands upon the top of the wooded sand-ridge
which bounds the Barotsi valley on the east, and is, I suppose, one
hundred feet or so above the level of the poisonous valley itself
The chief's town, Lialui, is about fifteen miles distant, situated
in the middle of the Barotsi valley, which I think is about as
unhealthy a spot as could be found in all Africa. Although Mr.
Coillard had not yet been two years at Sefula he had built a
comfortable dwelling-house, and several outhouses and store-
rooms, the whole being fenced in. Mr. Wardell at the time of
my visit was hard at work building a church, which was already
/.
252 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
approaching completion. Whilst I was at Sefula the ther-
mometer registered from 98° to 105° daily, although it was
protected by an artificial shade, and hung under a thick-
foliaged tree.
After spending three days beneath the hospitable roof of
the Sefula mission station, I went on to Lialui to see I-ewanika,
Mr. Coillard accompanying me, and taking his photographic
apparatus with him, as he intended to spend a few days at the
chiefs. Mr. Coillard, I may here say, has already taken a
great many most interesting photographs representing different
phases of native life and customs, and others of the scenery
of the Upper Zambesi.
On reaching Lialui we were very kindly received by
Lewanika, and Mr. Coillard welcomed as an old friend. To
him was assigned a large hut within the royal enclosure, whilst
another was given to me outside for the use of myself and my
people. In appearance my hut was clean enough, the floor
being even, and plastered with mud ; however, I found it to
be infested with " tampans," a kind of ground-bug, whose bite
is very irritating, and whose attentions effectually banished
sleep. The following day Lewanika made me a present of
an ox, and later on of a large tusk of ivory. On my part I
presented him with a very good hammerless shot gun and
some rugs. He also bought my three horses with ivory, and
undertook to give me canoes to enable me to return by river
) to Kazungula. He always dressed in European clothes, and
seemed desirous of acquiring civilised habits. He had given
up drinking beer, and taken to tea and coffee instead. Mr.
Coillard has a good deal of influence over him, I think, and
has, too, I believe, gained the confidence of those of his
people with whom he has come in contact. Having been for
many years in Basutoland before coming to the Zambesi he
understands and speaks Sakalolo — the court language of the
Barotsi, and which is a corrupted Sasuto — perfectly, and is a
man of so kindly a nature that I think he is sure to gain the
goodwill of the people.
The Barotsi valley itself is a most miserable place to
live in. During the rainy season it is inundated by the
overflow of the Zambesi, and is entirely under water, with
XIII UNHEALTHINESS OF THE BAROTSI VALLEY 253
the exception of the sandy mounds on which the villages
are built, which are just above the water level. When the
floods recede, the grass, which has been months under water,
is rotten, and then the hot sun beats down upon it more
fiercely every day until the following rainy season. If one
walks outside Lialui after sundown the smell from the rotting
vegetation is very strong and disagreeable. Under such
conditions the Barotsi valley must be very unhealthy, and it
is in fact a hotbed of malarial fever. But Lialui has other
drawbacks besides its unhealthiness. There is no wood within
five or six miles, and the people burn a kind of little bush
which grows amongst the grass, and which it takes a long time
to collect. In the dry season when the floods have receded
there is no water to be got within a couple of miles, and it
is very bad water when you have got it. Food of all kinds
is very scarce and difficult to obtain. The people keep neither
goats nor fowls ; and if you cannot get an odd fish you
must go without animal food as a rule. During my stay at
Lialui the chief almost daily sent me some fish, always all
ready broiled in the ashes ; and Mr. Coillard most kindly
supplied me with corn for my people from his store at Sefula,
so that, with the meat of the ox that had been given me
and some eland biltong, I managed to rub along tant bien
que Dial.
I did not see any interesting ceremonies during my stay
in the Barotsi country. One evening there was a dance in
honour of the new moon, but it was of no interest whatever.
Every morning and evening the chief sat for two or three
hours in his " kotla " or courtyard, and was occupied whilst
I was there almost exclusively in distributing the- cattle, lately
taken from the Mashukulumbwi, amongst his own people.
When strangers came in they saluted the chief most cere-
moniously. First they would kneel down in a row, and after
clapping their hands bend their heads forward until their fore-
heads touched the ground, when the head was moved slowly
from side to side ; then, raising their heads again, they would
look towards the chief and throwing their arms quickly and
wildly into the air would shout twice in unison, and in slow
measured tones, the words " So-yo, so-yo." This ceremony
254 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xiii
would be twice repeated, when, after clapping their hands again,
they would get up and retire.
Sometimes, whilst the chief sat in the " kotla," a man
appeared dressed in — or, rather, covered with — the skin of a
hyxna. He imitated the animal in a most realistic manner,
and must often have watched hyaenas prowling about on moon-
light nights to have obtained so minute a knowledge of their
habits. Lewanika, like the lady in the fairy tale, " has music
wherever he goes," being always accompanied to and from the
" kotla " by two drums and another barbarous instrument
made of flat pieces of wood laid over the mouths of calabashes.
The drums are beaten the whole night through by relays of
drummers, so that whenever Lewanika awakes he may hear
them, and know that his people are keeping guard. Before
leaving the Barotsi I had a sharp attack of fever, as had also
both my Dutch-speaking boys, Paul and Charley, and several
of my Mananzas and Batongas, from below Wankie's, all of
whom ought to have been acclimatised ; but, as I have said
before, the Barotsi valley is, I believe, a perfect hotbed of
fever, and a most dangerous place for Europeans. At last
the chief informed me that the canoes, paddles, and paddlers
were all ready, and on the morning of 2ist September I bade
him good-bye and walked to the place of embarkation, which
is in an arm of the Zambesi, and about four miles distant from
Lialui. The following day we reached the main stream of the
Zambesi, and slept at Nalolo, the chief town of the king's
sister Moqui, whom I had seen at Lialui. Three days later
we reached the end of the Barotsi valley at a place called
Sinanga. Here the forest comes down to the water's edge,
and we were able once more to get wood to cook with, a
luxury we had not known for some time, having had to do
all our cooking lately with dry weeds and odds and ends of
that nature.
The river scenery in the Barotsi valley is very poor, as
the river flcjws through a perfectly flat country like Holland,
but is without the windmills, farmsteads, and orchards with
which that country is studded. We saw a few Leechwe
antelopes and every day a few hippopotami and crocodiles.
The bird life was very interesting. Pelicans and various
^T? i^ffiri -r
s
<
CHAK XIII NONAMB/NG'S GRAVE 257
species of cranes and storks were very numerous, as were
avocets, spoonbills, herons, bitterns, and egrets. I also noticed
wattled plovers, spur-winged plovers, and stilted plovers, besides
dotterel and a few curlew, which latter seemed identical with
the European bird. Two species of ducks, and both spur-
winged, and Egyptian geese, were also in considerable numbers.
The day we reached Sinanga I left the canoes about mid-day
and accompanied some of my men to the grave of a former
Barotsi chief named Nonambing, as our headman wished to
pray to him for a prosperous journey, and also for success in
hunting. Arrived at the little village where the deceased
chief lay buried, he placed about sixpennyworth of calico on
the grave and offered up his prayers. The ceremony was
concluded by the headman of the little village — who is the
hereditary keeper of the grave — spitting upon all the guns of
the party, mine included. After this we had a long walk
across the open plain and under a burning sun to the canoes,
which we did not reach till sundown.
Below Sinanga the scenery of the Zambesi becomes
very pleasing, as the forest comes down to the river's
brink on both banks, and the river itself is studded with
wooded islands. On the morning of the 28th I left the
canoes, and walked for more than three hours along the
western bank of the river. This is a great country for
elephants and buffaloes ; indeed, there are said to be more of
the former animals here than in any other part of .Lewanika's
dominions, and he will not allow any one but his own hunters
to shoot in this part of the country. Walking along the bank,
I crossed the spoor of two herds of elephants that had drunk
in the river during the previous night, and must, have been
feeding for hours amongst the trees on the water's edge. The
one herd was composed entirely of big bulls, the other of cows
and calves. The whole country had been trampled by large
herds of buffaloes, which, however, had left the river and retired
into the bush for the day. All other game had done the
same, and I saw nothing but a small herd of impala antelopes.
Tse-tse flies now swarmed on both banks of the river, which
about here is very broad, certainly quite a mile from bank to
bank, and full of wooded islands, many of them of very con-
s
258 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
siderable extent. Both banks of the river are wooded, and the
scenery often reminded me of portions of the Upper Thames
between Maidenhead and Pangbourne. The Zambesi itself,
however, is a magnificent river, its waters being of a deep blue
and very clear and pure. As an old friend of mine used to
say, "There's life in a draught of Zambesi water."
On 29th September we reached Sioma, a town about
a mile above the Falls of Gonyi, the river continuing very
broad, and studded with islands all the way. Here we were
delayed three days, as the canoes had to be dragged over-
land for about three miles to a point some distance below
the falls.
The day after our arrival at Sioma I went to have a look
at the falls, but found that they were in the centre of the river,
so that I could not get a good view of them from the eastern
bank. On the following morning I again visited them, and, by
the help of a ledge of rocks, waded across the two hundred
yards of river between the eastern bank and the chasm into
which the main river discharges itself I was well rewarded
for my pains, for the Falls of Gonyi, seen thus at close quarters,
are well worth taking some trouble to get at. They are of
course a small matter compared with the stupendous and
incomparable Victoria Falls ; but they are, nevertheless, very
beautiful, and were they situated in Scotland, or any accessible
part of Furope, I have no doubt would attract crowds of visitors.
The height of these falls is not more than thirty feet, I should
say, but in the central portion an immense mass of water
rushes into a rocky chasm — a seething torrent of fleecy foam,
very beautiful to look upon. This central fall is flanked by
others, where the mass of water is not so great. As I have
said before, these falls can scarcely be seen from the bank, as
they fall into a chasm in the centre of the river. However,
it is not a difficult matter to wade out to them, and their
beauty will well repay the trouble.
On 2nd October we again got under way, but did not
get very far, as my boatmen discovered a sort of backwater
with a bar across the entrance, full of fish, and we spent nearly
the whole day spearing fish. Altogether we must have killed
considerably over a hundredweight, many of them very fine
XIII CANOE SUNK BY HIPPOPOTAMUS 259
fish — a sort of perch — and very good eating. The following
day we reached the rapid of Kali, where we had to partially
unload the canoes and drag them over and amongst rocks for
several hundred yards. Here I saw a small herd of pookoo
antelopes, and after a long stalk got within shot of them, and
broke the shoulder of the ram whose head I coveted. There
was a great deal of blood on the spoor at first, but after a
time it ceased, and we then lost it, and I had to return to
the canoes without the buck. In the evening, however, I shot
another ram close to our camp at the mouth of the little river
Nangombi. During the day the boatmen killed a rodent, a
kind of huge reed-rat, like an immense guinea-pig, but of a
uniform brown colour and with very coarse bristly hair. It
had four toes on each foot armed with strong nails, small eyes,
and small rounded ears, and a tail about eight inches long.
It must have weighed quite 10 lbs. This animal is, I
believe, known to naturalists, but it is the first of its kind that
I have ever seen.
The next day I walked along the bank in the early
morning for a couple of hours, and shot two impala antelopes
— a ram and a ewe. I had one boy with me, whom I left
with the ram to wait for the canoes, and was alone when I
shot the second antelope. After a time three of the canoes
came in sight, and I heard that the fourth— my canoe — was
behind, getting the impala ram on board ; so I put the ewe
into one of the others and got in myself, intending to go a
little distance farther and then make a halt for breakfast.
However, we had scarcely paddled three hundred yards, and
had just rounded a small island, when we were stopped by
yells and shouts behind us, and soon one of the paddlers
belonging to my canoe came running along the bank, calling
out, " The canoe is dead ! the canoe is dead ! a hippopotamus
has killed the canoe ! " We at once paddled back, and soon
met various articles floating down the stream, amongst them
my cooking pot, which, having the lid on, was full of air, and
the waterproof bag containing my blankets ; and I realised
that I had met with one of those accidents to which one is
liable on African rivers. My canoe had been attacked and
sunk in about twelve feet of water, and now lay at the bottom
26o TRA VEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
of the river, with several tusks of ivory, all my provisions,
cartridges, trading goods, and, in fact, everything I had with
me but the cooking pot and my bag of blankets.
The first thing to be done was to try to shoot the hippo-
potamus that had played me such a sorry trick. The animal
was in a not unfavourable place for the purpose, being in a
large pool between an island and the mainland, with shallow
water at each end, so that it could not get into the main river
without exposing itself. The pool was about four hundred
yards long and two hundred broad, and, as the animal had
shown itself to be so vicious, I hoped it would be also fearless,
and give me a few good chances, but I soon found that I had
to do with a very cunning beast. It just raised its head for
an instant of time above the surface of the water, but gave no
time to get a sight on it. At last I fired, but just too late,
and for a long time after this the cunning animal never showed
its head at all, but only its great snout, which it just pushed
out of the water to take breath. I only fired now at long
intervals, as the animal really gave me but a very slight chance
of hitting it in the head. I think that I hit it three times
altogether, twice in the snout and once in the neck just behind
the head, none of which shots can have done it much harm.
At three o'clock the troubled beast disappeared altogether,
and never showed itself again until half-past five. During all
that time it must have been lying somewhere close under the
bank, with nothing but its nose out of water. I remained
trying to get a shot until it was almost dark, but did not fire
again, and then left the hippopotamus master of the situation,
and retired to where the boys had made camp.
During more than an hour I took the times with my watch
that this hippopotamus remained under water. The shortest
was forty seconds, and the longest four minutes and twenty
seconds : the usual time being from two to two and a half
minutes. It always remained under water for a long time after
being fired at. I have little doubt that as soon as it grew
dark the animal left the pool, in which, in spite of its success
in sinking the canoe, it must certainly have spent a most
uncomfortable day.
The following morning, as soon as it got a little warm, we
XIII RECOVER SUNKEN CANOE 261
went with the three remaining canoes to look for the one that
had been sunk, accompanied by two very small canoes, in which
were four natives whom my headman had collected the previous
day, and who were expert divers. It took us a long time to
find the lost canoe, as the water was very deep, from twelve to
fourteen feet ; however, after prodding about for a couple of
hours with their long paddles, my men at last found it, and one
of the divers immediately went down to make sure, and came
up with the good news that it was indeed the canoe. Another
now dived down with a rope and attached it to the projecting
prow, and our two largest canoes then towed the sunken one
into shallow water. All that remained in it, however, was the
impala antelope, two small tusks of ivory, and two muskets be-
longing to the paddlers. A large tusk of ivory weighing about
60 lbs., two bags containing my cartridges, besides all my trading
goods, provisions, plates, cups, fork, spoon, etc., and all my little
necessary odds and ends, together with a third musket belonging
to one of the boys, were all gone. How on earth the large tusk
of ivory and my cartridges got out of the canoe I cannot under-
stand. However, they were gone, and, as it would have been next
to impossible to recover them, I had the canoe bailed out at once,
and we then paddled round to camp, and got ready to proceed
on our journey. The canoe, I may here say, was not injured
in any way. The hippopotamus, my boys said, first came up
underneath it, throwing one end of it out of water, at the same
time dipping the other end, and half filling the heavy craft with
water. Two of the paddlers either fell or jumped out at this
first attack, the one swimming to the island, the other to the
bank of the river, and the two who remained in the canoe were
paddling as hard as they could towards the island when the
hippopotamus made a second attack. This time, they said, the
animal raised its head out of the water, and laying it over the
canoe, simply pressed it down under water, when of course it
filled and sank to the bottom, and the two boys swam ashore
without being followed — very luckily, as in these accidents the
enraged hippopotamus often kills one or more of the occupants
of the canoe, biting them with its formidable tusks.
Before mid-day we resumed our journey, and in the afternoon
reached the mouth of the River N'joko, where we slept. There
262
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
used to be a great deal of small game about here, and elephants
and buffaloes as well ; in fact, we found game plentiful from
here to within a day's journey of Sesheki, and on both banks
of the river. The tse-tse flies, too, were in swarms about this
part of the Zambesi, and were an intolerable nuisance whenever
I left the canoe and walked along the bank. The loss of all
my cartridges just as I was getting amongst the game was most
annoying. I still had four in my belt, but subsequently lost
one of them. The lid of my cooking pot now had to serve me
for a plate, and my fingers and knife for fork and spoon.
Nf
Cape Buffalo.
On 6th October we passed the rapids of Lusu, and reached
the Nambwi rapids the same afternoon. Here the canoes had
again to be dragged a short distance overland, and whilst this
was being done I took a walk and shot a pookoo ram. Below
Nambwi the Zambesi becomes very shallow, running continually
amongst rocks and stones. At the same time the river is broad
and full of little wooded islands, amongst which the small
channels find their way. The scenery about these rapids, with
their wooded islands, is very pleasing, but not in any way
grand.
On the following day we passed three more rapids, and
reached Sekkosi's, or Katongo, in the afternoon. Here the
xiii RETURN TO BAMANGWATO 263
country again becomes perfectly flat and uninteresting on both
banks of the river, closely resembling the Barotsi valley in its
general features. Sandbanks, too, once more appear, and the
bird life again becomes very varied and interesting. Just below
Sekkosi's we found hippopotami in very great numbers, and
passed several large herds in the distance of a couple of miles.
From Sekkosi's another day's good paddling brought us to
Sesheki, where I spent a day with the hospitable missionaries
and then hurried on to Kazungula, where my waggon was
standing on the southern bank of the Zambesi. I arrived there
on I 2th October, and so ended my second journey across the
Zambesi in the year 1888.
As the weather was now very hot, and I knew that water
would be very scarce in the desert country between Panda-ma-
tenka and Bamangwato, I remained in the neighbourhood of
the Zambesi for a couple of months, hoping that rain would at
length fall and fill some of the vleys along the road. The
greater part of this time I spent on the banks of the Zambesi,
shooting and collecting specimens of natural history, and during
the month of November paid what will probably prove to be
the last of the many visits I have made to the incomparable
Victoria Falls.
At last I got so tired of waiting that I resolved to push
through the thirst-land at any hazard ; and on loth December,
although as yet no rain had fallen but a few light showers, I
made a start. The journey was a most arduous one, but at
length I reached Bamangwato early in January 1889, and not
many days afterwards the long-delayed rainy season set in.
Ruins on the Lower Mazoe River.
(From a Pholofiraph by Mr. Kkancevs, of Salisbury, Mashunalantl.)
CHAPTER XIV
Arrange for journey to Ihe Upper Mazoe — Mr. Edward liurnett — Mr. Thomas — A
trip home to England — Take passage for Quillimani — Description of town —
Portuguese custom-house — Boat journey up the l^)uaqua river — Reach the
Zamliesi — Start for Tete — Pass Shupanga — And Sena — Scarcity of animal life
— Bush-buck shot — Lions heard — Tlie Lupata gorge — Pass the mouth of the
Ruenya — Reach Tete — Portuguese system of government on the Zambesi —
Secure a good interpreter — Difficulty of obtaining carriers — Rumours of war —
Atiandon the idea of following the course of the Mazoe river.
On my arrival in Mangwato in January 1889 I met Mr.
Frank Johnson, and was asked by him to conduct a gold-
prospecting party to the head of the Mazoe river in Ea.stern
Mashunaland by way of the Portuguese possessions on the
Zambesi. This route was to be adopted owing to the impos-
sibility of reaching that country through Matabililand, Lo
Bengula having definitely closed all roads passing through his
territory. The party as proposed by Mr. Johnson was to have
consisted of one mining expert, two practical miners, Mr. Edward
Burnett, and myself, and my duty was simply to have been to
guide the expedition to the gold regions on the Upper Mazoe.
CHAP. XIV QUILLIMANI 265
Ultimately the party consisted of Mr. Burnett, Mr. Thomas, a
miner of considerable experience, and myself
In Mr. Edward Burnett I had a very pleasant companion.
He was an old acquaintance, as I had met him in Matabililand
in I 887. Besides being a good shot, and a strong active young
fellow, he was possessed of the happy disposition which enables
a man to bear with equanimity the little troubles and annoyances
which are seldom entirely absent from the life of an African
traveller, and which are perhaps more disturbing to the temper
than trials and hardships of a far more serious nature. Mr.
Thomas I had also known as a very good miner and hard-
working man in the " blue jacket " shaft at Tati.
Having suffered such heavy losses the previous year, I
decided to accept Mr. Johnson's offer rather than go to the
expense of fitting out another expedition to the Barotsi country;
but, as it was not advisable to proceed to the Lower Zambesi
until the rainy season was at an end, I took a trip home to
England, which I reached in the end of February, returning to
South Africa in May, in time to catch the Union S.S. Coiirland,
which was advertised to leave Cape Town on lOth June for
Mozambique, and the intermediate Portuguese settlements on
the east coast of Africa.
On 1 6th July we were landed at Ouillimani, which is
situated on the eastern bank of the Quaqua river, and about
fifteen miles from its mouth. Quillimani is, as is well known,
one of the oldest of the Portuguese military posts and trading
stations in South-Eastern Africa, having been established about
three centuries ago. It is still quite a small place, but the
hou.ses of which the town consists are well built, and their red-
tiled roofs look very pretty and picturesque amongst the palm
trees and banana groves by which they are surrounded. The
one .street is lighted on moonless nights by oil lamps.
It took us some time to get our goods through the
custom - house, as a large mission party, going up to the
Scotch mission station at Blantyre, had been fellow-passengers
with ourselves on the Courland, and had of course a large
amount of stores with them, which together with our own
belongings almost filled the custom-house. Thinking to do
the authorities a good turn, Burnett, Steve Thomas, and myself.
266 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
and two of the Scotch missionaries pulled off our coats, and
with sleeves tucked up in South African fashion commenced
sorting out the boxes ; but I believe our conduct was taken in
bad part by the custom-house officers, who thought it most
disrespectful on our part to appear before them without coats,
and with bare arms. Certainly no offence was meant, and the
climate of Quillimani is not one to encourage the wearing of
coats and collars. Mr. Ross, the vice-consul, was most kind
and obliging, and did everything he could do to assist us, and
without his help we should have had far more difficulty than
we experienced as it was. At length we got everything
arranged, and our goods packed in bundles suitable for
carriage by natives, and none of them weighing over 50 lbs.
We arranged with Mr. Teixeira to provide a boat as far as
Lokoloko on the Quaqua, from which place we were to get
carriers over to the Zambesi, which is about forty miles distant.
We also hired two personal servants in Quillimani. One of
these, who rejoiced in the name of Rebecca, was being boarded
and lodged at the Government expense at the time of our
visit, but we were able to buy him out for a small sum. Mr.
Ross recommended him to us, as he thought he could speak
English, and would be therefore useful to us as an interpreter.
As Rebecca had once been a mission boy at Blantyre I
suppose he had once known a little English, but he must have
forgotten it, and learned Portuguese instead, as he certainly
knew a good many words in the latter language. When he
was first introduced I said to him, " Well, Rebecca, can you
speak English ? " to which he at once replied with great
alacrity and a perfect accent, " Yes, sir ! " and I thought we
had got a treasure. Before many days, however, we found out
that " Yes, sir ! " were the only two words in the English
language that Rebecca knew, and that he trotted them out
with perfect satisfaction to himself on every possible occasion.
Although sodden with the vile drink with which the Portu-
guese are destroying the natives of South-Eastern Africa, poor
Rebecca was naturally a good-tempered, harmless creature, and
stuck to us throughout the journey, as did his companion, our
other servant, a boy named Rocky, who had also been much
demoralised by bad drink.
XIV VOYAGE UP THE QUAQUA 267
At last, after hours of delay, caused by the drunkenness of
our crew, we managed to get away from Quillimani late in
the afternoon of 19th July. A second rainy season seemed to
have set in, for showers had been falling continually, day and
night, during the previous three days. After getting under
way we made very slow progress, merely drifting up the
river with the tide, as our crew were too drunk to row, so that
by seven o'clock we were not more than five miles from
Quillimani. Although the tide was still running strongly our
boatmen now dropped the anchor, near high-water mark, and
went to sleep, and as it was getting dark, and we knew
nothing about the navigation of the river ourselves, we judged
it best to allow them to sleep off the effects of their last
drinking bout. Several heavy showers had fallen during the
afternoon, and as darkness set in the dull leaden sky, shot
with black rain-charged clouds, portended a dirty night. Nor
was the promise falsified, for again heavy showers commenced
to fall, and continued to do so, with slight intermissions, all
night through. We had a slight shelter from the sun at the
back of the boat, but nothing capable of keeping out even a
light shower of rain ; so as we lay on our goods at the bottom
of the boat we of course got very wet.
As day broke on the following morning we found that the
tide had left us stranded high and dry, or rather high and
damp, on an oozy, slimy mudbank. Rain was still falling,
we were wet and chilly, and the dull leaden sky looked very
cheerless. There were a few huts on the bank, just above our
boat, and an old, deserted, tumble-down house that might once
have been owned and inhabited by a Portuguese trader. In
this house we at last managed to get a fire lit, and then made
a kettle of coffee, and cooked some food. We were much
delayed in effecting this by our still lingering belief in
Rebecca's knowledge of English, for as, in order to get to
shore, it was necessary to wade for some distance through deep
soft mud, we at first remained in the boat, and sent Rebecca
on shore with Rocky to light the fire and make the coffee.
We gave the former the kettle, together with a tin of coffee
and a large spoon, explaining to him at the same time how
many spoonfuls of coffee he was to put in when the water
268 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
boiled, and as he answered " Yes, sir ! " with a beautiful
accent to everything we told him we thought he had under-
stood what was required of him. After waiting some time, old
Thomas called out, " Rebecca, have you cooked that there
kettle ? " and at once the ready answer came back, " Yes, sir ! "
After a pause, Thomas asked again, " Rebecca, have you made
that there coffee ? " and again the answer was " Yes, sir ! "
" Then why, etc. etc., don't you bring it ? " said the old man,
losing patience. Once more the answer was " Yes, sir ! " but
still the coffee did not come. Then we began to suspect that
something was wrong, and, pulling off our boots and socks and
trousers, waded ashore, when, lo and behold ! there stood
Rebecca, smiling all over his face, and warming himself at the
fire, and there stood the kettle, full of water indeed, but not
even on the fire. Burnett and I grasped the situation at
once, and burst out laughing, but our old miner said, — well, I
will not tell you what he said ; but when you reflect that as a
young man he had been twenty years at sea, and then twenty
years a miner in Australia and elsewhere, and that his ordinary
language was an impartial blend of that of a sailor and
a miner, I think that if you are imaginative you may perhaps
guess the character of his remarks. After this Rebecca was
voted a failure as an English scholar, and was never taken into
favour again by old Thomas, who invariably referred to him as
that .
It was not until the tide was nearly at, the flood that we
were enabled to float our boat, and we were then only able to
proceed for an hour or so before it again turned, so that we
did not make much headway, although our crew were by this
time sober, and worked hard. With the next tide we made
better progress, and kept it up till about lO P.M. During the
day several showers of rain had fallen, and the night was again
damp and drizzly, but, as we had made our thatch roof a little
more watertight, wc managed to sleep through it.
The following morning we got off just at daylight, and
kept on with the tide, but against a head wind, until two
o'clock, when we anchored, as we could make no farther head-
way. Just before halting wc saw two large iguanas and five
good-sized crocodiles lying on the slimy mud at the water's
XIV I'VVAGE UP THE QUAQUA 269
edge. We went on shore whilst waiting for the turn of the
tide, and tried to take a walk round with our rifles, but found
it almost impossible to do so, as the ground was muddy and
soft, and covered with a dense growth of coarse grass and
reeds, and in places with thick scrub. The mosquitoes, too,
rose from the mud and attacked us in clouds, and fairly drove
us back again to our boat, and even there did not leave us in
peace. A little before sundown a large crocodile came up
close to the boat, offering a strong temptation for a shot, so I
fired at and hit him about the head, the ball telling loudly.
The ugly reptile gave one lash with his tail and disappeared,
but I think he was well hit, and if killed he must have sunk at
once to the bottom. With the next tide the missionary party,
bound to Blantyre, caught us up and slept alongside of us.
They had left Quillimani a day later than we did, but probably
with a sober crew, and having three light boats, were able to
travel much quicker than our heavy lighter.
From this point the Quaqua began to narrow very rapidly,
and soon became a mere ditch, with banks of slimy, unhealthy-
looking mud. There is very little life along this river. After
it narrowed we saw no more crocodiles, nor any sign of hippo-
potami. A few birds alone enlivened the otherwise dreary and
uninteresting landscape. Of these the most conspicuous were
the large, handsome, white-headed fish eagles so common on
the Central and Upper Zambesi. Kingfishers were also numer-
ous. I noticed three varieties — the black and white {Ceryle
7'udis), the tiny blue {CorytJwrnis cyanostigma), and the large
blue {Aiccdo scviitorqiiatd). During the day we passed several
small clearings along the banks of the river, where a few
natives were living. Their huts were all raised on platforms
about six feet above the level of the ground, doubtless on
account of the inundations, to which the whole of this perfectly
level country must be liable.
Late at night on 22nd July we reached Lokoloko, the
terminus of our boat voyage on the Quaqua, from whence we
were to proceed overland on foot with carriers to the Zambesi.
We found it to be eleven hours' fast walking from Lokoloko to
Mazaro on the Zambesi, which we reached about mid-day on
the second day. The country between the rivers is a dead
270 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
level, and very sparsely inhabited, but the natives seemed very
well off for food ; and the soil, I should imagine, must be very
rich and fertile. At Mazaro I once more stood on the eastern
bank of the mighty Zambesi, a river whose course I have
followed for many hundreds of miles in the interior of this
vast continent. Here the great river runs in several channels
through an immense valley, and altogether does not impress
the mind by its grandeur and the beauty of the scenery on its
banks, as it never fails to do in the interior, whether near
Zumbo, or in the neighbourhood of the Victoria Falls, or about
Sinanga, or near the far-off and little-known Falls of Gonyi.
Its waters appeared to me dull-coloured compared with the
deep blue of the waters of the Central and Upper Zambesi.
From Mazaro a walk of five miles brought us to Vicenti, where
the African Lakes Company have a station, and where Mr.
Peter Moore, the Company's agent, did all he could to make
us comfortable. The James Stevenson was lying at anchor
by the bank, ready to start for Namalindi, on the Shiri river,
as soon as the mission party for Blantyrc had arrived ; for,
as they had proceeded up the Ouaqua by boat to Mopea,
a station only three miles distant from Vicenti, we had
reached that place before them by travelling overland from
Lokoloko.
I now hired a light boat and a native canoe from the African
Lakes Company to convey our goods and ourselves up the
Zambesi to Tcte. Burnett, Thomas, and myself found sitting
room in the back part of the boat, where we were sheltered
from sun and rain by a light framework of reeds thatched with
grass. There was some little delay about getting crews, but
on the afternoon of 27th July we once more got under way.
We did not travel very rapidly, as the current of the Lower
Zambesi is strong, and the channels amongst the sand islands
intricate, but our men were a good-tempered, willing lot, and
gave us no trouble. On the day after leaving Vicenti we passed
Shupanga, where lies the neglected and well-nigh forgotten
grave of Mrs. Livingstone, who, poor woman, in the endeavour
to be near her famous husband, made her way to this far-off
spot only to fall a victim to the pestilential climate of the Lower
Zambesi.
THE LOWER ZAMBESI
The day after passing Shupanga we passed the mouth of
the Shiri river, and on 31st July reached a trading station on
the eastern bank of the Zambesi, just opposite Sena. This
station belongs, I believe, to the French House in Ouillimani.
We found a very dilapidated-looking, fever-stricken Frenchman
in charge, and also a representative of the Portuguese Govern-
ment (a Goanese), whose business it was to collect taxes from
the natives. Although we endeavoured to visit Sena we were
unable to do so owing to the depth of water being insufficient
to float our boat up the channel which, our boatmen said, was
the one that led to the settlement. I may here say that during
this boat trip from the mouth of the Shiri to Tete, and again
on my return journey in the following November, I formed a
very unfavourable opinion of the facilities for navigation afforded
by the Lower Zambesi during the dry season. The river is in
most parts, below the Lupata gorge, enormously broad — quite
two miles, I should think, in certain places — being spread out
over a bed of constantly shifting white sand. It is cut into
numerous channels by sand islands, many of them of large
extent, and some of them no doubt permanent ; but the greater
part probably changing with every flood. Whether, if one only
knew where to find it, there is always one channel with a fair
depth of water, I cannot say, but I know that there was not
one single day that our boat, which only drew about a foot of
water, did not stick, and we often had to drag it for long dis-
tances over sandbanks only just submerged.
Travel on the Lower Zambesi is monotonous, as there is but
little animal or bird life to interest one. Egyptian geese were
not uncommon, and we shot a few for the pot. Crocodiles
were not nearly so numerous as I had been led to suppose
they would be, and all we saw of any size were very wary.
Burnett shot a small one, which our boatmen ate, and evidently
looked upon as a dainty. We saw a few hippopotami, but not
many, and one night one came grunting and splashing in the
shallow water, close to where we were sleeping on a sandbank,
but it was so dark we could not see him.
Owing to the breadth of the river, and the fact that our
boatmen always insisted that the best channels were out
amongst the sand islands, we seldom got a chance to land ; but
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
one morning, getting in under the eastern bank, which was well
wooded, Burnett and I landed to look for game. We saw a
good deal of koodoo and water-buck spoor, though none of the
animals themselves, but came across several bush-bucks, one of
which I killed. This was a full-grown ram, and was interesting
to me, as I found him to be intermediate in colour and markings
between the bush-bucks found farther south, and those I have
seen farther north, along the rivers running into the Zambesi
from Mashunaland. I preserved his skin for mounting, and it
is now in the collection of the Natural History Museum at
South Kensington.
After waiting for our boat to come up, we breakfasted on
the liver of the buck, and then Burnett and I walked on again
along the bank with a couple of the boys. We followed a
native footpath and saw a great deal of game spoor, including
that of elands, Burchell's zebras, koodoos, water-bucks, and
impala antelopes. We also saw three wart-hogs, and some
water-bucks, but could not get a shot at them. Whilst we had
been walking along at a good pace, expecting to see game
every moment, our canoe and boat had made very poor progress
amongst the sandbanks and islands ; so, late in the afternoon,
after waiting some time and seeing no signs of their approach,
we retraced our steps, and did not get back to the boat till
some time after dark. We then put off from shore and slept
on a very wet sandbank, only a few inches above the level of
the river. During the night some lions roared grandly several
times, not far away, on the eastern bank.
On 7th August the day broke cool and cloudy, and the air
being clear we saw in the distance a range of hills running
across the course of the river, through which it makes its way
by the narrow gorge of Lupata. ]?y mid-day we were not more
than five or six miles from these hills, but could not make out
the gap through which the Zambesi flows. In the afternoon
we reached Bandari Cliff, which is a bold precipitous mass of
rock, at the foot of which the Zambesi runs in a deep narrow
channel. Bandari forms the southern or eastern entrance to
the gorge of Lupata, during its passage through which the
Zambesi is compressed into a channel from two hundred to three
hundred yards in width. At Bandari itself the river was not
XIV THE LUPATA GORGE 273
more than two hundred yards broad, though it would be broader
during the rainy season.
On the afternoon of the following day we reached the
northern or western extremity of the Lupata gorge, and here
the scenery is wild and striking. In the centre of the river
stands a small island, called the Isle of Mozambique, whilst the
entrance to the gorge is guarded on both sides by high rugged
cliffs of dark red rock, whose precipitous sides fall sheer into
the deep water of the river as it rushes through these mighty
gates. The cliff on the western bank is called Tipwi, that on
the eastern Kalumanuman. A few miles beyond the Lupata
gorge we came to a place called Sungwi, on the eastern bank.
Here there was a Portuguese fort or stockade, with four small
cannons, one mounted at each corner. There were a few black
soldiers about, armed with breech-loading rifles and bayonets,
and a white man who was possibly the commandant, though
I think not, for he wore no uniform, but was dressed very much
like the drivers of the bullock sledges one sees in Madeira — in
coarse whity-brown trousers and coat, with a large home-made
straw hat. He looked very sickly and fever-stricken.
On the following day we passed the mouth of the great
river Ruenya, called on its upper course the In-yang-ombi
(Yankombi of Mauch), which drains the whole of Eastern
Mashunaland, from the Umvukwi hills in the north to the
sources of the Pungwi in the south. It has, however, but little
surface water left when it reaches the Zambesi in the dry
season, though during the rains it must become an immense
river, bringing down with it enormous masses of sand, which it
has already spread over the country to the width of a mile.
Such vast quantities of sand, indeed, have been poured into the
Zambesi at this point as to have narrowed its channel to little
more than one hundred yards in width.
Soon after passing the mouth of the Ruenya we sighted
the hill of Caroera, behind which, our boatmen told us, lay the
town of Tete, or In-yung-wi, as the natives call it ; and on
Sunday, i ith August, we reached the goal of our boat journey
at about ten o'clock in the morning.
Tete is too well known to need much description. It is
one of the oldest of the Portuguese stations on the Zambesi,
T
274 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA ciiai>.
having been founded in 1632. At the time of our visit
there were about twenty Europeans in the town, the major
portion of whom were either officers of the black troops
stationed there, or civil officials of the Portuguese Govern-
ment. The Messrs. Teixeira dc Mattes, who are partly Dutch
and partly Portuguese, had a house of business there,
and some Portuguese were also engaged in trade. We also
met Father Courtois ol the Society of Jesus, from whom we
received much kindness; Another Father was at Baroma,
about twelve miles distant, where he was establishing a school
for the education of children. The altitude of Tcte is officially
given as one hundred and sixty-three metres, or about five
hundred and twenty feet.
The Zambesi just opposite the town is not more than four
hundred yards broad. There arc about twenty European
houses in the town, including a well-built church and the
residence of the Governor, which is a very substantial structure,
built purposely with very thick walls to keep out the heat and
cool lofty rooms. All the buildings are in the Portuguese
style, with roofs of red tile, which give them a picturesque
effect. The European quarter stands in the foreground near
the river, and the native town, composed of the ordinary
thatched huts, is built in a semicircle behind it.
The country about Tete is excessively dry and parched,
being all rock and stone, with little or no soil. At the time of
our visit there was not a blade of grass or vegetation of any kind
to be seen in the immediate vicinity of the town. The crops
grown in this part of the country. Father Courtois informed us,
are always poor, and often fail altogether, and there appears to
be more or less of a famine at the end of nearly every dry
season. There are a good many cattle in the town, all, I think,
owned by Europeans, that were originally brought from
Mashunaland; though how they passed the "fly" infested
district between Tete and that country is a mystery to me.
The.se cattle had to be driven a long distance every day to
pasture, but were in good condition. The inhabitants of Tete,
both white and black, also keep great numbers of pigs, which
animals play the part of scavengers, and no doubt do much for
the sanitation of the place. The trade of Tete is in ivory and
XIV PORTUGUESE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT 275
gold dust. The latter is brought from the Mazoe river in
the west, and from the Makanga country in the east, but not
in very large quantities. The ivory is obtained for the most
part in the Angoni country to the west of Lake Nyassa or
brought down from Zumbo.
Just before we reached Tete Burnett got a sharp attack of
fever, which made him very weak, but he soon shook it off, and
began to gain strength again, and was almost well when at
last we were ready to start ; for we were delayed a whole
week collecting carriers, without whom it was impossible for us
to proceed on our journey.
Although the native population of the Portuguese posses-
sions on the banks of the Lower. Zambesi may not be slaves,
they certainly do not seem to be free men in the English sense
of the word. The country is divided into pra^os, or districts,
each praco being let by Government to some person, usually a
European or a Goanese, for a certain annual rental. The
person who rents such a pra^o naturally tries to make the best of
his bargain, and get as much as he can out of the people ; and
the inhabitants practically become his serfs, and cannot leave
the praco without his consent. There may be laws in force in
the more civilised districts which tend to mitigate the abuses
to which such a system is open, but that the powers derived
from Government are shamefully abused in the outlying dis-
tricts I can myself bear witness.
The Governor of Tete, at the time of my visit, Senhor
Alfredo Alpuina, neither assisted me nor stood in my way in
the matter of getting carriers. I do not think he quite liked the
idea of our journey to the sources of the Mazoe, as there was
already a little friction between the British and. Portuguese
Governments regarding jurisdiction in that part of the country ;
but I fancy he consoled himself with the thought that we
would not get any carriers from Tete to accompany us so far.
Certainly neither he nor any of the traders in Tete knew
where the Mazoe really took its rise. They all said that it rose
in Motoko's country, as indeed it was represented to do in all
maps published prior to i 890. I may here say that I had left
Cape Town with instructions from my employers to mark out
mining areas, in accordance with the Portuguese mining law, if
276 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Mr. Thomas found what he considered to be payable gold in
Portuguese territory, and I had a letter of introduction from
the Portuguese Consul in Cape Town to the Governors of
Quillimani and Tete. It is possible that without this letter
Senhor Alpuina would not have allowed me to pass, but surely
he ought not to have imagined that because I had such a letter
it was incumbent upon me, an Englishman, to acquiesce in the
claim of Portugal to any part of Mashunaland. I say this
because, on my return to Tete some months later, Senhor
Alpuina was very angry with me because I had obtained a
mining concession from native chiefs far beyond the Portuguese
boundary.
Whilst we were at Tete Rebecca picked up a Quillimani
boy, whom we engaged on the same terms as himself, and we
were also fortunate in securing the services of a very good
interpreter. This man, the son of a Goanese by a native
woman, rejoiced in the name of Augusto Melitao de Souza, and
was a well-educated intelligent fellow. He had been four
years in Bombay, and there learned to speak English fluently ;
and as he also spoke several native dialects and Portuguese
(which latter language he could also read and write), he was
most useful as an interpreter. He was, too, a good-tempered,
willing servant, and during our whole journey I never had any
fault to find with him, though he played us a bit of a trick on
our return to Tete. He also brought with him two serfs from
his father's pra^o who dared not leave him, so that besides
Augusto we had five men who were bound to stick to us.
After a week of weary waiting we succeeded in getting
forty-two carriers from Senhor Martins, the Capitao Mor of
Tete, a very kind-hearted, hospitable man, who, I am sure,
did all he could to assist us. He harangued them all before
starting, and told them that they were to go with us wherever
we wanted them to go, and not to return to Tete without us ;
but I could see that their hearts were not in it from the
beginning, and that they had been impressed for the service
against their wills. In accordance with the pernicious Portu-
guese system, these men were all paid a large portion of their
wages in advance.
My original plan had been to strike straight from Tete to
XIV DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING PORTERS 277
the Mazoe, and then follow the river up to its source, but this
I found to be impossible, as there was a rumour that Colonel
Paiva d'Andrada and Manoel Antonio de Souza were making
war on Motoko, a powerful chief living to the south of the
Mazoe, whose territory extends to the junction of that river
with the Ruenya, and nothing would induce the cowardly
Shakundas from Tete to travel anywhere near the scene of
the " guerra de Motoko " (war with Motoko). Under these
circumstances I determined to first work up to somewhere near
the head of the Luia, one of the principal tributaries of the
Mazoe.
Mashuna Village.
CHAPTER XV
Leave Tete — Follow caiavan route to Zumbo
— Trouble with our carriers — Dry
country — Burnett sees a troop of lions
— Lioness shot — Reach Inya-tsu-tsu —
Mount Bungwi — Scarcity o( water —
Cross the Luia river — Reach Rusambo's
— Collection of taxes — Wooden dishes
for washing gold — Desertion of our
carriers — Reach Maziwa's — Our
troubles with that chief — Return to
Rusambo's — Again start for Magomo
— Reach Kandaya's — Arrival at Ma-
pondera's^ An enterprising Indian —
Obtain a mineral concession — Wild
lemon -trees — Profusion of wildflowers
— The source of the Mazoe— Scarcity
of game.
It was on the afternoon of Sunday the i 8th of August that
we at last left Tctc, and as it was a rainy day we had great
difficulty in getting our carriers to move. They grumbled
about their loads, about their food, and about anything and
everything tliey could think of
For the first few days we followed one of the caravan routes
to Zumbo, along the course of the River Mufa. We had an
infinity of trouble with our carriers, and I think there is no
doubt that they did all they could to delay us and annoy us,
hoping that one of us would lose his temper and strike one of
them, when, as Augusto informed us, they would have at once
returned to Tete and accused us of having ill-used them, and
we should have got no more carriers. Knowing this dodge,
we were very careful not to strike one, though we exhausted
CHAP. XV A TROOP OF LIONS 279
the English language in order to find epithets expressive of our
feelings towards them. The country we travelled through was
exceedingly dry and short of water, which we only found in
holes that had to be dug in the sandy beds of small streams,
often at long distances from one another. We saw no game
along the footpath, and had not time to go out hunting.
On 24th August we crossed the River Kangudzi in the
morning, and after mid-day reached the little river Kansawa,
where we found a little water in a hole in the sand. Late in
the afternoon Burnett went out with his rifle and a couple of
boys to look for game, and came upon a lot of lions lying in
the river's bed, scarcely three hundred yards from our camp.
At first he only saw one, a lioness, standing in the river's bed,
and firing at her, shot her through the back, paralysing her in
the hind quarters. Directly he fired a whole lot of lions that
had been h'ing on the sand, but out of sight, under the bank,
jumped up and scuttled across the open sandy bed of the
river. Burnett thought there were about ten of them altogether ;
but probably more than half of them were big cubs. A fine
old full-grown male brought up the rear, walking slowly across
the sand. Burnett fired two shots at him, the first of which
struck beneath him, on which he stopped and looked round.
Burnett then fired again, but again missed, when, with a growl
and a whisk of his tail, the lion sprang up the bank and
disappeared. Burnett then returned to camp, and I took my
rifle and went back with him to the lioness. We found her
still in the river's bed, but she had dragged herself about
fifteen yards away from where she was first hit. With her
was a cub about two years old, and Burnett caught sight of
another lion under the bank to her right. We did not fire at
the cub, which bounded away as soon as it saw us, but at once
finished off the lioness. We then crossed the river and walked
about a mile in the direction taken by the other lions, but as
the ground was hard and dry, so that their footprints had left
no mark, and the cover soon became thick, we never saw any-
thing more of them, and so returned and skinned the lioness.
I expected that her friends would have come and smelt about
round our camp in the night and roared, but we heard nothing
more of them.
28o TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
On the following morning we continued our journey, and on
26th August reached Inya-tsu-tsu, a native town situated about
three miles to the north of a range of hills called Vunga. I
am persuaded that this town is the place marked Vunge on Dr.
Livingstone's map, through which he passed on his first journey
across Africa, from the west to the east coast, and that the
Umrenji river, which passes close to it, is Dr. Livingstone's
Molinji. The Makololo escort naturally changed the Um into
Mo, and the "r" into "1," and the Doctor adopted their pronuncia-
tion. P"rom Inya-tsu-tsu we could see Mount Bungwi, a large
hill near the Zambesi, quite plainly ; it lay a little to the east
of north by compass, and looked about twenty- five miles
distant.
Up to this point we had followed one of the Portuguese
trade routes, between Tete and Zumbo, but as we were getting
too far north I determined to leave it and strike back towards
the Mazoe ; so I now endeavoured to obtain guides direct to the
country of Magomo, Eastern Mashunaland, or at any rate to
some place in that direction.
Ever since leaving Tete we had travelled through a very
dry, burnt-up country, almost destitute of inhabitants, owing
principally, I think, to the great scarcity of water, and pos-
sibly also to the presence of tse-tse fly, which precludes the
possibility of keeping cattle. Wc had been rising steadily but
gradually through an undulating and more or less hilly country
always covered with open forest, till, at Inya-tsu-tsu, my aneroids
registered one thousand seven hundred feet. The whole country
is intersected by numerous dry watercourses, which look exceed-
ingly well on a map, but they were all dry, and it was only here
and there that we were enabled to obtain a little water by digging
in the sand.
We were delayed a day at Inya-tsu-tsu buying a supply of
native meal for our carriers, and during that time we managed
to secure a guide to a native chief named Rusambo, living
between the lAiia and Mazoe rivers. From Inya-tsu-tsu to
the source of the Mazoe we travelled through country which,
having never before been traversed by a European, we found to
be not at all in accordance with the maps published previous
to I 890.
XV IGNACIO JESUS DE XAVIER 281
Early in the morning of 30th August we crossed the Luia,
the main tributary of the Mazoe, from the north, and here a
river with a sandy bed about one hundred yards in breadth.
There was no running water in it, but plenty of small pools at
frequent intervals. We had a lot of trouble to get our carriers
beyond this river, as the guides said it was a long way to
the nearest water. Finally we started on with our guides
without having breakfasted, leaving the Shakundas to follow.
After an uphill walk through broken country for nearly five
hours under an intensely hot sun we reached Rusambo's town.
It was already late in the afternoon when we arrived at the
village, as we had rested several times during the day, Mr. Thomas
being ill and weak from fever. Luckily we got a little water by
digging in the bed of a creek about half-way, or we should have
suffered much more from thirst. As it was, having had nothing
to eat since the previous evening, we were very hungry on our
arrival at Rusambo's. Borrowing some of the calico which we
had paid in advance to our chief guide, and which he had with
him, we soon bought a few ground nuts and a couple of fowls,
and before dark had a good dinner. About 8 P.M. our
carriers all turned up very footsore and sulky. I found that
we had ascended one thousand feet in the course of the day after
crossing the Luia river.
On the following day we remained at Rusambo's buying
provisions. I found on inquiry that three white Portuguese had
visited this part of the country within the memory of Rusambo,
but I met no chief beyond him who had ever seen a Portuguese.
When I asked him if he had given his country to the Portuguese
he said that he had submitted to Ignacio Jesus de Xavier, the
black Capitao Mor of Baroma, in order to live, -and that he
now paid him an annual tribute in corn and gold dust. This
year, i 889, was the third in which he had paid tribute. Augusto
told us that Rusambo's country had been given to Ignacio Jesus
de Xavier as a praco by the Portuguese Government, on the
usual terms ; that is to say, in consideration of the payment of
an annual rental, and no questions asked as to the amount of
taxes he exacted from the natives. I asked Augusto what
would happen should Rusambo, or any native chief in a similar
position, refuse to pay up ; and he replied that Colonel Ignacio,
282 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
as he called him, was able to enforce payment, as he had a
strong force of well-armed men in his service, who would
either get the corn and gold dust required, or in default take
women and children. This year Rusambo's people had had
an abundant harvest, and the old chief had a fine lot of fat
fowls. He is the only African native I have ever seen who fed
his fowls. Every night they were all driven into a large wattle
and daub hutch, and morning and evening they received an
allowance of grain.
Hanging up in the kraal, one to each hut, were the wooden
dishes in which the women wash alluvial gold. These dishes
were all square with rounded corners, and as all the other
wooden pans I saw for gold washing in many other kraals in
the Mazoe valley were of exactly the same pattern, and as
all their other household utensils are round, these wooden pans
may possibly retain the form of the original pans for gold
washing introduced into South-P^astern Africa by the gold-
seeking nations of the ancient world in very remote times.
On I st September we found that twenty-nine of our forty-
two carriers from Tete had decamped during the night. Fear
of punishment by the Portuguese authorities had alone restrained
the others ; but I did not expect they would go many days
farther with us, as they were such a miserable lot that although
there was no earthly cause for alarm, I felt pretty sure that their
fear of the unknown country and unknown people on ahead
would soon outweigh their fear of deserting us and running the
risk of punishment at Tete. We at once set to work collecting
porters from the surrounding villages, and by the evening had
enlisted twenty-two to carry twenty-two loads for liberal pay-
ment as far as Maziwa's, a chief whose town is three days'
journey (for men carrying loads) from here. The remaining
loads we left in charge of Rusambo.
On 5th September, after having travelled through a very
dry stony country, and passed the villages of two miserable
famine -stricken chiefs, Chibonga and Matopi, we reached
Maziwa's.
During the last few days we had shot a little game and
seen fresh rhinoceros tracks, and near Maziwa's village we saw
much spoor of elands, Burchell's zebras, sable antelopes, koo-
XV TROUBLE WITH OUR CARRIERS 283
doos, etc. We camped at the foot of the hill on which Maziwa's
village was situated, but there were two or three more villages
about, all subject to the same chief and all perched on the
summits of high rocky hills. The people here had very little
food to sell, and appeared very poor and famine- stricken.
Maziwa is an independent chief on a very small scale, being
beyond Portuguese influence, either direct or indirect. Yet
this is scarcely a correct statement, as he has been raided upon
by one of the black CapitSo Mors from the north, who are
supposed to be subject to the Portuguese.
At this place we had a lot of trouble. In the first place
Rusambo's men, having fulfilled their bargain, returned home,
and we were left with twenty-two loads for which we wanted
carriers, whom I thought we should have obtained from Maziwa
without difificulty. However, Maziwa turned out to be singularly
avaricious and grasping, even for a Kafir, and I never knew a
Kafir yet, whose mind has been uninfluenced by contact with
Europeans, who, when the opportunity presented itself, failed
to make a large profit out of another man's necessity.
Believing he had got us in a fix, Maziwa thought he would be
able not only to skin us, but to pick the flesh from our bones,
figuratively speaking. He demanded ten yards of calico per
man for carrying our loads a distance of less than twenty
miles, and wanted a large present for himself into the bargain.
It was impossible to comply with this exorbitant demand, as,
had we done so, the next petty chief, when he learned what
Maziwa had screwed out of us, would have wanted at least as
much to put us a short distance farther on our journey, and in
this way in a very short time we should have been left without
any goods at all. During the day I did a lot of tallcing to
Maziwa ; but he remained obdurate, and was deaf to all argu-
ment, persuasion, sarcasm, invective, and insult, for he thought
we were in his power and would have to agree to his terms,
however exorbitant. One of his remarks was, that an elephant
had come and died in his country, and he and his people
would fatten on the carcase.
In the evening, our thrice-accursed Shakundas from Tete,
who were probably in communication with Maziwa, thinking
that now we were in a mess they would be able to make
284 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
capital out of our misfortunes, came up in a body and
demanded ten yards of calico per man to carry their loads
two days' journey farther, threatening to leave in the night if
we did not comply with their request. Though boiling over
with indignation we were obliged to talk quietly with them,
and argue and temporise, for if these fourteen men had left us,
plantes la, with only Augusto and five boys, we could never
have removed the greater part of our thirty-seven loads, and
the expedition would have come to an end. After much
discussion we gave the Shakundas each a common shirt,
and they then promised to cany our goods as far as we
wanted to go.
The next morning Maziwa came down to our camp with a
good many of his tribe, but we found him even more unreason-
able than he had been the previous day, and after a short and
.stormy interview he again retired to his kraal. I now resolved
to destroy a portion of our goods, and to push on without
Maziwa's aid. With the fourteen Shakundas and our five boys
(three from Quillimani and Augusto's two), we had nineteen
carriers for thirty-seven loads. I now went through every-
thing and made up nineteen loads of what we most required,
and then collected the remaining things, principally trading
goods and provisions, about seven hundredweights altogether,
into an immense heap. We then collected large quantities of
fuel and set the pyre alight. It seemed a pity to sacrifice
goods that had been carried so far, but it was much better
than submitting to the extortions of a -miserable savage.
During this operation Maziwa and his greedy clansmen stood
looking on from the hill, and the old chief, as he saw the
calico and blankets which he coveted being licked up and
destroyed by the flames, lost all his self-possession, and
declaimed loudly against us from his coign of vantage. I did
not understand him, but Augusto told us that he said we were
his enemies, and that every one was his enemy who came from
Tete ; that if he had men enough he would kill us and seize
our goods, and finally threatened that if we went on he would
follow and raise the country on us. As we had four good
breech-loading rifles, and all our Shakundas were armed with
muskets belonging to Senhor Martins, we knew we could
XV DISCHARGE THE SHAKUNDA CARRIERS 285
afford to laugh at Maziwa's threats, especially as the moon
was just at the full ; but our craven crew of Shakundas were
actually so frightened, that they began to get their things
together, declaring their intention of going off in the night. I
now saw that it would be impossible to get these men any
farther, and so resolved to return with them as far as
Rusambo's, and there dismiss them from my service, and then
endeavour to obtain men again from Rusambo, and take a
different route up the valley of the Luia, passing to the north
of Maziwa's. As the Shakundas were delighted at the idea of
going back to Rusambo's, and thought I would then return to
Tete with them, I easily persuaded them to wait until the
following morning, pointing out to them Maziwa's weakness
and evident fear of us. We, however, kept watch all night to
see that they did not bolt and leave us alone with the remain-
ing goods, and at daylight we started on the return journey to
Rusambo's, which we reached on loth September.
On the follov/ing morning I told our Shakundas to return
to their Portuguese masters on the Zambesi, as I had had
enough of them, and all but one were only too glad to
avail themselves of the opportunity. This one boy, as he
begged to be allowed to remain with us, and as he had always
been the most willing of the lot, I re-engaged ; he accompanied
us throughout the trip, and I have never had a better boy in
my service than he proved himself to be.
I do not think that the natives of South-East Africa who
have been accustomed to the Portuguese like working for
Englishmen ; we are too energetic for them. Many of my
countrymen believe that the natives despise the Portuguese,
and admire the superior strength and energy of North Euro-
peans, but I think there is a good deal of misconception in
this matter. Doubtless the descendants of the brave and
warlike tribes of Zulu stock despise effeminacy and admire
manliness, but it is my opinion that the more mean-spirited
and cowardly tribes reverence nothing but wealth, and when
they see an Englishman, Scotsman, German, or Swede — for
all North Europeans I have observed have the same pride of a
dominant race, that forbids them to show any sign of effeminacy
before an inferior people — walking in the hot sun, bare-armed
286 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN A ERIC A chap.
and often barc-Iegged, carrying his own rifle and running after
game, they think he only does so because he is poor and
cannot afford to pay men to hunt for him, and porters to
carry him in a palanquin, sheltered from the heat of the sun
by an awning or an umbrella ; and they despise him accord-
ingly and contrast him unfavourably with the more effeminate
and luxurious Portuguese, whom they respect more than the
Englishman, because they think he is rich enough to afford
comforts which the latter cannot command.
On making careful inquiries I found that I could take
another route to " Magomo " by the kraals of Dombo Chena,
and Kandaya, and after reducing the number of loads as much
as possible — leaving the remaining goods in Rusambo's charge
until our return — I was able to hire porters as far as
Kandaya's.
On the 14th of September we again started, and leaving
Maziwa's to the south-west, reached Uombo Chena's, on the
little river Umkaradzi, on the 1 8th. We saw a great many
quartz reefs on the upper course of the Umkaradzi, some of
which Mr. Thomas liked the look of very much. The natives
of the little village of Dombo Chena had done a great deal of
work along the river washing for alluvial gold, but Mr. Thomas
did not think it would prove payable for white men. Besides
these recent workings we also found traces of much work-
having been done in ancient times in search of gold, which
shows that this little river must have been known as a gold-
producing stream for a very long time.
Near the head of the Umkaradzi valley stands a lofty
mountain, a splendid landmark for many miles round. The
range of hills from which this peak rises is called Fura by the
natives, but as we were now in a country in dispute between
the British and Portuguese, and as I could not discover from
the natives that any white subject of Portugal had ever
travelled in this district, I had what some people will call the
impertinence to name it Mount Darwin, after that illustrious
Englishman whose far-reaching theories — logical conclusions
based upon an enormous mass of incontrovertible facts — have
revolutionised modern thought, and destroyed for ever many
old beliefs that had held men's minds in thrall for centuries.
XV A POVERTY-STRICKEN DISTRICT 287
About five miles beyond Dombo Chena's we crossed the
Umfuri river, a tributary of the Luia. The Umfuri had plenty
of water in it, and was the first river we had seen for some
time that was a river in anything but the name. About seven
miles beyond the Umfuri we reached a miserable little native
village, and were surprised to find that this was the abode of
the chief Kandaya. On examination we found that the village
consisted of nine very small and villainously ill-constructed huts,
placed on the side of a small hill, and unenclosed by any kind
of fence. These miserable savages seemed to have very little
food of any kind, and neither cattle nor goats, their sole riches
in the way of live stock being represented by a few fowls,
and one gaunt hungry- looking dog. Kandaya, the wretched
starveling chief, said he would try to get his people to carry
our loads on to Mapondera's, but protested that he did not
know their hearts. I gave him a present of a shirt and four
yards of calico, and also some meat of a reed-buck I had shot
in the morning. He did not seem at all thankful, retaining the
same gloomy, discontented expression of countenance that he
had worn when he first put in an appearance. He evidently
looked upon life as a very poor business.
A few hundred yards from Kandaya's village stood a high
and conspicuous cone-shaped hill, called by the natives Tchakari.
This name I altered to Mount Thackeray, as a tribute to the
memory of the immortal novelist, whose genius has so often
enabled me to escape, for the time being, from my surroundings ;
to forget the filthy, soulless, sordid, mean, and vermin-swarming
savages amongst whom I actually was, and to live again, in
spirit at least, amongst the dwellers in Vanity Fair.
On the evening of our arrival at Kandaya's town all the
villagers came down to our camp, bringing a drum with them,
and got up a dance, our own men joining in. They made a
most diabolical noise, shouting and beating on the drum, and
kept it up till nearly midnight, when I thought it time to stop
the entertainment. The dancing itself was monotonous and
uninteresting in the extreme. The mass of the performers
stood in a ring, shouting and clapping their hands, and two or
three kept continually advancing slowly into the ring and then
retiring. There seemed to be no step, and there was no
288 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xv
graceful movement of the arms. Noise appeared to be the
great end and aim of the whole performance, and the drum
was beaten with great vigour and without the least cessation.
The entire population of the village assisted at this dance — men,
women, and children ; and many of the women had children
slung on their backs.
On the following morning we got away with seven women
carriers and four men, besides a few children, and after this had
no further difficulty. As we were now on the eastern slopes of
Mashunaland, the country became better watered as we pro-
ceeded, and that night we slept amongst the old familiar
mahobo-hobo forests at the head of one of the tributaries of the
Umfuri, and at an elevation of over four thousand feet above
sea-level.
On 22nd September we reached the village of Temaringa,
who is a brother of Mapondera, the chief of the Makori-kori
tribe, living between the Mazoe and Luia rivers. After ex-
plaining our business to him he agreed to accompany us to
Inyota, his brother's residence.
On 25 th September we reached Inyota, where all the
people knew me by name, and many of them personally, as in
former years I had often shot elands and other game within
sight of Mount Inyota. We here found an enterprising Indian,
Vallji Mussagi by name, trading gold dust. He had his wife
with him, a native woman, and had built a little shanty for
himself in Mapondera's kraal. He had a Portuguese flag with
him, which Augusto said had been given him by the Governor
of Tete to carry about with him. From this man we learned
that Colonel Paiva d'Andrada, and Manoel Antonio de Souza,
had established a military post of black soldiers at Mangwendi's
town, from whence they would proceed across the high plateau
to Inyamwenda's and Lo Magondi's, where they would meet
Lieutenant Cordon from the Zambesi, who in his turn had
established military posts on the Lower Sanyati. All the chiefs
in Mashunaland, he told us, had given in their submission to
Colonel d'Andrada, and hoisted the flag of Portugal in their kraals.
He also told us that he had heard that Lieutenant Cordon had
been attacked by the Matabili, whom he had driven off with
great slaughter. In this report there was, however, no truth.
Mapondera, a Chief of the Makori-kori.
(Drawn from a Photograph by Mr, Fkanceys. of Salisbury, Mashunaland.)
U
CHAP. XV WILD LEMON- TREES 291
After hearing all this news I called Mapondera and Tema-
ringa into Mussagi's house, and had no difficulty in obtaining
a mineral concession from them, and I also got them to sign a
paper in his presence, to the effect that they were entirely
independent and had never paid tribute either directly to the
Portuguese Government, or indirectly to any Capitao Mor hold-
ing office under the Portuguese Government ; and further, that
they had never yet seen a white Portuguese, the only white
men they had ever seen being Englishmen coming from the
west — Mr. Walter Montagu Kerr in 1884, and Mr. Cherry, a
short time before my visit, in 1889. Our interpreter, Augusto
Melitao de Souza, attached his signature as witness to these
documents. Vallji Mussagi left on the following day for Tete,
and of course informed the Governor of what I had done
immediately on his arrival.
Having now satisfactorily concluded my business, I deter-
mined to settle definitely the actual source of the Mazoe,
which I knew was very inaccurately laid down on all previously
published maps. Mr. Thomas being very weak from repeated
attacks of fever, I left him with Augusto at Mapondera's, and
with Burnett started on 26th September for the Mazoe. We
first crossed the Umrodzi at its junction with the Wainji, from
where a walk of about two miles brought us to the banks of the
Mazoe. The river is here very narrow, but the water is deep,
running with a slow sluggish current.
We found a great many lemon-trees growing just on the
water's edge, many of them loaded with fruit. These lemons
were large and thick-skinned, and not so sour as the lemons
one gets in England, and they seemed to me quite as good as
any lemons I have seen growing in the Transvaal, even on
farms where the trees are carefully tended and manured every
year ; and, as the lemon-trees on the Mazoe have grown wild
and untended in the wilderness for ages and ages, they ought
to improve with cultivation. The natives have no tradition
as to how the lemon-trees were introduced, but that there is a
connection between them and the ancient gold-workings seems
certain, for wherever lemon-trees grow, old gold-workings will
invariably be found in the neighbourhood. They may have
been introduced by the Portuguese two or three centuries ago,
292 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
or they may date back to much more ancient times, when
South- Eastern Africa was visited by the trading peoples of
Asia and Arabia in search of gold.
On the following morning we walked on along the Mazoe,
and in two hours reached its junction with the Tataguru.
Here the Mazoe runs from the south through a gap in a high
range of hills. The country near the junction of the Mazoe
and Tataguru rivers we found to be literally carpeted ' with
a profusion of wildflowers, all of the most exquisitely delicate
shades of colour, pale mauve, pink, and lilac predominating,
though yellow and white flowers were scattered amongst them
too, and there was one little gem of a rich deep red. These
flowers, though many of them were very beautiful, had nothing
tropical in their appearance, but all looked as if they might
grow in the open air in an English garden ; as indeed no
doubt they would, for this country, though by its geographical
position it is well within the tropics, is really by reason of its
altitude a temperate country, with the climate of Southern
Europe.
Shortly after getting through a gap in the hills we came
to another small tributary stream running into the Mazoe, and
made a halt for breakfast. As we were now entirely out of
food for ourselves and boys, and as we could see a native town
on the side of a hill at no great distance, we sent a couple of
our Kafirs to try to buy some meal and rice. The Mazoe
had now become very small, little more than a deep ditch, in
fact, and it was evident that its source could not be at any
very great distance, so Burnett and 1 decided to leave the
remainder of our Kafirs, who were all bad walkers, or pre-
tended to be so, and push on to the head of the river by our-
selves. Three hours later we stood at the actual source of
the Mazoe. We found that as a river the Mazoe took its
rise in two deep black pools, surrounded and overshadowed by
thick -foliaged trees, the water being twelve or fifteen feet
below the level of the banks. But above these pools there is
a swamp, extending for about a mile, at the head of which
stands a cluster of dark-leaved evergreen trees, and amongst
these trees the actual spring of the Mazoe may be said to be.
' End of .September 1889.
THE SOURCES OF THE MAZOE
293
Into one of the deep pools I have spoken of as being the com-
mencement of the actual river, a small rill of water, draining
out of the marsh, falls, forming a tiny waterfall of twelve or
fifteen feet in height. The Mazoe does not take its rise on the
top of the high open downs of Mashunaland like the Manyami,
the Sabi, the Sanyati, etc., but in a marsh just below the high
level, its source being enclosed in low ridges, through which
the water must percolate from the higher ground. After a rest
we started back for camp, which we reached just before sun-
down, having done over eight hours' very fast walking during
the day. We found that our boys had bought a little rice and
pogo meal, but having no meat we did not sit down to a very
sumptuous repast. Since leaving Mapondera's we had seen no
game, with the exception of a few reed-bucks, which were very
wild and unapproachable.
Granite Boulder, Mashunaland.
(From a Photograph by Mr. E. A. Maund.)
CHAPTER XVI
Mount Hampden — Return to Inyota — Wildflowers — Journey down tlie Mazoe —
Cross the River Inyagui — Hippopotamus shot — Rejoin Mr. Thomas at Ru-
sambo's — Return to the Mazoe — A stockaded town — Pass Sanyara's — Burnett
sees five lions— Reach the Ruenya — Hippopotamus shooting — A freshwater
shark caught — Return to Tete — Interview with the Portuguese Governor —
Portuguese hospitality — Leave Tete— Reach Vicenti— Down the Quaqua to
Quillimani — Go on board the Courland — Return to Cape Town.
Having traced the Mazoe to its source (in the neighbourhood
of which I had often been in former years, without, however,
knowing its exact position), I determined to revisit Mount
Hampden on the Gwibi, in order to complete my compass
surveys from the east and the west.
Ascending the little river Dasuru, we reached the Gwibi,
after a walk of about three and a half hours. Leaving Burnett
and the Kafirs there, I then climbed Mount Hampden and
took some compass bearings from trees, as the hill itself being
rich in ironstone, no readings could be relied upon that were
taken near the ground. Mount Hampden, . which has now
become a household word in Mashunaland, and which in
1 890 was named as the goal of the British South Africa
Company's expedition to that country, had been familiar to me
ever since 1878, and many a time in 1883, 1885, and 1887
had I climbed its sides in order to look for ostriches, elands,
and other game on the plains by which it is surrounded. The
hill itself is about five hundred feet in height ; but, standing as
it does on the eastern edge of the Mashuna plateau, and being
all by itself in the midst of open downs, it forms an excellent
landmark, and from its summit, which must once have been
the site of a native town (as it is surrounded by a stone wall
about four feet in height), a .splendid view is obtainable, extend-
PROFUSION OF WILDFLOWERS
295
ing to the Umvukwi hills to the north-west, and over the
whole of the Mazoe valley as far as Mount Inyota to the
north-east. Most of the Kafirs know no name for this hill,
though Inyamwenda's people call it Si-kwi, so in 1880, in a
sketch map which I sent to the Royal Geographical Society, I
called it Mount Hampden, naming it after that good English-
man, John Hampden, who struggled so manfully for, and
eventually gave his life in defence of, the liberties of his
countrymen in those evil days when the second prince of the
House of Stuart reigned in England.
After leaving Mount Hampden we made for the head of
the Umrodzi, which river we followed down to its junction
with the Gurumapudzi ; and then passing close beneath the
hill from which Wata and his people were driven by the
Matabili in 1868, and crossing the Wainji and the Sawi, two
fair-sized rivers, and several other strong running streams, got
back to Inyota on ist October.
In the valley of the Umrodzi, as in the valley of the
Mazoe, I noticed a wonderful profusion of wildflowers, one
a very lovely species that I had never seen before, and which
I only saw along the Umrodzi for a space of about two miles,
where, however, it was plentiful. It was not large or imposing,
but singularly beautiful. From each little plant half-a-dozen
long trumpet -shaped flowers about three inches in length,
and of a delicate creamy-white colour, shot up, and from each
of these flowers two or three long club-headed pistils of a
dark magenta protruded, rearing themselves in their turn a
couple of inches above the flowers. These had a most sweet and
delicate scent, which is wanting in most flowers growing on the
ground in South Africa.
As I was anxious to follow the course of the Mazoe as
much as possible on our return journey to Tete, and at the
same time wished to get some specimens of quartz from the
reefs on the Umkaradzi, I sent Mr. Thomas back with
Augusto and three of our six boys by the route by which we
had come, passing Dombo Chena, whilst Burnett and I, with
the other three boys, struck down to the Mazoe from Tema-
ringa's kraal. Thomas and Augusto were to wait for us at
Rusambo's. On the 5 th of October we parted company.
296 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE 'IN AFRICA chap.
Where Burnett and I struck the Mazoe we found it a good-
sized river with large deep pools of water, and a strong running
stream between the pools. Wc then followed the Mazoe for
four daj'S, and found its general course to be east and west.
VVe did not see much game along its banks, but sufficient to
enable us to keep ourselves in meat.
On 7th October we crossed the Inyagui, a large river flowing
from the south, which at its junction with the Mazoe is the
bigger river of the two. The Inyagui, or Inyagurukadzi, as it
is sometimes called, rises near Mangwendi's village, fifty miles
south-cast of Mount Hampden, and drains a large extent of
country. Even at the end of the dry season it carries to the
Mazoe a large body of swiftly-running water, which rushes over
a pebbly bed amongst great boulders of rock, and in the rainy
season it must become a formidable torrent, impossible to cross.
Just below the junction of the Mazoe and the Inyagui we
shot a very large old hippopotamus bull. We were here
accompanied by a lot of natives, who indeed had guided us to
the pool where wc found the hippo. Burnett and I were both
shooting with Gibb's Metford 450-bore rifles, and between us
had only one solid bullet, all the others being expanding.
Burnett first fired at the hippo, and hit him in the back of the
head, but the hollow bullet must have expanded in the muscles
of the neck, and did not penetrate the skull. After this the
old bull became wary, and it was some time before he gave
another chance ; but presently, having crossed the river below
the pool, and gone round to the other bank, I. got a good shot
at the side of his head, and hit him with my one long .solid
540-grain bullet somewhere about the ear. This shot partially
stunned him, but it could not have touched his brain, or of
course it would have killed him instantly. However, it gave
him a very severe shock, as for some minutes after being hit
he rolled about on the top of the water, often opening his huge
jaws to their fullest extent, and dyeing the waves, into which
he lashed the pool, with the blood which he blew from his
mouth and nostrils. We thought he was dying, and did not
fire at him again, but presently he began to recover from the
effects of the wound, and went under water, reappearing
almost immediately, however, but soon going down again and
JOAO'S TOWN 297
not showing himself for some time. At last he reappeared
near Burnett, and he got a good steady shot, and put an
expanding bullet just under his ear, and I saw by the way he
just sank away that the bullet had reached his brain and killed
him on the spot. It was then late in the day, so that he did
not come up till the night, but we found him floating the next
morning. As he was, however, as lean as a crow, and quite
uneatable for us, we gave him to the natives just as he was,
and continued our journey. On the following day we left the
Mazoe and made for Chibonga's, which we reached on loth
October, having travelled through a very dry, dreary, and
uninteresting country. The next morning we walked over to
Rusambo's, where we rejoined Mr. Thomas and Augusto.
I now determined to return to the Mazoe and follow that
river down to its junction with the Ruenya, which point I
knew was not very far distant from Tete ; so, obtaining a guide
from Rusambo to a village called Diwa or Zongoro, we started
on the afternoon of 14th October, but did not reach the village
that evening. On the following day we reached Zongoro early,
and had breakfast there. We here met a black man named
Joao (pronounced Jwong), who was a nephew of the Capitao
Mor of this district. This man had been educated at Tete and
spoke Portuguese fluently. As he was just starting for his own
town near the junction of the Luia and Mazoe rivers, and asked
us to accompany him, we gladly did so, and on the following
day about noon arrived there. All this part of the country,
lying in the angle between the Luia and Mazoe rivers, is broken
and hilly, very dry and barren, water being very scarce and bad.
Joao's town was well built and very strongly stockaded.
He gave us a large roomy shed in which to sleep, and put our
things. On our way here we passed the pit where his people
obtained water. It was a well quite thirty feet in depth, dug
in the bed of a dry creek, and it took us exactly fifty minutes
to walk from this well to the village. Even at the bottom of
the well there was very little water, and it had to be ladled out
in cupfuls. Altogether it must have been a four or five hours'
job for the women every day to walk to the well, get their
pots full of water, and carry them home again. The name of
Joao's village was Maramba. From this village we got guides
298 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
to Sanyara's, who is a sister of Joao, and after a six hours' walk,
the greater part of which we did by moonlight, because of the
absence of water, and in order to escape the mid-day heat,
which was now intense, reached the Mazoe on the morning of
I 8th October. The Mazoe had now become a large sand river
with a bed fully three hundred yards in breadth, down which
meandered a tiny stream in a vast expanse of sand — a mere
dribblet of water only a few yards broad and a few inches in depth.
The thirsty sand had swallowed almost the whole of the generous
stream which fills the bed of the river from bank to bank some
fifty miles higher up its course. In Cape Town I had been
gravely informed that the Mazoe was navigable for a distance
of eighty miles above its junction with the Ruenya, but in no
part of its lower course, after it has become a broad sand river,
could the smallest of Rob Roy canoes ever built be floated
during the dry season. In the evening we reached Sanyara's
village, having had to walk during the last three hours (as the
banks of the river were covered with dense jungle and there was
no footpath) down the bed of the river, in soft yielding sand,
and under a terrifically hot sun during the first hour. Sanyara
received us very kindly and gave us a nice clean hut, and mats
to sleep on. She had once been married to a Portuguese, by
whom she had two children who were living with her at the
time of our visit : two pretty little girls with fine dark eyes,
about eight and ten years of age respectively.
The following morning we started early and crossed the Luia
almost immediately, just at its junction with the Mazoe, which
here runs to the north-east — still an immense sand river, with
a small thread of water running above the sand. The bed of the
Luia was al.so about three hundred yards broad, but perfectly
dry. From this point until we reached the Ruenya we had to
walk all down the soft sandy bed of the Mazoe, and very trying
it was in the intense heat, especially to poor Mr. Thomas, who
was weak from repeated attacks of fever. We saw a great deal
of lion spoor in the bed of the river, usually the spoors of
several together, so there was doubtless a good deal of game
about. Indeed every living animal in the surrounding country
must of necessity have been in the vicinity of the river in order
to get water.
XVI HIPPOPOTAMUS-SHOOTING 299
The day before reaching the Ruenya, and just at a time
when I had left the bed of the river and gone into the bush to
look for a bush-bucl:, Burnett and Thomas came upon five lions
lying on the hot sand near the water. There was a fine male
amongst them, but they saw the string of men a long way off,
on the open sand, and, getting up, retreated slowly into the reeds
and bush growing on the river's bank. Burnett fired a couple
of long shots at them, but without effect. They had killed a
monkey and were lying round it on the sand, but had not
commenced to eat it. By the spoors, Burnett said, they had
apparently chased the monkey, and rushed upon it from different
directions, perhaps just for a bit of sport, as they were coming
down to drink.
On the following morning we reached the Ruenya, down
whose bed even at this season of the year a fine stream of
water, sixty to eighty yards broad and three feet in depth,
rushes swiftly along, in a channel which it has cut for itself
through a mass of hard rock. In the rainy season this river
Ruenya must bring down a very large body of water, as it
ultimately receives the whole of the waters of the countless
perennial streams which drain Eastern Mashunaland. About a
mile below the junction of the Mazoe and Ruenya we came
upon five hippopotami in a deep narrow pool. Here there were
a lot of natives camped who had killed a young hippo the pre-
vious day, or rather found it dead, as they said they had wounded
it in the night some time ago, and found it dead on the day
before our visit. As we still had some of Joao's and Sanyara's
men with us, who had been sent by their master and mistress
to show us the hippos in the Ruenya, and as the large number
of natives who had secured the one animal were clamorous for
more, Burnett and I set to and killed the four big animals in
the pool whilst our breakfast was being prepared. There was
then only a small calf left, which we were anxious to kill for
meat for ourselves. However, the little animal was very wary,
and it was not until after breakfast that I managed to kill it.
Such wholesale destruction seems cruel, but all the meat was
really required, as the people in this district were very short of
food at the time of our visit. It would have been useless to
spare the calf, as it was too young to shift for itself
300 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xvi
One of these hippos, an immense bull, was very cunning,
and would not show his head at all, but only just raised
his great broad snout above the surface to breathe. I got
upon a mass of rocks well above the water, and when he
next executed this manoeuvre put a bullet into his nose, which,
as we afterwards found out, went right into his nostril. On
this he withdrew his nose very quickly, and by the commotion
he made beneath the water it was evident that he was very
much disturbed ; and he must have been in a fury, for he very
soon appeared on the surface, showing his whole head and
shoulders, and dragging up from the bottom one of his dead
fellows, which he held firmly in his jaws by the hind leg.
Burnett and I at once saluted him with two bullets, which both
hit him, and caused him to disappear. He almost immediately
came up again, however, still holding the dead hippo firmly by
the hind leg. Again we gave him two bullets in the head,
quickly followed by two more, as he was floundering about
in his death struggles, when both animals sank together, the
one as dead as the other. Presently from the top of a rock
we could see two dark objects lying together at the bottom of
the beautifully clear water, which, although the Kafirs said they
were two rocks, ultimately turned out to be the two dead hippos.
After about three and a half hours one of the animals first shot
came to the surface, and as none of the Kafirs would go in to
fetch it ashore, I swam in myself, and climbing on to the carcase,
paddled it ashore with my hands. I think it is very foolish
doing this sort of thing in a river full of crocodiles, especially
in hot weather, when the water is warm, but one cannot help
it, if only to show the natives that a white man will do what
they dare not attempt.
Soon after this a portion of the smaller of the two animals
that were lying together, and which turned out to be a young
bull, appeared, and I again swam in and attached a strong bark
rope to one of its legs. This time some of the Kafirs followed
me. On hauling on the rope we found, however, that its one
hind leg was still fast in the jaws of the big bull, and it was only
after a considerable amount of pulling that we got the two
animals .separated. This story sounds like a traveller's tale,
but it is nevertheless true, and the incident was witnessed, and
Wounded Hippopotamus attacking the Carcase of One previously Shot.
' And he must have been in a fury, for he very soon appeared on the surface, showing his whole
head and shoulders, and dragging up from the bottom one of his dead fellows, which he
held firmly in his jaws by the hind leg. "
CHAP. XVI A FRESHWA TEN SHARK 303
can be attested to by my companions. In his rage and fury
the old bull must have attacked the first thing he came across,
which happened to be the body of his former friend and
companion. Strange to relate, although the four hippos all
came up within four hours of the time they were shot, the
carcase of the little calf did not float until the next day, fully
twenty-four hours after it was shot. I cannot account for this,
unless it had got jammed under a rock, which prevented its
rising until it became very buoyant.
In the afternoon I walked up to the junction of the
Ruenya and Mazoe rivers to take some compass bearings.
Just at the junction of the rivers the bed of the Ruenya is
about one hundred and fifty yards broad, that of the Mazoe at
least three hundred. But whereas the Ruenya, even at the
time of year when I saw it, which was towards the end of
a very dry season, brought down a fine stream of water about
sixty yards wide and several feet in depth, rushing like an
Alpine torrent amongst great masses of rock, in the Mazoe
there was only a very meagre stream of water a few yards in
breadth and a few inches in depth. Just at the junction of
the two rivers there is a small fall in the Ruenya, and below
this fall the river is narrowed into a deep channel only a few
yards in breadth, which it has cut for itself through a solid
mass of rock, and through which the water rushes at a terrific
pace. The place reminded me of Kariba Gorge, on the Upper
Zambesi, though, of course, everything is here on a much
smaller scale. The Ruenya soon opens out again into a
channel sixty to eighty yards wide, always running very swiftly
between terraces of rock. It was in a deep reach of the river,
about a mile below the mouth of the Mazoe, that we found and
shot the hippo.
Just before going up the river to take my compass bearings,
I had been standing alongside of Burnett, who was fishing,
when he caught a fine tiger-fish. He was playing this fish,
when it was seized and bitten in two just behind the gills by a
large flat-headed fish, which in the water looked like a South
African barbel, except that it was much more active. It bit
the tiger-fish clean in two just behind the gills without pulling
on the line at all, and I left Burnett preparing a bait to catch
304 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
the robber. When I came back, he said to me, " Oh, I say, I
caught that fish, and Steve Thomas says it's a shari<." I
asl<ed where it was, and was told tliat the Kafirs had got it,
but that Thomas had secured the Hver. However, the head
was still intact, and it certainly looked like that of a small
shark, with a semicircular mouth underneath and about three
inches from the end of the broad flat head. As far as I
remember, this mouth was armed with only one row of small
sharp teeth. Thomas said that as a young man he had served
in whaling ships in the southern seas, and that this fish was
nothing else but a small shark, with a forked tail and back fin
complete. We ate the liver, which certainly was good. This
fish was about three and a half feet long. Augusto said he
knew it well, and that the species is common in the Zambesi
at Tete. I daresay this fish is known to science, but if not, I
see no reason why a race of sharks should not have become
gradually suited to live in the tidal waters of the Lower
Zambesi, and ultimately in the fresh water of the upper river,
only modified in size to suit their surroundings. From
the sea to the Kuroa Basa rapids on the Zambesi, and
to that part of the Lower Ruenya where we shot the hippo-
potami, there is no barrier of any kind that would prevent a
fish from swimming up from the ocean. I never heard of
these shark-like fish in the Zambesi above the Victoria Falls,
and do not believe that they exist there.
From the junction of the Mazoe and Ruenya rivers it took us
ten hours' actual walking, following the course of the latter river,
to the Zambesi, which we reached on 23rd October, and on the
following day we got into Tete in time for breakfast with Father
Courtois, by whom I was informed that I would meet with a bad
reception from Senhor Alpuina, the Governor ; and indeed I ex-
pected nothing else, as I knew that Vallji Mussagi must have in-
formed him of the interview I had had with the Makori-kori chiefs,
and their repudiation of Portuguese jurisdiction in their territory.
On 25 th October I called upon the Governor of Tete, Mr.
Teixeira accompanying me as interpreter. Our interview was
a very stormy one, but too long to relate in detail. He accused
me of being an agent of the British Government, and I do not
think he ever fully believed my assertion that I could lay no
XVI PORTUGUESE COERCION 305
claim to that honour. He then said, " You have a document
signed by a native chief, saying that he is independent of the
Portuguese Government, and that the only white men who have
ever been in his country are Englishmen. I demand that
document." To this I replied that I had obtained a mineral
concession and a declaration of independence from certain
native chiefs, but that as the country in question was a long way
beyond Portuguese territory he had no right to ask me for the
document, and that I would not surrender it to him. On this
he said he would have me arrested and sent to Mozambique,
and when Mr. Teixeira assured him that the document in
question was a mineral and not a territorial concession, he not
unnaturally asked to be allowed to see it. However, I did not
care about putting my concession in the hands of a Portuguese
official, especially as the door was guarded by black soldiers, so
I said that I would let him have a copy, which should be made
out in the presence of Father Courtois, the French priest, who
would be able to certify that it was a true copy, and to this the
Governor agreed. In the course of this interview, when I
stated that both Mapondera and Temaringa had in the presence
of Vallji Mussagi and Augusto denied the Portuguese claim to
jurisdiction in their country, Senhor Alpuina said very angrily,
'' In twelve days' time (from 25th October) they will have
taken the Portuguese flag," meaning that, as I had already
heard, an expedition under a Portuguese officer, and supported
by Ignacio Jesus de Xavier, had already started for Inyota, in
order to coerce the Makori-kori chiefs into accepting the
Portuguese flag. Such annexations are, however, unworthy of
serious consideration. For some reason or other this expedi-
tion does not appear to have reached Inyota.
As soon as my interview with the Governor of Tete was
over, I at once made out a copy of the mineral concession I
had obtained from Mapondera in the presence of Father
Courtois, inserting the obnoxious clause relative to the in-
dependence of that chief at the end. With this document I
returned to the Residency in the afternoon, but was informed
by the Governor's secretary that I could not see Senhor
Alpuina, as he was down with bilious fever. I then handed
in the paper, and heard nothing more about the matter, as
X
3o6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
the Governor remained confined to his bed until after I had
left Tete.
I will here put it on record that personally I have never
experienced anything but kindness at the hands of the Portu-
guese traders and others whom I have met with on the Zambesi.
Of course it is impossible for Englishmen and Portuguese
officials to regard certain questions now arising in South-East
Africa from the same point of view, yet I cannot complain of
any injustice or ill-treatment at their hands.
We remained in Tete until 29th October, and were on very
friendly terms with the principal residents. Senhor Martins,
the Capitao Mor, expressed great indignation when I told him
how our carriers had behaved, and was, I am sure, perfectly
sincere. He succeeded in making several of them restore the
calico they had received as wages in advance before leaving
Tete, and said that he would have some of them flogged if I
liked ; but having succeeded in my object in spite of them, my
resentment had cooled, and I begged him to do nothing further
in the matter.
One day Burnett and I went to breakfast with this most
hospitable Lusitanian, who is a right good fellow, though bitterly
opposed to the acquisition of any territory by the British in
South-East Africa. It being Sunday, Senhor Martins thought
it would be the correct thing to make the two luiglishmen
drunk. He first plied us with wine, and then ordered a case
of beer and several flasks of Hollands gin. Several of the
inhabitants of Tete dropped in, and every one drank as much as
he liked, and they all liked to drink a good deal. Although
not a teetotaler, I am by habit a very abstemious man, and
practically a total abstainer. I drank as little as possible, as
did also Burnett, but for the honour of our country we were
obliged to drink a good deal more than we wanted. About
eleven o'clock a coloured gentleman who had formerly been
the schoolmaster of Tete was carried home crying drunk, and
soon afterwards our hospitable entertainer, who had lately lost
his wife, got into a very lachrymose condition. We thought
this a good opportunity to get away, but he then rallied and
insisted upon going with us to the house we had hired, and
here of course we had to do our best to return his hospitality.
OUTRAGE ON A BRITISH SUBJECT
307
Presently, to our dismay, the schoolmaster again rolled up, now
intensely polite, and constantly bowing and saying " Tank you."
He was a weak-headed man, however, and soon again became
melancholy, and at last fell backwards over the little parapet
that surrounded our house, and a recumbent position just at
that time suiting him better than any other, he lay where he
fell until some friends presently removed him. Altogether,
although no rain fell, this was a very wet Sunday, though I
think the two Englishmen came very well through the ordeal.
On 29th October we bade adieu to Tete, and in the after-
noon passed the mouth of the Ruenya. Before leaving I called
upon Senhor Alpuina, the Governor, but, as I have said before,
was unable to see him. For this return journey down the
Zambesi we hired a boat and crew from Senhor Anakulete
Nuncs, who had boarded us during our stay in Tete.
On 4th November we passed Sena, keeping, however, near
to the opposite bank of the Zambesi to that on which the town
is situated. Here were encamped a portion of the black levies
with which Colonel Serpa Pinto soon afterwards attacked the
Makololo beyond the river Ruo in a country which Consul
Johnston had proclaimed to be British territory.
Two days later we passed the mouth of the Shiri. Soon
afterwards hfeavy rain began to fall, and a strong head wind
lashed the river into waves that threatened to swamp our boat,
so that on reaching Missongwi, where the Dutch East African
trading company have a station, we took advantage of the
hospitality of their agent, Mr. Van Yssom, and spent the rest
of the day with him.
On 7th November we reached Viccnti at about i P.M.,
where we found Mr. Baird in charge. This young Scotsman,
who had been a fellow - passenger of ours on board the
Courland, had shortly before our arrival been shamefully
assaulted and ill-used by a Portuguese officer, backed by a
rabble, for complaining of the theft of some of the African
Lakes Company's property by black soldiers. Had there
been a few Britishers about there would assuredly have been a
row on the spot. It was very evident from many things that
Mr. Baird told us that relations between the British and Portu-
guese were now getting very strained in South-East Africa.
r^©^r'
3o8 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xvi
From Viccnti wc walked over to Mopca on the Quaqua,
where wc were hospitably entertained by Mr. and Mrs.
Henderson. Mr. Henderson was managing an opium planta-
tion, which I think has since been abandoned.
On 8th November wc started for Quillimani in two small
boats belonging to the African Lakes Company, but as the
river was very low, and the boats had to be continually pulled
over shoals, our progress was very slow.
Knowing that the steamer for Cape Town was due in
Quillimani from Mozambique on i 3th November, and that .she
was advertised to leave on the 15th, wc dropped down to the
anchorage on the 14th, and ran our boat alongside of the
Courlaiid ; and although the Portuguese guard on the gangway
made some demur, I went on board and deposited all my papers,
diaries, and map with the purser, as I thought I inight have to
undergo another inquisition at Quillimani. Then we went on
.shore, but no one asked us any questions. That evening we
spent very jjleasantly with Mr. and Mrs. Ross, and the next
morning, after settling off with Rebecca and Rocky, went on
board tlie Conrland again, and getting away with the afternoon's
tide, reached Cape Town early in Dcccinbcr.
LuNii HivLH LooKiNO East.
CIIAITICR XVII
I'orluKUCM! claim to Masliiiiialand - \mxA Saliobiiry's proclamatiun — Kxpediliona of
Colonel d'Andrada and Lieutenant Cordon -Letter to the Seloun syndicate —
Interview with Mr. Kho<lc» — Scheme for the occupntiim of Mashunaland —
I'lsMM observations made diirinj^ the progress of the cxi)Cctition,
an accoutit of vvhicli I liavc just brou<;ht to a close, I iina{jincd,
rightly or wrongly, that the Portuguese were making strenuou.s
efforts to establish a claim to Mashunaland, and saw that if
my surmises were correct it was absolutely necessary for the
Uritish to take possession of the country during the coming
year. 'I'he To:' had for a long time laid claim to the
country iffnr r;i Inmaland, but without any just title, I
trifnl,. Ill Saliiibury proclaimed this same country
tp be williiii U: of liritish itiduciicc, and dcclare<l that
he would not n - ^_ ilic i'ortugucse claim unless they could
sfiow occupation. Now I thought that it was in order to be
able to prove occujjation that the expeditions of Coloocl"
Tl'Andrada and Lieutenant Tordon were tmdertakcn in 1889, for
3IO
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
f^tpOf -^9iiot only were chiefs interviewed and Portuguese flag
\ X^l but€dr-tHrt-^5tations~aMTorts were estabHshed in wWc
ags distri-
Iridr small
Ters^ were_^left in charge of Fortuguese
property. -_This, I thought, should the points in
)^
bodies of
Go\'cniniciit
dispute be brought to arbitration, might be held to constitute
occupation, and the verdict given against England, for, although
on other grounds we had a far better title to the country than
the Portuguese, yet as far as occupation was^co.ncerned there
was not at the close of 1889 one single British subject living
iicaii 1- In Ma^lumaland than llic I'aiglish missionaries "and
traders in Matabililand on the west (more than two hundred
luid lift)- miles as the crow flics from Mount Hampden) and the
Scotch settlement at lilantyre on the east._
\
Team crossing Lunti River.
Now to one who like myself had an intimate acquaintance
with the high plateau of Ma.shunaland, with its fine climate,
great abundance of water, and probable great mineral wealth,
and who believed it to be, as I did, the finest portion of all
South Africa, it was an intolerable thought that we should lose
it and the Portuguese get possession of it. I saw that imme-
diate action was necessary, or else the Portuguese might have
it assigned to them by arbitration^_orthe Boers of the Northern
Transvaal might move into the country71n_gpile of jrOfd-SaJi^-
bury's proclamation or tlie opposition of the Matabili. I
knew that Mr. Rhodes had a scheme for the occupation of the
country, but I did not know on what scale, and feared that
time might be wasted in trying to negotiate for the occupation
of Mashunalahd through Matabililancl ^ ^ —
Full of these ideas, I wrote in a letter to the " Selous
syndicate" in Cape Town, dated Tete, 28th October
1889: "... If the block still continues, as no doubt it
MASHUNALAND 3 1 1
does in Matabililand. a road must be made from Khama's
new town fPalapve'l all along the Limpopo to nBar the
eastern hpnd, wbirh then, after crossmg ttrg — N^vanetsi
and the Lunti rivers, must strike north, and passing near
the head of" the Devuli river and south of Umtigeza's
town, must cross the Sabi a little to the south of Wedza, and
from there take my old track to the head of the Manyami, and
from thence to the neighbourhood of the source of the Mazoe.
This road will not pass within the tYM-i-rh2iy_oF a ginglp rViiVf
wjiojnvns^allegianee-ocr-pays trihiit£_tQ-_LQ_BLexuTula. - Should
Mr. Cecil Rhodes have got the charter, llieii this is hia .ttwe
, ptJticj^Tjojjpea ufi-a,SQuthern route from the British Protec-
torate—to-J^Iashunaland (which only requires to be made, and
\\(hich \villj)e^ quite iisgood a"road~as the northern one pa^ng
/ through Matabililand), attd— then first to develop the pastern
slopes of Mashunaland.and not onljz^to exploit and work. the
gold^here, but to pend in emigcants and settle Up and OCCUpv
^.thoxountjQi
" It is follj' to promulgate wild schemes for the colonisation
of Central Africa, and to leave a country with the glorious
climate and great natural resources of Mashunaland out in the
cold. In Mashunaland Europeans can live and thrive and rear
strong healthy children. In Central Africa they cannot. Once
get a footing in Eastern Mashunaland, and the country will
quickly be settled up westwards, and _before veix long thg
Matabili question will settle itself Now or never is the time
yi.0 act. Make a southern road to Eastern Mashunaland, have
7 the" country thoroughly prospected and reported ujDon tjis
/ coming year ; and if the rep_orts_are^ favourable pour in men
I and machinery, and at the same time establish cattle "and
agricultural farms. In a word, work the gold, and open up
and occupy the country. If Mashunaland is not worth this
experiment, then there is no country in the interior of Africa
that it will pay any company to spend money upon."
Upon reaching Cape Town, I proceeded to Kimberley and
savV^fe--fthod5."^"aTrdJwas delighted to find that that far-seeing
statesman was fully alive to the absolute" necessity, in British
interasts^or the imiTiediate occupation of Mashunaland, and
_was_determined that the country should be taken possession of,
312 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
in the name of the British South Africa Company, during the
coming year, i SQO.^JLthen laid before him the plan for the
occupation of the country by a new road, passing to the south
and east of the country actually ruled over by the Matabili.
This plan Mr. Rhodes dJd_Jiot^j,t_fij:fii:,apprnve of, but it was
finally accepted as tne onlv_means of effecting the immediate
occupation of Mashunaland. with the minimum of risk of
collision with the Matabili.
"'ms' due to Mr. Cecil Rhodes alone, I cannot too often
repeat, that to-day our country's flag flies over Mashunaland.
He alone of all Englishmen possessed at_the same time the
prescience_and breadth of mind to appreciate the ultimate value
of the country, combined with the strong will which iiT spite of
all obstacles compelled the means and the power successfully
to carry out the scheme for its immediate occupation. What
the acquisition of this vast country means is as yet scarcely
apparent to the great majority of Englishmen, perhaps to none
who are not acquainted with the history of South Africa during
the present century, or who have not watched the giant strides
which have taken place in its development during the last
twenty years. But, in the not distant future, when quick and
easy communications with Mashunaland have been established,
and the many difficulties which now hamper the development
of this the youngest of British colonies have been overcome,
then 1 think Englishmen will be able to appreciate what they
owe to Mr. Rhodes for inaugurating a new departure in South
African history, and securing for his countrymen the first
" show in " in a country which must ultimately become a very
valuable possession.
J^forc the end of i88g a scheme for the occupation of
^ Mashunaland during the ensuing year "was elaborated _by
"i Mr. Rhodes, and approved or~5y'Sir~Henry Xoch, the High
' \^ , -y Commissioner for South Africa, in concurrence witli Sir
^^ ' Francis de Wiaton, Sir Sidney- Shippard, and Colonel Sir_
Frederick Carrington. The guidance of the expedition was
left entirely in my hands, and, as is well known, the original
route laid down was followed as far as the head of the Devuli
iJV ' V:i '''^'^'' ' ^"'^ being then in a country with which I had a most
^ y^" z*^! intimate knowledge, gained during many hunting expeditions,
XVI r LETTER TO THE ''TIMES" 313
and as the cattle were getting in low condition, I slightly
changed the original plan and took the expedition along the
top of the watershed to the head of the Umgezi (Fort Charter).
From this point, as it was necessary for me to accompany Mr.
Colquhoun to Manica in order to interview the chief Umtasa,
my lieutenants, Mr. Edward Burnett, and Mr. Nicholson of
Zoutpansberg, acting under my instructions, guided the expedi-
tion to a spot on the Makubisi river, about ten miles south-
eeist oQlount, Hampden, where on i i th September the British
flag was hoisted, and the country taken possession of" in the
name of the Queen ; and here the tcnvn.ship of_Sa_lisbiiry was
sQon_afterwards laid_QuL.
After seeing Mr. Rhodes in Kimberley I returned to Cape
Town, and about this time sent a letter home, which was pub-
lished in the Times of 4th January 1890. As this letter is an
Englishman's vindication of the justice of the occupation of
Mashunaland, in spite of the indignant , protests of Portuguese
statesmen^ I will here reproduce it.
To THE Editor of the "Times"
Sir — Before this letter reaches England news will doubt-
less have been received from Mr. Ross, the British Vice-
Consul at Quillimani, concerning the serious complications that
have lately arisen on the Shiri owing to the invasion by
Colonel Serpa Pinto's band of Zulu mercenaries of the
Makololo country, a territory which was last August pro-
claimed to be under British protection by Consul H. H.
Johnston. Tl\eRIakololo chiefs uiianimously placed them-
selves under British protection, and were informed by Her
Majesty's ConsulThaL-tJiey might rest assured that the Portu-
guese expedition under Colonel .Serpa I'inttj, then encamped on .
the Lower Shiri^wpuld never dare-to cjqss the River Ruo and
invade their country. What has been the result ? The Ruo
river has been crossed by some portion of Colonel Serpa
Pinto's force, some Makololo have been killed, and some
villages have been burnt. The Makololo have now, not
unnaturally, to use a homely phrase, " rounded " on the
British. " What sort of people are you linglish ? " they say.
314 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
" One of your headmen (Consul H. H. Johnston) came to us,
telling us he bore the words of your great Queen's chief
adviser from across the seas. We listened to him, and we
believed what he told us ; we accepted the British flag, and
put ourselves under the protection of Great Britain, and
thought that, as your Consul told us, we had no longer any
reason to fear invasion. And what has happened ? Your
Consul has left us, and the Portuguese have invaded our terri-
tory, killed our people, and burnt our villages. You have
played with us. You boast of a power you do not possess.
We now believe you to be at heart our enemies as much as
the Portuguese." This is their line of argument, and just the
day before I left Ouillimani Mr. Ross received a letter from
Mr. Peter Moore, one of the African Lakes Company's agents,
informing them that the Makololo had seized the Lady of the
Lake, one of the Company's steamers, looted her, and, report
said, sunk her, though Mr. Moore doubted the truth of this
report. There was no doubt, however, that the steamer had
been completely gutted, and what had become of Messrs.
Morrison and Lindsay, the two Scotsmen who were in charge
of her, no one knew. What has happened subsequently I
cannot say, though before this news has very likely been
cabled from Quillimani. It is to be hoped that further com-
plications may not arise, though there already appear to be
the makings of a good deal of trouble.
However, it is not of the rival claims of the British and
Portuguese to the territories bordering on Lake Nyassa and
the Upper Shiri that I propose to write, as I know little
about that part of Africa, but I wish to bring to the notice
I /of the British Government and the British people the claims
/which are now being put forward by Portugal to the rich and
/ fertile country lately proclaimed to be within the British
/ Sphere of Influence, which has come to be known as Mashuna-
/ land, and the steps which they are now taking to coerce the
J independent native chiefs into an unwilling submission to the
Portuguese Government. Having just returned from Eastern
Mashunaland through the Portuguese possessions on the
Zambesi, and having kept my eyes and ears open, I have seen
what is going on, and I trust that the following notes, written
LETTER TO THE ''TIMES"
315
in a boat on the Zambesi in November last, may prove of
some interest to all those who are interested in British expan-
sion in South Africa.
It is, perhaps, not very generally known that during the
last few years the Portuguese Government has been making
the most strenuous efforts to overrun and annex the territories
of the various independent native chiefs living to the south of
the Zambesi within the line which they claim as their western
boundary in this part of Africa. Gungunyan, the son of
Umzila, and the present chief of the powerful tribe of Gaza
Zulus, it is asserted by Portuguese officials, has already volun-
tarily given in his allegiance to their Government, and a
Goanese named Manoel Antonio de Souza has, during the last
few years, coerced many of the Muzizuru chiefs living between
the Ruenya and the Mazoe rivers into an unwilling submission
to the same Government. This Manoel Antonio is a Goanese,
and must be a man of great force of character. Many years
ago he came from India to seek his fortune in Africa, where
his talents were soon recognised and taken advantage of by the
Portuguese Government. About 1868 or 1869 he was sent
in command of a large force of Landeens (Zulus) to compel
Makombi, then the independent chief of the Barui country, to
pay taxes to the Portuguese Government, the said chief having
hitherto successfully resisted all attempts to make him do so.
Manoel Antonio, with his Landeens, however, overcame his
resistance, thoroughly subdued his tribe, and persuaded him to
pay. After this he seems to have obtained great power and
influence amongst the people with whom he was living, and
finally became their chief, and, as the ruler of a numerous and
warlike tribe, at once became an object of the highest interest
and consideration in the eyes of the Portuguese Government.
Two years ago he was taken to Lisbon, where he met with
quite an ovation, and where no pains were spared to flatter his
vanit}' and to ensure his loyalty to the Portuguese Crown. He
was very highly honoured, I believe, and his two sons are now
being educated at the expense of the State in Lisbon, where
they also remain as hostages for their father's loyalty, which, it
is whispered, has more than once been doubted. On his return
to Africa his services were called for almost immediately, and
i^
V
^
3i6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
he and his men played the leading part last year (1888) in the
capture of Bonga's stockade at Masangano and the dispersal of
his people.
But besides the country to the south of the Mazoe and to
the east of the Sabi, which the Portuguese have been quietly
engaged in absorbing during the last few years, there remains a
large tract of country, ruled over by independent native chiefs,
lying to the north of the Mazoe and to the east of the Upper
IManyami, which also comes within the line which they wish
to have assigned to them, by arbitration or otherwise, as the
western boundary of their East African possessions — a country
about which they know absolutely nothing, except what they
have learnt of late years from the writings and maps ot
English hunters and travellers. In order to establish a claim
to this part of Africa, two expeditions were fitted out early
this present year to traverse this country and to conciliate or
frighten the native chiefs into accepting the Portuguese flag.
Captain Cordon was sent up as Governor of Zumbo, with
orders to take Kanyemba, Matakania, and other powerful
chiefs holding official positions under the Portuguese Govern-
ment, with all their men, to proceed up the Zambesi to the
mouth of the River Sanyati, and from thence to the junction
of the Umfuli with the latter river, and there to form a
stockade, and await the arrival of Colonel Paiva d'Andrada and
General Manoel Antonio from the south. The two latter
officers were apparently ordered to first overcome Motoko, an
independent chief living near the headwaters of the River
Inyadiri, one of the chief southern tributaries of the IMazoe,
and from thence to proceed to the Upper Manyami, and then,
passing by Lo Magondi's town, to effect a union with Captain
Cordon at the junction of the Umfuli and Sanyati rivers.
Whether this programme has been fully carried out or not I
have not been able to ascertain with certainty. When Mr.
Burnett and myself were at the source of the Mazoe in the end
of September last cither Colonel Paiva d'Andrada or General
Manoel Antonio, coming from the direction of Mangwendi's
town, near the head of the In\-agui river, passed Inyam-
wenda's town, on the Manyami, and proceeded to Lo
Magondi's. An Indian trader from the Zambesi, a Mahom-
XVII LETTER TO THE '' TJMES" 317
medan named Vallji Mussagi, whom we found at Inyota
buying gold, told us that Captain Cordon had built a strong
stockade at the junction of the Saiu'ati and Unifuli rivers,
and that he had been attacked by a war party of Matabili,
whom he had repiilsetl with great slaughter, killing thirty of
them, and capturing the cattle which they brought with them
for food ; that l.o Hcngula had then sent a stronger force
against him, which Captain Cordon had again beaten off. This
Indian trader also informed me that l.o Magondi hatl given in
his allegiance to the Portuguese Government, and accepted the
Portuguese flag, and that Mapondcra, the most influential of
the Makori-kori chiefs, was ready to do the same. These
stories I did not for an instant believe, as I could sec that
Vallji Mussagi was thoroughly Portuguese and anti-Knglish in
his feelings, but I took steps to ascertain if they had any
foundation in fact by at once despatching messengers— men
whom 1 knew, and who had worked at my waggons on the
Manyami in former years — to Inj-amwenila's, wiio, after an
absence of a week, returned with the news that Colonel Paiva
d'Andrada had passed on his way to Lo Magondi's, but told me
that they could hear nothing of Captain Cordon, and that
there had most certainly been no fighting between him and the
Matabili ; as for Mapondera being desirous of taking the
Portuguese flag, he aiul his brother, Tcmaringa, re|)eatedly
assured me that they had no intention of putting themselves
under I'ortugucsc protection. However, Vallji Mu.ssagi will
certainly circulate these reports in Tetc, where they will be
accei)ted as true, and from whence they will si)rend to (Uiilli-
inani and Mozambi([uc, and very likely to Lisbon.
These expeditions of 18.S9 into a country that has been
proclaimed to be within the " Jiritish Sphere of Influence"
will shortly be followed by others — nay, have i)r()bab]y been
already so followed, for on my return to 'I'ete, in the end of
October, I heard that Colonel Ignacio de Jesus Xavier, a full-
blooded native chief in the .service and pay of the Portuguese
Government (who cm raise a considerable force), accompanied
by a Portuguese officer, was already on his way up country
with a view i)robabIy to persuading Mapondcra to accept the
Portuguese flag. The result of these expeditions will very
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
likely be that several independent native chiefs, who are too
weak to resist even a small armed force, will be temporarily
compelled to profess an unwilling allegiance to the Portuguese
Government. But what I wish to point out is that the validity
of the Portuguese claim to the high plateau of Eastern
Mashunaland, between the Upper Manyami and Mazoe rivers,
rests entirely upon the question as to the legality or illegality
of the semi -military expeditions of the present year, and
whether the fact of a European Government having sent an
armed force of subsidised natives, accompanied by one European
officer, through the territories of independent native chiefs,
gives that Government the right to claim such countries as
subject to its jurisdiction in direct opposition to the wishes of
the inhabitants. Now, on the 6th of June last, Senhor de
Serpa Pimental, leader of the Conservative party in the Portu-
guese Chamber of Peers, brought forward a resolution declaring
that the Chamber once more affirmed the rights of Portugal
in Eastern and Central Africa, they being based upon discovery,
conquest, effective occupation, or permanent commercial enter-
prise, and the political influence of Portugal during centuries
past. Well, no one will dispute the well-known fact that for
a period of over three centuries the Portuguese have possessed
settlements at various points along the south-east coast of
Africa, and that they have formed and still hold several forts
and trading stations along the course of the great River
Zambesi as far as Zumbo, and those who have visited
these settlements know how far the political influence of
Portugal extends beyond these forts, and the vastness of the
commercial enterprises undertaken by Portuguese subjects in
this part of the world ; and they also know how much Portugal
has done during those three centuries in the cause of civilisation
and material progress. These are matters which, however, I
will not discuss here, and I am prepared to grant without cavil
that the Portuguese have a certain amount of political influence
along the south-east coast of Africa, north of Uclagoa Bay
(an influence which they have strained every nerve to extend
inland during the last five years), and along the course of the
Zambesi, from its mouth as far as Zumbo, or even as far as
the mouth of the River Kafukwi. South of the Zambesi,
xvn LETTER TO THE " TEMES" 319
between Tete and Zumbo, this influence three years ago no-
where extended beyond the low country, which may be called
the Zambesi valley. But the last three years, owing to jealousy
of British expansion, have been a period of unprecedented
activity with the Portuguese Government in South-Eastern
Africa ; and by the judicious employment of such men as
Manoel Antonio and Ignacio de Jesus Xavier, and other in-
fluential native chiefs, that Government has very rapidly
extended, and is still extending, its influence all over South-
Eastern Africa. Still, I say decisively that on 1st October
last Portuguese influence, even of the most indirect kind, north
of Tete and on the southern bank of the Zambesi, nowhere ex-
tended to any point distant over one hundred miles in a direct
line from that river, or to any country lying at a general eleva-
tion of over three thousand feet above sea-level. Rusambo and
Chibonga are the last two chiefs west of Tete and north of the
Mazoe who can be considered within Portuguese influence, and
that of a very indirect kind. Rusambo this year, for the third
time, paid taxes to the native chief, Ignacio de Jesus Xavier,
and not to any representative of the Portuguese Government,
whilst Chibonga's people paid very unwillingly for the second
time, under threats of having their women seized if they refused
to do so. I was at Rusambo's and Chibonga's kraals whilst
Xavier's men were collecting the taxes, and so know what I
am writing about. West of Chibonga's all the native chiefs
are entirely independent. As to the country on the eastern,
southern, and northern slopes of what has come to be known
as Mashunaland — the rich and fertile country in the develop-
ment of which I am particularly interested, — with all due
deference to Senhor Serpa Pimental, I maintain that it is a
country with which Portugal has no historic associations what-
ever, and one to which the Portuguese can lay no claim, either
upon the score of conquest, discovery, effectiv^e occupation,
permanent commercial enterprise, or the political influence of
Portugal at any time up to the present day.
I am not altogether unacquainted with the early records
of Portuguese conquest and discovery in South-Eastern Africa
in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, nor
of the enterprises undertaken in the same region during that
320 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AERICA chap.
period by the zealous and self-denying disciples of Francis
Xavier and Ignatius Loyola. In those records will be found
accounts of numerous expeditions, military, diplomatic, and
philanthropic, both along the course of the Zambesi as far as
Zumbo, and into the interior of the country lying between the
Lower Zambesi and the River Sabi. The latter were almost
always undertaken either from Sofala or from Sena on the
Lower Zambesi. The barbaric chief, grandiloquently termed
by the early Portuguese writers " The Emperor of Monomotapa,"
was converted with many of his people to Roman Catholicism ;
and at one time there were as many as nine Jesuit priests
in the Manica country, where they established churches and
schools, and where there was also a Portuguese military post.
On the Zambesi too the silver mines of Chicova were visited,
churches were built, and military posts established at various
points as far as Zumbo. Neither the military genius, however,
nor the religious enthusiasm expended upon these expeditions
was able to render them of any permanent value to the cause
of civilisation. Savage potentates were conquered, and their
territories nominally became part of the Portuguese East African
possessions ; but their descendants long ago shook off the yoke
of their conquerors. Heathens were converted and baptized
by the Jesuit priests in very large numbers ; yet the descend-
ants of these Christianised barbarians reverted ages ago to the
heathenism of their remote ancestors. In fact, from a variety
of causes, the power and influence of the Portuguese, which
two hundred years ago was very great in South-Eastern Africa,
gradually declined, till not very long ago the political influence
of that country was entirely confined to the immediate neigh-
bourhood of a few forts on the coast, and along the course of
the Zambesi as far as Zumbo ; notwithstanding which the
natives in the immediate vicinity of Tetc (which was established
as a military post as far back as 1632) were in continual
insurrection. Still no one can deny the historic associations
of Portugal with the Zambesi from its mouth as far as Zumbo,
nor with the immense tract of country between the Lower
Zambesi and the Sabi, and if Englishmen are inclined to laugh
or sneer at the tenacity with which a country that is often
stated to have lost all its ancient vigour clings to mere historic
LETTER TO THE ''TIMES"
321
associations, at any rate they ought to admire the energy and
enterprise (unaccompanied by any loud talking) which the
Portuguese are now displaying in South-Eastern Africa in
order to make good their claims and re-establish their ancient
supremacy. As an Englishman I wish to see Portuguese enter-
prise in Eastern Africa met and checked by British expansion
from the West, though I would no^ have, PortugaL-jockeyed
or bullied out i>l^^;t::singtfr-.4t>ph- -of ter<'itopy t« wliich-she £an
prove _any^_real claim. But to the northern, eastern, ani
southern slopes of what has come to be known as Mashunaland
they have no claim. This is a country with which their records
fail to prove any historic association whatever, nor has it ever
been visited by any white man of Portuguese blood until the
present year, ijSg, when Colonel Paiva d'Andrada passed
through it during the time of my visit to the source of the
v^azoe.
\\ On the other hand it is only necessary to compare the
best maps of South-Eastern Africa, published either in Portugal,
Germany, or England twenty years ago, with those of the
same country that have appeared during the last few years to
prove that not only Mashunaland, _bjiiL other territories also
lying nearer tttr^airiBeii, and over which I will admit that the
Portuguese exert a certain amount of indirect political influence,
but. of the topographical features of which they have no exact
knowledge — a fact which their own maps prove beyond dispute
— -have been traversed in every direction and very thoroughly
explored by various Englishmen, amongst whom I may mention
the names of Thomas Baines, W. Montagu Kerr, and Y)x-
Knight Bruce; -The German explorer, Carl Mauch, also
travelled extensively in the southern portion of Mashunaland ;
and besides these well-known names I could give a long Ust pf
the English, Scotch, and Dutch hunters who have traversed
Mashunaland in every direction ; yet previous to the journey
undertaken during the present year by Colonel Paiva d'Andrada,
to which I have already alluded, no Portuguese subject, either
in ancient or modern times, has added one iota to our know-
ledge of this region ; in fact, on his journey from Inyamwenda's
to Lo Magondi's kraal. Colonel d'Andrada must have travelled
the whole way on the waggon road which an Englishman
Y
^
322 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
chopped through the dense mahobo-hobo groves bordering the
Manyami river. At any rate, it is a fact that will admit of
no dispute that, during the last twenty-five years, English
hunters and travellers haye_ expLored_ every nook and corner
'of-MashurratahBT^ They have chopped waggon roads through
tte^'fbrests and made practicable fords across all the large
rivers ; they have established the most fViendly_relatipns with
the natives, by whom -the ddyent of the" hunters^ waggons is
anxiously looked forward to and expected every year ; and, as
I have said before, some of them have made very careful and
accurate route maps of their various journeys, and published
accounts of the capabilities and natural resources of the country.
IVlliny Englishmen, indeed, have .spent years of their lives in
the Mashuna country, whilst not a few have left their bones
there. In fine, the associations of England with this portion
of South Africa are most intimate, and I maintain that, through
the work done by her sons, England, in the general partition
of Africa which is now taking place, has a better claim to
administer that country than any other European nation.
Englishmen, at any_ratc^ amongst all other Europeans, hold
the firsFplace. I will not say in the affections, for Africans are
nQt__affectionate as a rule, but in the esteem of the Datives.;
and the implicit trust tliat the Masluinas now have in the
honour, truth, and justice of the white man is the outcome of
their dealings with linglishmcn and South Africans, ■for it
wOijld not be fair to omit mentioning the fact that the few
X)utch hunters who have visited Mashunaland have always
l-treated the natives honourably and fairly, and no man is more
Irespected by them than my old friend and companion in many
I la hunt, Comelis van Rooyen.
1 A These surely are strong points. But, say that England is
frightened into a resignation of its just claims to administer
Mashunaland, and that the Portuguese Government, more bold,
resolute, and persevering, secures that country nominally — for
it will never be anything more than nominally — what will
Portugal do with it? The Portuguese are not a colonising
nation at the present day, as Englishmen understand the word,
and even if they were it would be almost impossible to send
immigrants into Mashunaland from the Zambesi, for between
XVII LETTER TO THE ''TIMES'' yi},
that river and the high plateau Hes one of the most inhospitable
countries in Africa. Rough and mountainous, infested with
tse-tse fly, and during half the year almost destitute of water,
this tract of country is so sparsely inhabited and the inhabitants
are usually so badly off for food that any large expedition of
Europeans would have the greatest difficulty in traversing the
country. I speak here of the country between Tete on the
Zambesi and the high plateau. I am aware that Mashunaland
is easier of access from the south-east coast through the Manica
country, but even there a railway must first be made through
the " fly " infested district, between the Pungwi river and Massi
Kessi, before anything can be done on an extended scale. Such
a railway, it is true, is spoken of, but before it can be made I
hope and believe that Mashunaland will be occupied by a large
population of British and South Africans, under the govern-
ment of the Chartered Company. Portugal can never do any-
thing with this, the fairest portion of all South Africa, but
farm it out in districts to men of the stamp of Manoel Antonio
(a Goanese) or Ignacio de Jesus Xavier (a full-blooded African).
I say men of this stamp, for there are many other full-blooded
native chiefs with long Portuguese names besides those I have
mentioned, and it is these men who virtually rule South-Eastern
Africa for the Portuguese, and there is not one of them whose ^
treatment of the natives would cornmend itself to the Aborigines ^ ^ .1
£jotecti€>ti,SQciety. Ygt^ is by such men that Mashunaland ^I'Wv-^i— '"'^'^
will be governed, if the Portuguese can make good their claim \^^ <■ \ ll
to the country. A certain rental will be paid to the Govern- {)'^~'b'
ment for the administration of each district, the renter being
then left at liberty to squeeze as much as he can out of the
natives under his jurisdiction. This at any rate is what has
been done with the countries I have spoken of as being in-
directly under Portuguese influence, and judging the future by
the past, as I think one is justified in doing, it is not too much
to say that, under Portuguese administration, in two hundred
years' time the natural resources of the Mashuna country would
remain in the same undeveloped condition as they are at the
present day, or in the same condition as the whole of South-
Eastern Africa between the Lower Zambesi and the River Sabi
the country to which, in the words of Senhor Serpa Pimental
324 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Portugal possesses rights based upon discovery, conquest, effective
occupation, permanent commercial enterprise, and political in-
fluence during centuries past. More than this I cannot say in
condemnation of Portuguese rule.
But, as I have said above, Portugal can never become any-
thing more than the nominal possessor of Mashunaland, for it
will infallibly be settled up and occupied before many years
have passed by men from the British and Dutch States in
South Africa. The geographical position, combined with the
high altitude of the Mashuna plateau, which gives it a cool and
temperate climate, thoroughly suited to North Europeans, and
the natural capabilities of the country, which, both for stock
farming and agriculture, are equal to any in South Africa, seal
its fate as the heritage of the British and Dutch colonists in
South Africa, and such men and their descendants will laugh
at the Portuguese pretensions, even should they be ratified by
every Government in Europe. And should "the good old rule,
the simple plan," have to be resorted to, " that they should take
who have the power, and they should keep who can," it is not
too much to assert that on the open plateau of Mashunaland
t\voTvundred mounted South Africans would disperse all the
native levies that the Portuguese could muster in South-Eastern
jf53Vica ; and native levies are all that can be employed, for the
military strength of Portugal in this part of the world consists
(^ a Tew Portuguese and Goanese officers, a few black soldiers
from Angola, and the native levies of Manoel Antonio, Ignacio
de Jesus Xavier, Matakania, Kanyemba, and other native chiefs
at present friendly to the Portuguese. Should white troops be
sent from Portugal they would be decimated by fever on the
coast or on the Lower Zambesi, as happened during the pro-
secution of the first Bonga war in 1868.
Of late the Portuguese have talked much about British
arrogance and presumption, but surely it can be retorted that
they themselves have shown overmuch pretension in the claims
which they have lately put forward to Mashunaland. The
South J\fnca_Company claims the right to govern that country,
j to protect its people, and to develop its natural resources, under
the charter lately granted by the Queen. But, before the
I charter was granted, the promoters of that great enterprise had
y^
^^^
XVII LETTER TO THE ''TIMES" 325
gained an intimate knowledge of Mashunaland and its people,
and that not from old Portuguese records, but from the
writings, maps, and conversation of modern Englishmen ; and
they T<now"tHat the native Mashunas would welcome the advent
of British settlers in their country, as a protection not alone / , . ^^"^
against the bloodthirsty Matabili, but also against the cruel C \ .■
•and brutal slave-dealers from the Zambesi, such as Kanyemba, ' ,-P. j/^
Matakania, Perizengi, Lobo, Chimbango, etc., all of whom have
long Portuguese names, and all of whom hold the official position
of " Capitao Mor " in their districts, and govern the countries
they live in for the Portuguese, without the assistance or sur-
veillance of a magistrate or any kind of Portuguese official.
Or it may be asserted that they do not govern for the
Portuguese ; then I say that Portugal has no jurisdiction in
any of the countries over which these men rule — a supposition
which would reduce Portuguese territory in South -Eastern
Africa to very small dimensions. F"or my part I always speak
of countries governed by these native " Capitaos Mors " as being
indirectly under Portuguese rule. But give Portugal all the
territory ruled over by these men (surely she cannot claim
anything more), and not an acre of Mashunaland will come
under her jurisdiction.
In the future, should trouble come between the servants of
the British_Company and the Portuguese,^ the latter will be
responsible and must bear the blame. For British subjects
have been the first to explore Mashunaland and to find out its
value, and under the auspices of the Chartered Company let us
hope that British subjects will develop it, and make it one of
the richest and most prosperous states in the South African
Dominion of the future. This may be a dream that is never
to be fulfilled, but, at any rate, I feel sure that it is not the
Portuguese who will prevent its realisation.
CHAPTER XVIII
Mashunaland — Its topographical features — Ancient inhabitants, industries, and
antiquities
I HAVE now brought my nanativc
down to the close of the year
1889, at which time active preparations were already being
made by the British South Africa Company .for the occupa-
tion of Mashunaland during the following year.
Before, however, proceeding to give any account of the
cutting of the pioneer road from the Macloutsie river to Fort
Salisbury — for a distance of four hundred and sixty miles
through what was then a trackless wilderness — I will first say
something concerning the country it was proposed to open up
to European enterprise.
In this part of Africa I have spent the greater portion of
eight years, and as during that period I have been constantly
engaged in travelling over every part of the plateau of
Mashunaland, I have gained an intimate knowledge of the
geographical features of the country ; for I have climbed
CHAP. XVIII MASHUNALAND 327
almost every hill, in order to take compass bearings, and have
sketched in the courses of the rivers and streams from the
tops of the hills. In the course of my many journeys I have
learned, too, something of the history of the native races by
whom the country is inhabited, and have visited the ancient
temple of Zimbabwi, and carefully examined many of the
walled towns in the territories of Makoni and Mangwendi. I
have, too, formed opinions as to the suitability of the climate
of Mashunaland for Europeans, the general capabilities of the
country, and its future possibilities ; and I shall now therefore
devote a few pages to the discussion of these subjects.
To begin with, the name Mashunaland is a coined word,
and how it became current I have never been able to discover.
The native inhabitants of this part of Africa belong to many
different clans, some of which are probably the remnants, of
once powerful tribes. Each sept has its own tribal name and
tribal marks, and the territory of each is fairly well defined.
Thus, Motoko's people are Mabuja ; Makoni's tribe, Ma-ongwi ;
Umtasa's, Mabocha ; Mangwendi's, Muzizuru, etc. I have never,
however, met with any clan whose members called themselves
Mashunas ; and the name is altogether unknown amongst the
natives of this part of Africa, except to a few who have learnt
the word from Europeans. As a generic term, however, the
word is useful, and may be taken to designate all the tribes
of South-Eastern Africa that are not of Zulu blood. These
tribes, it may be remarked, all speak dialects differing very
slightly one from another, and all of them quite comprehensible
to the Makalakas living to the west and south-west of Mata-
bililand.
There being a considerable amount of uncertainty as to
the number of tribes that may legitimately be classed under
the generic term of Mashunas, there is naturally some doubt
as to the actual extent of the territory that ought to be called
Mashunaland. In fqrro.er_days-W£ u^jed-lo speak of the whole
of the plateau to the east, north-east, and south-east of Mata-
biiiland as Mashunaland ; but a name is wanted which will
include Matabililand and Manicaland, and in fact take in .
the_whoIe of the British South Africa Company's territories.
\Zambesia and Rhodesia are the onlv two names that I have
v^
328 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chai-
heard suggested, and the latter, which has been given out of
compliment to Mr. Cecil Rhodes, to whom alone it is due that
what may soon become a rich and prosperous territory has
been added to the British dominions (practically I think it is
\ \ \ so), seems to be steadily gaining ground in p^opular favour, as
H) 1 \ the prmcipaT paper pu"5irshed in TMashunaland -isTcalled- the
^
. , , People who scurry through the country, and especially
\(\.(P' those who do not go beyond Salisbury, have but little idea of
^L,%\*0-t^ the extent oT the high plateau of Mashunaland- ..Stretching"
away^ to the east and south-east of the main road between
Salisbury and Umtali there is a very fine tract of country
which is but very little known. In this direction I have
travelled a good deal, and made a careful survey, a glance
at which will show how magnificently watered is this part
of the country. Portions of this district, especially in the
neighbourhood of the sources of the Rusapi river and its
numerous tributaries, are remarkable for the abundance of
huge naked masses of granite which rise abruptly from the
grassy downs. Some of these, though formed of a single
block of stone, are worthy to be called hills, notably the
huge cone named Dombo, which, standing as it does on
the extreme eastern edge of Mashunaland, commands a
truly magnificent panoramic view over an immense extent
of country ; for the plateau itself, on the edge of which
Dombo stands, here attains a height of six thousand feet ;
and whoever climbs this naked crag will stand six thousand
seven hundred feet above the sea, perhaps the highest point
in South-Eastern Africa ; for 1 doubt much whether the loftiest
hills in Manica attain a height of seven thousand feet.
, Tt_AVris in F^bniar)^ i -'^Q 1, d3irig^. t''"' t'""'^'^'' of the rainy
season, that after two attempts, rendered unsuccessful by
_blin3rng storms ot rain (during one of which my companion,
Mr. W. L. ArmstroiTg,~was nearly washed down^ fissure in
JjiiejDountain side), we stood at last, compass in hand, on the
summit of Dombo. Well indeed were we repaid for our per;
severance. The air, freed by months of rain from the smoke
of the winter grass fires, was extraordinarily clear, and enabled
us to see, at one and the same time, several of the most
DOMBO 329
conspicuous hills in Mashunaland : the peaks of Wedza far in
the west ; the great table mountain of Inyarugwi, away down
in Maranka's country, near the Sabi river ; the granite cone
of Temwa, which stands far to the north-east, near Motoko's
stronghold ; besides Mount Anwa, beyond the sources of the
Masheki, and many another well-known hill. Stretching away
to the north-east lay the great mountain range of Inyama,
culminating in a conspicuous peak, which maj^, poss'hly, Hp
the Moiirr^__Bismarck of Mauch ; while to the south lay a
wilderness of rugged mountains, \vEicE^ form a portion of the
wild and beautiful land of Manica. Amidst the gorges of
these mountains two important rivers take their rise : the swift
and impetuous Odzi, one of the main tributaries of the Sabi,
and the equally swift and much more important river, the
Ruenya, loved of hippopotami, which, after receiving the waters
of almost every river in Eastern Mashunaland south of the
Umvukwi range of hills, pours the impetuous waters of a
mountain torrent, clear and cool to the very end of its career,
into the giant Zambesi. The upper course of the Ruenya is
called the Imyang-ombi (Yankombe of Mauch), and from the
top of Dombo it may be seen for many miles, winding like a
silver thread (by the bye, I think I have heard that simile
before) down the valley running parallel with the Inyama
Mountains.
Although Dombo, viewed from a distance, looks like a uni-
formly smooth, rounded cone of granite seven hundred feet in
height, a close inspection shows that in places deep furrows have
been worn in its sides by the action of rain. This phenomenon
may be seen in many of the higher granite crags of Mashuna-
land, but nowhere to such perfection as on the western face of
a large isolated hill called Zomba, which stands near the head
waters of the little river Inyazuri. This hill stands within
half a mile of the main road, between Fort Salisbury and
Manica, and cannot fail to attract the attention of any passers-
by for whom the operations of nature have any interest. The
centre of the western face of the solid granite rock has been
scored and furrowed in such a way that it presents the appear-
ance of a water-worn glacier, and the depth of the furrows
must be measured not by inches, but by feet and yards. Now
330 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
imagine what this means. This hill is a bare granite crag,
perfectly isolated, and the only possible agency that can have
scored its sides is rain. Yet the effect produced by the
showers which actually fall upon it during ten years, or even
a century's wet seasons, must be so infinitely small that
countless eons of time must have elapsed since this old rock
first bared its face to wind and storm.
Judging by our calculation of time, what a very old world
this planet must be, for all this erosion of hard rock by rain
must have occurred subsequently to the last elevation of this
portion of the earth's crust, as, except on the supposition that
all this part of Africa was once submerged, I cannot understand
how the curious kopjes of wonderfully-balanced granite stones,
which are so remarkable a feature in the landscapes of many
portions of South-Eastern Africa, can have been formed. As
the land slowly rose, I take it that the soil was washed by
the water from amongst the huge loose boulders which had
previously drifted together, leaving them at last high and dry
and piled one upon another in the most fantastic confusion.
Other single blocks weighing hundreds of tons may be seen
standing singly on the slope of a granite hill, and can only
have been brought there by water, just as blocks of stone have
been left stranded in various parts of Europe by ancient
glaciers which have long since disappeared. I think I have
read somewhere that Africa is geologically a very old con-
tinent, and I think that the rain-worn furrows in the granite
rocks I have above alluded to are a proof that it is so ; and
what is more, the hippopotamus paths worn deep into the
solid rock along the Lower Umfuli river, formed in the
hard stone, with the central ridge plainly shown, as in a hippo-
potamus path made but yesterday in muddy ground, prove
that the mammals existing in it at the present day have roamed
the land for countless ages.
As regards the native races inhabiting Mashunaland at the
present day, they seem to be much the same as they were in
the time of Dos Santos three centuries ago. They belong to
the Bantu family, which is spread over the whole of South-Eastern
and South-Central Africa ; but what the Bantus are ethnologic-
ally who can say? They are certainly not a pure race, though
ZIMBABIVI 331
the negro blood predominates in them. The infusion of foreign
blood \yhich.-undQubtedly-iunb" in -their vcinG must have rotag
from a lighter-skinned people, I fancy, for I have noticed that
in all the tribes of Kafirs amongst whom I have travelled,
good features, thin lips, and well-shaped heads arc almost
mvariably correlated with a light-coloured skin. Now I will
here hazard a theory which may or may not have any founda-
tion in fact. I will first, however, assume that Mr. Bent is
correct in the supposition that the original builders of Zimbabwi
came from Southern Arabia. Dr. Schlichter, in a criticism
upon Mr. Bent's lately-published book. The Ruined Cities of
MasJtunaland, proves conclusively that during the six centuries
which elapsed between the founding of the Christian religion
and the birth of Mohammed there was no intercourse between
the natives of Southern Arabia and South-Eastern Africa, so
that we must put back to a very remote period the first incur-
sion of the worshippers of Baal- into the. rountry we now call
Mashunaland. That the builders of Zimbabwi were a very,
rude people, possessing no written characters and doing all their
building b)' c\'c and without measurement, was the impression
left upon my mind after two short visits to the ruins. Mr. Sw:an,
however, who assisted Mr. Bent in his researches and excava-
tions, is of opinion, I believe, that the builders of the temple of
Zimbabwi were a highly-civilised race. It is to be hoped that
Turther researches will throw new light upon this most interesting
subject. In the meantime I will theorise.
Let us suppose, then, that two or perhaps three thousand ,
years ago a commercial people penetrated from Southern Arabia A--C-VL/ .
to Mashunaland. They were acquainted with the requirements Cw^wJt^<iyf) ^
of the civilised nations of Asia at that period and understood
the value of gold. This metal they discovered amongst the hills
and in the streams of Mashunaland. In time these Arabian
merchants gained a footing in the land and taught the black
aborigines to rnine_fo£^.tJjein._ _ Their principal station was__at
Zimbabwi, where they _built, with the forced labour of the
aborigines, a temple for the worship of Baal, and a strongly-
built and well-situated fortress. But I take it that, like__ the
Arabs in Central Africa at the present day, these ancient
Arabians brought few or no women with them, but took a very
332
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
handsome allowance of wives from amongst the aboriginal blacks.
For a long period intercourse was kept up with Arabia, and
during this period the gold-seekers spread over the whole of
South-Eastern Africa from the Zambesi to the Limpopo, every-
where mixing with the people, and teaching them their own
rude arts of wall-building and gold-mining. In course of time
we will suppose that events happened in Arabia which put an
Portion of Wall of the Ancient Temple of Zimbabwi.
<A
end to all intercourse with the distant colony in Mashunaland,
and as time went on, as the alien race were still in small
numbers compared with the aboriginal blacks, and as they had
none of their own women with them, they gradually became
completely fused, and nationally lost amongst the aborigines.
The mixed race called the Bantu had been formed, which spread
in course of time northwards as far as the Congo, and south-
wards as far as the Cape Colony, or the migrations may first
have been northwards and then again southwards down the
east coast, with an admixture of other tribes, such as the Zends,
ZIMBABIVI 333
spoken of by El Massoudi. At any rate I am absolutely con-
vinced that the blood of the ancient builders of Zimbabwi still
runs (in a very diluted form, if you like) in the veins of the
Bantu races, and more especially so amongst the remnants of
the tribes still living in Mashunaiand, and the Barotsi of the
Upper Zambesi, who are, there is little doubt, a branch of the
Barotsi tribe who were destroyed by the Matabili in Mashuna-
iand, though the separation took place long prior to this event.
I make this suggestion after much thought, a close study
of the relics unearthed at Zimbabwi, and a knowledge of the
natives of South-Eastern Africa gained during many years of
travel. Between the builders of Zimbabwi and the people living
in Mashunaiand at the present day it appears to me that there
is no impassable gulf dividing a highly-civilised race from an
utterly savage one, as some people would have us believe.
Many things tend to prove that the ancient builders ot
Zimbabwi were a rude people. They had a religion, and
possessed sufficient energy and concentration of purpose to
carry to an end the immense work of building the temple of
Zimbabwi. But the work itself, though very wonderful, appears
to me to be rude and unsymmetrical. Nowhere is the wall
absolutely plumb, and on the top it varies in different parts
considerably in breadth. The fact that no written characters
have been found on any of the flat granite or soapstone beams
imbedded in the walls, or the large flat stones standing upright
like tombstones in the floor of the Zimbabwi, seems to me to
prove that the people who built this temple were unacquainted
with writing of anj^ kind. The only carvings on the sides of
the soapstone beams are lozenge -shaped and herring-bone
patterns (badly carved, not a single line being quite straight),
agreeing exactly in some cases with the ornarncntation on the
outside of the temple, and more curious still, not alone with the
patterns carved on the wooden knife-sheaths and scored on the
pottery of the natives all over Mashunaiand at the present day,
but also with the patterns used in ornamenting the household
utensils of all kinds in the Barotsi valley hundreds of miles
away.
The most curious relics that have been found at Zimbabwi
are, undoubtedly, the birds carved sitting on the tops of the
334 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
soapstone beams ; these bear no resemblance to anything now
seen amongst the Bantu people, and were doubtless connected
with the ancient worship. Not so, however, the carvings on
the soapstone bowls. These are very rude — so much so, that
the animals that have been taken by Mr. Bent to represent
hippopotami I take to be meant for baboons, as they have long
tails. But the curious thing about these bas-reliefs is the close
resemblance they bear to the wooden carvings of animals to
be seen amongst the l^antu people at the present day. The
genius of the ancient artists still lives amongst them.
Mr. Bent speaks of the ruined cities of Mashunaland.
What trace of them is there, I would ask. I have seen the
temple of Zimbabwi and some smaller ones, the fortress on the
hill near the large temple, and further, many hundreds or
thousands of stone walls in various parts of South-Eastern
Africa, but never a trace of a city built of stone. There is
strong presumptive evidence that the structures in which the
people lived, near the great temple, were huts plastered with
mud. For this reason : at the foot of the hill on which stands
the fortress are two immense holes dug in the ground. I have
heard the theory advanced that these holes were used as
reservoirs for water ; but I take them to be merely the holes
excavated by the people living on the hill to obtain clay for
their pottery, and with which to daub their huts. The native
population was large and endured for a long period of time ;
therefore the excavations are larger than those found at the
side of any Bantu village at the present day, but wherever there
is a village, or the site of a deserted village, a similar hole,
larger or smaller in proportion to the size of the town and the
length of its duration, will always be found.
As to the relations of the ancient builders of the temple of
Zimbabwi to the present inhabitants of the country, on my
theory the blood of the ancient worshippers of Baal still runs
in their veins ; very much diluted, no doubt, but still in
sufficient strength to occasionally produce amongst them men
with light-brown skins and high features, and sometimes of
great intellectual power. After a certain lapse of time, when
the higher race had become entirely fused and practically lost
amongst the lower and more numerous aboriginal people, the
ANCIENT GOLD-MINING
335
worship of Baal died out, and was superseded by the old
reHgion of ancestor-worship which still prevails ; but it appears
to me that the wall-building and gold-mining, originally learnt
from the ancient Arabians, were carried on continuously from
their first inception up to the middle of the present century. It
is the Zulu migrations northwards through Mashunaland, which
have. taken place during the present century — invasions that
have absolutely depopulated large areas of countr}', — that
finally obliged the Mashunas to cease working in the shafts
I which their ancestors had, centuries before, commenced to sink
on the quartz reefs which abound in the country. As the
mining had been carried on for a long period of time, naturally
an enormous amount of. work has been done in the aggregate,
some of the shafts recently discovered in Mashunaland being
\ as much as one hundred and twenty feet in depth;
Many people seem to imagine that a highly-civilised race once
existed in Mashunaland, who built temples and cities and did an
immense amount of work in the way of gold-mining, and were
finally destroyed by the ancestors of the present inhabitants of
the country. The destruction of this people put an end, it is
said, to the gold industry until the advent of the Portuguese,
by whom it was again revived. It is this idea which I wish
to combat. When the Portuguese arrived in South-Eastern
Africa at the close of the fifteenth century they found Arab
settlements on the coast, and first learned from the Arabs of
the gold mines in the interior of the country. These gold
mines were being worked by the natives of the country, who
used the gold as a medium of exchange to buy the goods
brought to them by the Arabs, and for centuries before this
time their ancestors had, in all probability, made use of gold,
whose value had been first taught them by the ancient builders
of the temple of Zimbabwi, to trade with the commercial peoples
of the East who, from time to time, penetrated to Mashuna-
land. Thus when the Arabs were driven from South-Eastern
Africa by the Portuguese the mining did not cease, as the
native miners simply sold their gold to the new-comers, whom
they probably found even more anxious to obtain the precious
metal than the Arab merchants had been.
After this period Portuguese records abundantly prove that
336 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
the gold-mining went on without interruption till early in the
present century, and the old men amongst the Matabili, who
took part_iix_the_.firslL raids made amongst the Mashunas .by
,. Umziligazi's warriors, state positively that they found the
Vi Amaholi working for gold in the " Amaguti," i.e. " in the deep
' holes," betweeplhe Zweswi and Umfuli rivers. i\n interesting
confirmation of this statement lies in the fact that at the
bottom of an old shaft, one hundred and twenty feet deep, at
Concession Hill, near the Zweswi river, Mr. Cock, in i8qj,
found a bucket and rope made of machabel bark, besides
some iron implements. Now this bucket and rope, evidently
intended to haul quart/, uj) from the bottom of the shaft,
being made of such perishable material as bark, could not
possibly have been of any great .antiquity, whilst the iron
inipiements, axes, etc., were absolutely the same as those in
present u.se amongst the Mashunas, and showed no signs of
age. Mr. Rolker, the American mining expert, lately in
Mashunaland, also told me that, from the condition of the
heaps of debris at the mouths of some of the shafts, he was
convinced they had not been long abandoned. If my readers
will turn to Mr. Raines's well-known book on the gold regions
of South -Eastern Africa they will find that the Mashunas
were still, little more than twenty years ago, getting quartz
from the reefs, which they roasted in _great fires, and then
pSTrrrdBd up with round stones in order _to^ extract the gold.
The passage I refer to reads as follows : —
" G. Wood took me to a place in which he had seen a heap
of quartz burned, and another heap, piled with wood among
it, ready for burning. The crushing stones, like a painter's
slab and muller, had also been lying in a hut near, but at the
time of my visit these were removed, and the calcined quartz
also ; but the other heap had been fired, and now lay mingled
with the charcoal ready for crushing."
The Mr. George Wood here referred to was my constant
companion for two years, and he often used to tell me how he
had seen the Mashunas extracting gold from quartz ; and he
further told me that, after crushing the roasted quartz, they
used to melt the gold into little ingots in small crucibles made
for the purpose. There is nothing to be surprised at in this.
ANCIENT GOLD-MINING
337
as both the Mashunas and Makalakas still extract copper from
the ore and run it into moulds, whilst in Katanga the form of
the mould into which the natives run their copper is almost
identical in shape with the soapstone mould found by Mr. Bent
at Zimbabwi.
Before quitting the subject of the ancient mining, there is
First Engine-House and Battery erected on the Tati Gold-Fields.
one other fact which I will adduce as evidence that gold-mining
was carried on by the natives up to a comparatively recent
date in South-Eastern Africa. I was at Tati, in South- Western
Matabililand, some years ago, when Mr. S. FT. TTdwards dis-'
covereH~an oT3~shaft, and I examined it carefully in his com-
p"any. At the mouth of the shaft was a heap of debris, on
which a small tree was growing, about four inches in diameter,
and, just beyond, a stack of roasted quartz, ready for crushing,
z
338 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
and several peculiar round stones, of a kind that wc had never
seen in the district, intended to be used in grinding the quartz.
The quartz vein itself had been about five feet broad on the
surface of the ground, and dipped at an angle of about forty-
five degrees, going down in the shape of a wedge, and becoming
thinner and thinner, until at the lowest point where the work
had stopped it was not more than eighteen inches thick, and
the quartz at this depth could only have been extracted most
laboriously by a man lying head downwards and picking at it.
The modus operandi had probably been to first light fires against
the face of the quartz in order to soften it before picking it
out, as, where the work had been abandoned, the quartz was
burnt black by fire. But the most remarkable thing about
this shaft was the fact that, at its upper end, the roof was
supported by about ten logs of mopani ^ wood. At the time
I had never seen a gold mine ; but lately I have seen mines in
Johannesburg with portions of the roof supported in precisely
the same manner as in the old shaft at Tati. We knocked all
these supports out, and Mr. Edwards and I examined them one
and all very carefully. They had all been chopped with the
same kind of narrow-edged axes used by the natives at the
present day, whilst all of them were still covered with bark,
and, in fact, were in such good condition that they could not
have been very ancient. I imagine that this shaft was aban-
doned, together with others in the district, at the time when
Umziligazi first took possession of Matabililand, in about
1 840. So much for the gold-mining in Mashunaland ; now
for the wall-building.
It appears to me that, so far from there having been an
abrupt transition from a people who built the temple of
Zimbabwi to a race who never put one stone upon another,
the inhabitants of Makoni's and ATangwendi's countries in
South -Eastern Mashunaland only ceased to surround their
towns with well-built stone walls during the last generation,
when they found that these walls offered but an inefficient
protection against the Zulu hordes of Manikos, and his son,
Umzila, by whom their country has been continually ravaged
during the present century. The more ancient the towns
' This is the common wood of the district.
XVIII OLD WALLED TOWNS 339
appear to be, however, the better, speaking generally, they
have been built ; and in Makoni's country, at any rate, there is
clear evidence that there has been a gradual deterioration from
a people who were capable of building walls which will com-
pare with any part of the great Zimbabwi to the very inferior
hut-building barbarians of the present day. Makoni's ^ town
as it now stands is a monument of filth and uncleanliness, and
is undefended by anything but a small fence. His old town,
which I also visited, and from which I believe he was driven
by Umtasa, was surrounded by a moat and a loopholed mud
wall ; whilst the town, which it is said was built by his ancestor,
Chipadzi, is surrounded by a well-built loopholed stone wall.
This is one of the best old walled towns I have seen. I
visited it for the first time in October 1890, and again last
year. There are many other walled towns in the district, some
of them reminding one strongly of the fortress on the hill at
Zimbabwi.
Let me here make an extract from my diary, bearing date
1 9th October 1 890. " On that day I left Makoni's and
passed some very curious old ruins. First, there was a hill on
which were built several concentric walls and the stone founda-
tions of round huts, the whole being surrounded by a moat.
A little farther on there was a small kopje composed of a few
large blocks of granite, some of which were piled up in the
centre in the form of a tower. The whole of this kopje was
enclosed by a very well-built wall about two hundred yards
in circumference, eight feet in thickness, and ten feet in height.
The stones composing this wall had the appearance of having
been cemented together with mud, which is the first time I
have ever noticed anything of the kind in South-Eastern
Africa. Through this wall there were four entrances, apertures
about four feet in height and two and a half feet in breadth.
These apertures were let into the base of the wall, and were
roofed over with large flat slabs of granite. Inside this wall were
the foundations of numerous round buildings. These founda-
tions were all very well built of closely-fitted pieces of squared
granite, and were about eighteen inches in depth. The huts
that were built upon them must have been at least four times
' Father of the present chief.
340 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
the size of the huts used by the natives at the present day.
Whilst speaking of these carefully-fitted stone foundations on
which to build huts, I may mention that in the centre of
Umtasa's deserted town on the Chodzani river — a town which
he built himself, and from which he was driven a few years
ago by the Abagaza — will be found a similar hut foundation,
very carefully built of small slabs of granite, beautifully fitted
without mortar or cement, which proves that the art of build-
ing walls of carefully- fitted granite stones is not even yet
dead amongst the Mashunas."
However, to return to the walled town of Makoni's
ancestor. Besides the four entrances into the stronghold,
there were numerous small holes let into the wall, some of
which may have served as loopholes through which archers
discharged arrows, but others, from their position, I judge to
have been intended for drains to carry off water. This strong-
hold is said to have been built by Chipadzi, the ancient chief
of all this part of the country, and an ancestor of Makoni.
The name of the walled town is Chitiketi.
About half a mile from this old walled town was the
burial-place of Chipadzi, one side of which was enclosed by
a beautifully-built wall about ten feet high, of evenly-laid and
squared granite stones, most carefully fitted together without
mortar or cement of any kind. This wall was an exact fac-
simile of the best-built portions of the great Zimbabwi, and
no one who has examined carefully both these relics of a
bygone age can doubt for an instant that they were both
built by the same race of people. This place is the Zimbabwi
or temple of Makoni's people, and is spoken of by them as
" The Zimbabwi." Here in time of national trouble the chief
slaughters cattle, and makes propitiatory offerings to the spirit
of Chipadzi, and private individuals make offerings of goats,
fowls, or pots of beer. Now there is no tower or indeed
anything to make one believe that this Zimbabwi was ever
connected with Phallic worship. It was probably built long
after the great temple, when the Arabian clement had become
lost amongst the more numerous aboriginal race, and when the
people had replaced the worship of Baal by the still older
form of ancestor-worship.
xviii EVIDENCE OF THE FUSION OF RACES 341
The enclosure is probably simply the burial - place of
Chipadzi, but the wall could not have been better built had
it been the work of the actual builders of the great temple.
I may here say that the word Zimbabwi ^ is in all probability
derived from the words " umba " or " imba," a building, plural
" zimba," and " mabgi," stones, these words being used at the
present day in Mashunaland. Thus Zimbabwi means the
" buildings of stones," and, as there were no other buildings
except grass-thatched huts, came to have a special significance,
and may be best translated by the English word " temple."
In the foregoing pages I have endeavoured to show that
there is no evidence that any high form of ancient civilisation
ever existed in South-Eastcrn Africa at all, whilst many facts
go to prove that the two industries, or arts, which are supposed
by many to separate the ancient inhabitants of the country
from the Bantu people living there at the present day, namely,
gold-mining and wall-building, have only been abandoned
very recently. The evidences of Phallic worship which have
been discovered at the temple of Zimbabwi give one a fair
right to suppose that the original builders of this structure
came from a country where that form of worship is known to
have been practised in very ancient times ; but I do not
believe that this foreign race, in its pure state, spread over the
whole country between the Zambesi and the Limpopo, and
did all the gold-mining and wall-building that has been done
in that vast territory, and was then utterly destroyed and
supplanted by a more barbarous people. The evidence avail-
able seems to me to be far stronger in favour of the theory
which I have advanced of the gradual fusion of a numerically
small number of a race of traders and merchants, who were
themselves in a low state of civilisation, with the aboriginal
inhabitants of the country. Thus alone can I account for
many things : the long continuance and the gradual deteriora-
tion noticeable in the wall-building in Mashunaland ; the in-
grained inherited impulse which causes the Barotsi of the
Upper Zambesi, who are an offshoot of the Barotsi of Mashuna-
land, to still carve the same chevron patterns on their pottery,
' This word is pronouncetl in some pnrts of tlie country Zini-lxlb-gt, and in others
Zini-bab-\vl.
342 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xviii
on their knife-sheaths, and on their wooden pots and bowls,
that the ancient worshippers of Baal represented in stone-work
round the temple of Zimbabwi, and carved in soapstone
hundreds or thousands of years ago. Add to this, that the
wooden bowls themselves still retain the same form as the
ancient ones carved in soapstone, that the wooden carvings
of animals made at the present day and the rude bas-reliefs
on the soapstone bowls are the products of the same school of
art, and the fact that the Bantu races inhabiting Mashunaland
and adjoining countries to-day are subject to atavism or
reversion to a type of man which is Asiatic or Semitic rather
than negroid, and it seems to me that only one thcorj' is
possible, which is, that the ancient builders of Zimbabwi were
not first destroyed and then supplanted by an inferior race,
but that they became gradually fused with a lower race, which
still bears traces of its admixture with the more intelligent
people.
First Housc
CHAPTER XIX
Mashunaland {continueil) — History of, in modern times — Occupation of the country
by Europeans — Climatic and sanitary conditions — Material progress since 1890
— The gold industry, ancient and modern — Dr. Jameson, the Administrator.
I WILL now say a few words concerning the history of
Mashunaland in modern times, which I think will show that
it is not to be wondered at that the native races inhabiting
that country should have abandoned some of their arts and
industries, and become the timid and broken -spirited race
which they now are.
As far as we can learn, the country we now call Mashuna-
land was in the early part of the present century ruled over
by the ancestors of the petty chiefs Makoni, Mangwendi,
Motoko, Sosi, Umtasa, etc., who were the rulers of large and
prosperous tribes living in huts, the foundations of which,
where they still exist, show them to have been at least three
times the size of the miserable tenements which satisfy their
degenerate descendants, and whose towns were, for the most
part, surrounded by well-built and loopholed stone walls,
many of which still remain in perfect preservation to-day,
344 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AERICA chap.
especially in the country of Makoni, the chief of the Ma-ongwi.
Hundreds of thousands of acres that now lie fallow must then
have been* under cultivation, as is proved by the traces of rice
and maize fields which can still be discerned in almost every
valley, whilst the sites of ancient villages, long ago crumbled
to decay, and now only marked by a few deep pits, from
which the natives obtained the clay used by them in plastering
their huts, are very numerous all over the open downs, where
no stones were procurable with which to build walls round the
towns. On almost every hill traces of the stone walls will be
found which once encircled and protected ancient villages. At
that time the inhabitants of this part of Africa must have been
rich and prosperous, possessing large flocks of sheep and goats
and numerous herds of a small but beautiful breed of cattle.
This state of things was not, however, destined to continue,
for some twelve or fifteen years after the Cape of Good Hope
became a British Colony, in 1806, some of the outlying Zulu
clans broke away from the harsh and cruel rule of Chaka and
commenced their migrations northwards ; and wherever these
ferocious warriors went their track was marked by the flight
of the vultures which feasted upon the corpses of the men,
women, and children they had slain, and the flames of the
villages they had set fire to. Manikos, the grandfather of
Gungunyan, the present chief of the Abagaza, was the leader
of one of these bands, whilst the ancestor of I'ezen, the
principal chief of the Angoni, who are now settled to the west
of Lake Nyassa, led another horde. These two Zulu chiefs,
after devastating a great portion of what is now called
Mashunaland, both settled near the head waters of the Sabi,
where they soon came into collision with one another. A
great battle was fought, lasting — so Lo Bengula told me he
had heard from old men of the Abagaza — for three days, at
the end of which time the Angoni were defeated and driven
from their settlements. They retreated northwards, devastating
the whole country through which they passed, and crossing the
Zambesi to the east of Zumbo, made their way on to the high
plateau which lies to the west of Lake Nyassa, where they are
living at the present day, a scourge to all the surrounding tribes.
After the battle with the Angoni, the Abagaza retreated
ZULU RAIDS 345
southwards and settled on an elevated and fertile tract of
country to the east of the Central Sabi, and from that date,
until a few years ago, they never ceased to devastate the
southern and eastern portions of Mashunaland, their principal
raiding grounds being in the countries of Motoko, Mangwendi,
Makoni, Sosi, and Makwirimba. In spite, however, of the
devastations committed by the Angoni and the Abagaza, large
portions of Northern and Western Mashunaland remained
untroubled by the Zulu raids until about 1840. About this
time the Amandibili, under their warlike chief, Umziligazi,
being unable to hold their own against the Dutch Boers, who
were then commencing to settle in the Transvaal, crossed the
Limpopo, and travelling northwards, destroying as they went,
finally halted, and built permanent kraals in the country now
known as Matabiiiland ; and soon well -disciplined bands of
desperate savages, men born and bred amidst the ceaseless
slaughter of Chaka's never-ending wars, overran every portion
of Mashunaland which had up till then escaped the blood-
stained assegais of the Angoni and the Abagaza.
These oft-recurring raids upon the unwarlike inhabitants of
Mashunaland — raids carried out with all the ruthless ferocity of
savage warfare — almost completely depopulated large tracts of
country, and, as may be easily understood, at once put an end to
the gold-mining industry, which, there is no doubt, was still being
carried on in the early part of this centuiy, and also put a
stop to the wall-building, as the Mashunas found out that the
walls with which they had been accustomed to encircle their
towns, and which were probably very often an effective means
of defence against other tribes of their own race, were of but
little avail against the braver and better - organised Zulus.
Thus the high plateau of Mashunaland, which at no very
distant date must have supported a large native population,
once more became an almost uninhabited wilderness, as the
remnants of the aboriginal tribes who escaped destruction at
the hands of the Zulu invaders retreated into the broken
country which encircles the plateau to the south and east.
Had it not been for the constant destruction of the native
races that has been going on in Mashunaland during the last
seventy or eighty years, there would be no room for European
346 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
immigration to-day. As it is, not only has the occupation
of the country by the British South Africa Company been
effected without wronging the native races, but it has very
likely saved some of them from absolute destruction at the
hands of the Matabili.
I have now brought the history of Mashunaland up to the
time of the recent occupation of the country by Europeans,
and I must, before leaving the subject, say a few words about
the country itself Almost the whole of Mashunaland and
Manica lies at an elevation of over three thousand feet
above the sea, whilst much of the plateau (especially that
portion of it lying to the south - east of the main road
from Salisbury to Urntali) reaches an altitude of from five
thousand to six thousand feet. The higher portions of
the country, though lying well within the tropics, possess
a thoroughly temperate climate, which is primarily due no
doubt to their altitude above sea-level, but also in a minor
degree, I think, to the fact that it is the highest land in South-
Eastern Africa, and therefore catches directly the cool winds
coming from the Indian Ocean. At any rate, during the
hottest months of the year the heat of the sun is almost always
tempered by the breeze which constantly blows from the south-
east— a breeze which, during the winter months, is apt to
become so keen and cold that an Englishman suddenly
transplanted from home, and deposited, without knowing where
he was, on some portion of the Mashuna uplands, would never
dream that he was in tropical Africa, but would rather be
inclined to believe that he .stood on some wild moorland in
Northern Europe ; and the sight of a bed of bracken, looking
identical with what one sees at home, would only lend colour
to this belief The nights are cool the whole year round
and during the winter months bitterly cold, whilst the excessive
heat of the sun during the spring and autumn is always
tempered, as I have said above, by the south-east breeze. An
ounce of fact is worth any amount of theory and assertion, and
a table of temperatures kept daily for two years by Major
Forbes at Salisbury, in Mashunaland, which is now in the
possession of Mr. E. G. Ravenstein, and from which the follow-
ing table has been compiled, will, I feel sure, satisfy any one
CLIMATE OF MASH UNA LAND
347
who cares to examine it that the cHmate of this part of Africa
is an exceptionally fine one for North Europeans.
FORT SALISBURY.
Meteorological Odservatioxs made by Major P. W. Forbes
during the years 1891 and 1892.
Atmospheric
Mean Temperatures.
Rail
fall.
Pressure.
(IX-grees F
■)
Prevailing
Winds.
Inches.
Maxima.
Minima,
Mean.
Inches.
Days.
January
25.301
79°
62°
70.5°
7.20
17
N.E.
February
.301
79°
58°
68.5°
6.74
14
E.
March .
•342
81°
58°
69.5°
7-32
12
E.,N.E.
April .
•398
79°
53°
66°
1. 19
4
E.
May .
.441
77°
48°
62.5°
.18
I
E. ■
June .
•436
75°
42°
58.5°
E.
July .
.480
72°
43°
57^5°
E.
August
.472
77°
47°
62°
N.E.
September
•433
84°
52°
68°
N.E.
October
•392
82°
55°
63^5°
.81
4
E.
November
.389
82°
59°
70.5°
3^5i
7
E.
December
•344
79°
60°
68.5°
6.89
16
E.
Mean year!
y 25.394
78°
53°
65.5°
33-84
75
E.
average froi
n
two years
observation
s
Extremes of Temperature Observed :
93 in October 1891.
34 in June 1892.
It has already been conclusively proved that European
women and children enjoy excellent health all over the plateau of
South-Eastern Africa — whether in Matabililand, Mashunaland,
or Manica. In fact these are emphatically countries that will rear
a strong and hardy race of men — such men as are the descend-
ants of the English and Scottish colonists of the Cape Colony,
or the burly Boers of the Transvaal. During eight months of
the year the whole country is very healthy, but during the
348 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE hW AFRICA cuai. xix
remaining four, from the middle to the end of the rainy season,'
fever is very prevalent in the lower parts of the countrj-, and
will almost certainly be contracted by any one who is unduly
exposed to cold and wet in any part of the countrj-.
The same may probably be said concerning many other
portions of the world, in which large communities of Europeans
are now living ; and it has already been thoroughly proved,
alike in Mashunaland, Manica, and Matabililand, at Salisbury,
Umtali, and ]iulawayo, that, given the most ordinarj- conditions
of comfort, and freedom from excessive exposure, white men,
women, and children enjoy as good health in these countries
as in any other part of South Africa.
The development of Mashunaland is now going on so
rapidly that, were I to give a detailed account of its present
j__^corMiition, my remarl^s wniild he out of date before this book
Ji i\^ through the press. However, bcf(5re I left the country in
. rf^\'^^{ 7 August 1892 Salisbury had already been in telegraphic com-
' ' munication with the rest of the world for some months. Three
^ As a rule, the niiny season may be said to last from the begimting of November till
the end of March. Tliat is to say that during any one of these months a heavy rainfall may
be expected ; bnt in no single season does heavy rain prevail during all these months.
In some years a great deal of rain falls in November, followed Ity a month or two months
of fine weather, heavy rain again falling in February or ^hlreh. !n other years but
little rain falls before tiie end of the year, in which case heavy rains may be ex]iected after
the new year. .Sometimes the rainfall is evenly distributed over the five months ; but, as a
rule, there is a fair allowance of fine weather during tiie period called the rainy season.
On the other liand, during the first and last months of the dry season, in .April .and October,
heavy thvmderstornis usually occur, and a year seldom passes without a few light showers
of rain falling during the cold months, eitlier in June, July, or August ; more especially
in the south-eastern portions of the country. On the plateau, during Ahty, June, and
July, tile sun has little heal, and tlie nights are very cold. After -August the sun gets
hotter and hotter, but the nights continue very cold until October. Tiie month which
immediately precedes the commencement of the rainy season is always the hottest. During
the rainy season itself the lieat is seldom opjiressive, as the sky is usually overcast and tlie
sun obscured. The nights are .always cool, and in .April again liecome very cold. From
the 1st of May till the end of December the climate is wonderfully healthy, and fever is
very seldom contracted during this jieriod ; but great care nuist be taken to guard against
exposure to wet during the months of January, February, March, and April, at which time
the vegetation is rank, and malaria prevalent. To reach the plateau of Masliunaland
either from the e.ast coast or from the Transvaal it is necessary to cross a low-lying bell
of country in which malarial fever is very prevalent from the end of November to the
beginning of June ; and as it is all-importaiU to any one intending to take u]> his residence
in Mashimaland to arrive in the coimtry with lu) fever i>oison in his system, 1 strongly
advise all intending immigrants to that country to make their way to the plateau between
the months of June and November. T''.\perience has shown that people arriving in Ma-
shunaland in good health and with no fever [joison in their systems enjoy perfect health in
that comury, unless exposed to unhealthy conditions ; whilst others who have contracted
fever in tlie hot low-lying country on the east coast, or between the l.impojio and \'ietoria.
suffer from continual relapses, when exposed to the cold rarilietl .air of the plateau, .and
in some cases are never able to regain their health.
a
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CHAP. XIX MASHUNALAND 351
townships had been laid out, in which building sites, sold by
auction July 1892, realised the sum of ;^ 10,000 ^ ; a respectable
figure when it is understood that these plots of ground were all
bought, not by speculators, but by residents in the country.
In two of these townships, Salisbury and Victoria, many
substantial brick buildings had already been put up, and I
hear that building is now going on in Umtali as well. In
Salisbury and Victoria good weekly newspapers were being
printed.' Much of the land had been taken up by farmers,
and it had already been proved that wheat, oats, barley, and
all kinds of vegetables, such as potatoes, onions, cauliflowers,
cabbages, carrots, etc., could be grown with great facility.
Whilst on the subject of agriculture I will quote a few lines
from a private letter I have received from Salisbury, dated
1 6th March 1893. "Farmers have already done a good deal
of ploughing in the several districts during this past wet
season — vegetables are a drug in the market, and already a
good many loads of forage have come in. B on our farm
has one stack cut, and reckons on getting three thousand bundles
altogether this year. The small patch of wheat he tried during
the rains has ripened well."
In fact, it can no longer be said of Mashunaland that an
interesting experiment is being tried, etc. etc. The experi-
ment has been tried and has succeeded, and Mashunaland
is now a British colony in which it has been proved that
European men, women, and children can live and thrive, and
vvhen the railway, now in course of construction, from the east
coast has been carried into the heart of the country, enabling
capitalists to introduce the heavy machinery necessary for
quartz-crushing on a large scale, then will reefs innumerable in
all parts of the country be worked to advantage. Each gold
district will then support a large population connected with the
gold industry, and in each of these centres of population
farmers will find a market for the produce of their fields and
dairies. The future of the vast gold-fields of Mashunaland and
^ .\ further sale of building sites held in July 1893 realised ;^i9,5oo.
- A facsimile (reduced in size) of two pages of tlie first number of the first paper ever
produced in Mashunaland has been reproduced as an illustration. This sheet was
produced by the cyclostyle process, but has long since been superseded by a well-printed
newspaper, which in its general get-up will bear comparison with the newspapers of much
older communities in other parts of South .Africa.
352 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA ciiap.
Manica seems now so absolutely assured that it appears odd
that doubts should ever have been entertained as to their value.
And yet there have been doubters who were credited by the
faint-hearted with a wisdom which it has now been proved they
never possessed.
From time immemorial Mashunaland has been one of the
gold-fields of the world. Mr. Bent believes that the people
who first discovered the sacred metal were of Semitic race ;
and, however that may be, it is an undoubted fact that at the
present day, wherever there is a gold-field in Southern Africa,
men of another branch of the Semitic family arc not un-
common. Probably the gold- belts existing all over South-
Eastern Africa were worked continuously from the date of
their first discovery up to the early part of the present century.
In all that time dynamite was unknown, but slowly and
laboriously shafts were sunk and cuttings made in the gold-
bearing quartz reefs, which in the course of ages in many
instances reached a depth of over a hundred feet. The
aggregate of all the work done in all parts of Mashunaland is
something stupendous, and must, considering the nature of the
work, and the rudeness of the tools available, have required a
long period of time for its accomplishment. In the early part
of this century Mashunaland and Manica were overrun by
various Zulu hordes, immense numbers of the aboriginal inhabit-
ants were put to the assegai, and the working of the gold reefs
almost, though not entirely, put a stop to (for I have shown that
Mr. Thomas Baines, as late as in the year 1870, found the
Mashunas extracting gold from quartz near Lo Magondi's
kraals). At this time nothing was known in Western Europe of
the ancient history of Mashunaland, or the existence of gold reefs
in that country. Portuguese archives, it is true, showed that
large quantities of gold had been brought to Europe from South-
Eastern Africa during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth
centuries, but the great mass of Englishmen were not interested
in Portuguese archives, and the Portuguese themselves, after
they were driven from Manica in 1832 by Manikos and his
Zulus, were only just able to retain their hold on the coast-
line and the shores of the Zambesi, and so the gold industry
very nearly came to an end in Mashunaland. Then Thomas
MASHUNALAND GOLD-FIELDS
353
Baines and Karl Mauch revisited the ancient gold-fields, and
the accounts they wrote as to their probable richness caused
such an excitement in South Africa that it spread to Australia,
and a party of miners came from that country in 1870 to try
their luck on the L^rolJ-ficlds of Mashunaland. They reached
T^^ti in South-Wcstcrn Matabililand, where they found'some
good reefs, but did not go any farther. For at that tfme
Mashunaland was a very distant and inaccessible country,
whose southern "arrd wcstciii buiders were inhabited by jealous
and^ warlike Zulu tribes, who looked upon it as a raiding
ground and a slave preserve that thc\' were anxious to keep
for themselves as long "as possible. —
And so twenty years went by, and though during all that
time Mashunaland was spoken about aiiH^written of as a rich
&old country, prospectors were unable to make their way into
it owing to the jealousy of the Matabili. From time to time
hunters like myself bought quills full of alluvial gold washed
from the sands of the Mazoe river, from the Mashunas, and by
showing them to friends in Kimberley and Cape Town kept
up the belief in the richness of the country. Then came the
expedition to Mashunaland, which was carrierf^ut with such
"sTrignW success. — 44«id*e4s of men were turned loose in the
country to look for gold Avho -knew no more of the theory and
practice of gold-mining than I do of the fourth dimension of
space. Most of them thought they were going to peg out
claims on rich reefs within a week or two of their disbandment,
whilst many of them believed they would be able to pick up
lumps of gold, or wash cupfuls of the precious metal out of
the river's sands. They were disappointed, and many of them
soon became disheartened.
Then came a very heavy rainy season, which, owing to the
utter want of accommodation or comfort, and the scarcity of
all kinds of provisions, was a time of misery to the greater part
of the settlers. Though there were very few deaths, almost
every one suffered more or less from fever, the result of ex-
posure to wet and poor food. After this first rainy season a
great many of the men who had come up to Mashunaland with
the pioneer expedition left the country with hearts full of
bitterness. They gave the country a bad name, of course, and
2 A
\Cu\
rcrXz)
354 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
declared there was no gold there, or that the ore was of such
low grade that it would not pay to work it. The accounts
that had been written by Baines and Mauch twenty years
before were declared to be absolutely mythical. The parrot
cry was taken up and echoed and re-echoed throughout South
Africa and England. There was no payable gold in Mashuna-
land it was said. There had been once, perhaps, but if the Jews
had been there in King Solomon's time, it was not likely they
would have left the country until they had worked out all the
good reefs. However, all this time a residuum of hard-working
men remained in Mashunaland. They found what they thought
to be good reefs in every district — in Victoria, Manica, Hartley
Hills, Mazoe, Angwa, and Mount Darwin. Through good
report and evil report they worked away, developing their
properties, buoyed up by the faith that was in them, and the
conviction that truth would at last prevail. And so indeed it
has ; for I believe that in the financial world at the present time
the future of the gold-fields of Mashunaland is considered, as I
have said already, to be absolutely assured. Payable reefs have
now been proved to a considerable depth in every district. All
that is required is the capital necessary to erect quartz-crush-
ing machinery and carry on the development. The introduc-
tion of heavy machinery into the country is now not only very
difficult but very expensive. When the railway, however, has
been completed from the east coast into the heart of Mashuna-
land, its gold mines will be worked at a reasonable cost ; and
every mail now brings the most encouraging reports from the
different mining centres.
As the work of development has gone on, so have the
prospects improved in every district, till now it can, I think, no
longer be doubted that before the end of this century Mashuna-
land will take a high place amongst the gold -producing
countries of the world. Capital, however, must first be put
into the country before the gold can be got out of it.
I have not yet said anything concerning the administration
of the country, but I will conclude this chapter by saying that
I consider that it was a veritable iiispiration that prompted Mr.
Rhodes to ask his old friend Dr. Jameson to take over the
arduous and difficult duties of Administrator of Mashunaland.
DR. JAMESON 355
Dr. Jameson has endeared himself to all classes of the com-
"inunity by his tact and good temper, and has managed all the
diverse details connected with the administration of a new
country with a correctness of judgment which amounts to
nothing less than genius — and genius of a most rare and
, versatile order. He was the man for the position. No other,
, taken all round, could have been quite what Dr. Jameson has
been as Administrator of Mashunaland in its early days.
^
CHAPTER XX
The Kxpedition to Masliunaland (coiitinuai)
As soon as Mr. Cecil Rhodes recognised the fact that, if
iVIashunaland were to become a British province, it would
have to be occupied and taken possession of _ without xlelay
by a British force, he at once set about organising an expedi-
tion for the purpose of cutting a road from Khama's country
to Mount Hampden, which would skirt round the southern
\ border of Matabililand. Such a road would not pass within
a hundred miles of any IVTafaBili village, nor tlirou^^h any-*
te?ntory over which Xb 15fiiL;ula liad any -roal jurisdiction ;
although ho claimed the whole country right down to the
Limpopo river, on the ground that he had sent £aidixig parties
in that direction as Jar as ihe northern border of the Trajis-
vaal. As, however, he claims tlic wliolc of Khama's country
oh the same ground — a claim which the British Government
"has refused to recognise^ having long ago proclaimed Khama's
country to be within the British protectorate — ^I think that-the
British South Africa Company showed him every reasonable
vconsideration by cutting the road to Mashunaland ^t_a^dis-
t-tance of more than a hundred miles from Jhe country actually
oCcnpied~bjp liis tribe. _^ Of course it was «oL-to.^e^^e5qi)ected
tTTaFXo Bengula^r his people would regard the occupation
of Mashunaland by Europeans with any peculiar satisfaction.
To begin with, it would mean a curtailment of their raiding
grounds, and would, besides, be likely to affect their power
and prestige amongst the tribes they had conquered to a
very considerable extent.
Many experienced people thought that the Matabili would
THE PIONEER EXPEDITION
357
resist the occupation of Mashunaland to the last, and declared
that such an occupation could never take place until they had
been conquered and destroyed. In fact the Boers of Zout-
pansberg considered that such an expedition ought not to be
undertaken with a force^oTTess than two thousand men. I
myself was of the opinion that^ it- was quite_possible the
MatabiH_would attack our expedition ; but at the same time
I_^iought that if we had a good strong mounted force, and
kgpt vvell aWay "faeyDnd the "radius of their outside kraals,
they were just as likely to let us alone. What I think had
as much, or more, to do with keeping them quiet than any-
thing else, was the placing of several companies of that most /
serviceable corps, the KprhwanalanH Border Polic!^, on their /
western border just before the expedition started. Had the I
/ Matabili ajtacked the pioneer force on its way to Mashuna-
land^_tliey-_knew very well that Majon Grey^ who was then. in
V command at Macloutsie camp, would have ridden in at once
1 \^h his troopers and made things lively for their king in the
neighbourhood of Bulawayo. I do not know whose idea it
was~to advance the Bechwanaland Border Police from Elibi
camp to the western border of Matabililand, but I am sure
that it had a very salutary effect on Lo Bengula and his
people.
About the end of the year J 889 and early in. 1890 the
agents of the British South Africa Company at Bulawayo
wQre__pn verygood terms with Lo Bengula; and Dr. Jameson,
who was an especial favourite with him, not only obtained
his consent to the plan of^utting a new road to Mashunaland,
but also promises of assistance in the wRylrit metTTn rhnp the
trees rlrmm ^\;\^\ p;-pparp thr^ <;raf~l.- Howevcr, I think it is
probaBle that Lo Bengula, when he gave these assurances,
had rLO idea that aa expedition was already in preparation
with this object in view, and either thought that he would
never be_jca]led upon to_ make good his promises, or trusted
that he would be able to evadc_them when the time came,
_in his usual fashion.
In March 1 890 I was sent up to Palapye. My instruc-
tions were to get men from Khama and chop a waggon road
to the eastern border of his country. There I was to meet
;^
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358
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AERICA
vA^
Mr. Johan Colenbrander from Bulawayo wUh a hundrefi of
Lo__Bengula's men, with whom. 1 was to -go on with the road-
making towards Mashunaland. On this road the force then
Being equipped for the occupation of the country was to
follow. On my arrival at Palapye I was, however, to have
found a letter from Mr. Denis Doyle, at that time the
Company's agent at Bulawayo, with further instructions as
to where I was to meet Mr. Colenbrander. I found no letter,
and kno\vingI^q_Bengula^s__shifty, prgcxastinating ways, and
having very strong doubts in my mind as to the sincerity of
his "professions of friendship, or promises of assistance in
making the new road, I resolved to ride in to Bulawayo and
find out for myself if he was really prepared to co-operate
with the British Company that was bent on undermining his
. takinc^' -possession, _X)f a
,1 portion of which he
claimed jurisdiction. From Palapye
power, and
counti\' <)\ci-
Mr. S. H. Edwards.
I rode to Tati on the western border
of Matabililand, and from there Mr.
S. H. Edwards drove me in to Bula-
wayo, in three days, in his light mule
waggon.
Mr. S. H. Edwards, better known
to his friends as " Far Interior Sam "
or " Dear Old Sam," is one of the old
landmarks still left standing in the
interior of Southern Africa. The son of one of the first
missionaries who settled amongst the Bechwana tribes on
the western border of the Transvaal, Mr. S. H. Edwards is
the contemporary of Gordon -Cumming, Oswell, and Living-
stone, all of whom he knew personally. Of Mr. Oswell he is
never tired of talking, and he regards him as the beau ideal
of what a roving British gentleman should be — kindly and
generous in disposition, and a most daring and successful
hunter. As Mr. Edwards was born onjijs fat-Vipr!^. rnission
station, he grew~up amongst the natives and jeamed to speak
Sechwana like one of themselves, and he has a better know-
ledge ot that language and of native manners and customs
and modes orthoiTghtZih.in nny othfif-AvHite man^_Tn 1854
'FAR INTERIOR SAM"
359
he^ accompanied— the venerable Sc&tcb — mksjnnary. the Rey.
Mr MnfFat, nn his visit to Lo Bengula's father, Umzih'gazi,
and was thus one of the first two Europe^nt; whn ever visited
Hatabililand. Little did young Sam Edwards think at that
time that he would live to see a thriving British colony grow
up in the country beyond Matabililand. As may be imagined,
Mr. Edwards is a perfect walking dictionary concerning all
matters connected with sport and travel in the interior of
South Africa during the last fifty years. He accompanied
Fred Green on some of his hunting expeditions long long
ago, between Lake Ngami and the Chobi river, and knew
personally Chapman, and the two Swedish naturalist-hunters,
C. J. Andersen and Professor Wahlberg, the latter of whom
was killed by an elephant. Of late years Mr^ S._H. Echvards
has acted as Managing^ Director of the Tati Gold-Miiiiiig
^ C^ompan)-, and his great knowledge of native character, and
the tact he has clisplaycil in his dealings wifh h'^^'h Khama
an3 Eo Kengula, have been invaluable to his employers.
BotiTKhama and Lo Bengula have the most implicit trust in
" Samo,"~fbr they both know by long experience that lu- is
an'^ifpnght, honourable English gentleman, on whose word
\ t'Kejr'caTT "thoronghiy rely; Like the nati\cs, all white men in
the interior, whether Boer hunters or European traders and
travellers, love " old Sam," and will be pleased to read what
I have said about him, so that I hope my dear old friend will
not be angry with me for introducing him to the British public.
When,^ in company with Mr. Edvvards, I presented myself
before Lo Bengula, he received me in the most friendly manner,
and was evidently plea.sed to sec me again, for it was more
than two years since I had last been in his country. But
when I told him that I had been sent by Mr. Rhodes to
make the road round the outskirts ol his country to Mashuna-
land, and wanted
track, as fie" had
him to give me men ro open up a waircrnn
romised^DrTTameson he would_do,_Jie_deiiied
*7
0
ever having^iven any such promises, and then said plainly
that he would not allow such a road to be made. AA/hpn Mr.
Doyle reminded him of his promises to Dr. Jameson he avoided
any discussion of that question, and only said, " There is only
one road to Mashunaland, and that ^oes throiigtnTi}^ rmintr;'-
X
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^
360 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
and past Bulawayo " ; and he further said, " If Rhodes wants to
send his men round my country let him send them by sea
to beyond the Sabi river." At last he said to Mr. Doyle,
" Rhodes has ^ent me many emissaries, and amonjjst them
Dr. Jameson, whom I like, and whom I am told is Rhodes^s
mouth ; hut I am Lo l^engula, and I want to sec the big
\Vhite chief himself ; I anK tired of talking with Rhodes's
messengers and the bearersot his words : their stories don't
all agi^e. Now, thereforej~ let Selpu^gp hack once more to
the Diamond Fields, and let him take Rhodes by the hand
and come back here with him, that I may speak with him
face to face. I will then settle my business with him very
quickly." Mr. Doyle pointed out that Mr. Rhodes was a
very busy man, and would hardly be likely to be able to
spare the time for so long a journey ; and_lmJlirther reminded
Lo Bengula of his own dilatory ways, and finall)' asked him
whetherj if Mr. Rhodes really did come to sec him, he-would
\corne^to a definite understand+»g with him at once and without
any delay. " Tell him," said Lo Bengula, " that on the <lay
that follows the one on whicli I see him all the questions at
issue between us shall be settled, and on the third daj' he
v^ttl^be atle to start back to his own counti'j-."
As the making of the projected road was now at a stand-
Istill, Mr. Doyle asked me to take this message down to Mr.
Rhodes, though no one thought that the Cjipji^Eiemier would
be able to spare the time necessaryTbr a journey to Matabili-
land, however much he might desire to accept Lo BenguLa's
invitation. My idea is that Lo Bengula now for the first time
realised that a determined attemp_t_to open up Mashunaland was
really about to be made. As^-he-jjadsigncd^.ti£aties- with the
British South Africa Company, and Jiad not only takenJarge
presents irom them,but had "alsofbr some time past been
receiving a subsidy in money, paid monthly by the Company's
agent in Bulawayorhe saw LliaL he had committed himself to
more than he dared pertorm; for I think he feared that, should
the^white meri"^)ersist in endeavouring to cut a road round his
country to Mashunaland, he might _not be able to restrain his
young men from attacking them, and he was wise enough_to
know that if once a war-were to breakout betweeaJiis people
THE PIONEER EXPEDITION
361
and the vvhites, no matter ho\v_successfiil jJTe_Jnrmer might be
jfTtEElSeguvriing^ in the end they \vould be vanquished and^TTe
himself probably killed. Now atjthis, time Lo Bengula had
some white advisers who were doing all they could to undermine
the work of the Chartered Company, and it is m\' impression
that, acting under their advice, had Mr. Rhodes xisitcxl liiin he
would have returned him all _tlic_ money and presents he had
received Irom his agents and then refused to ha\c any further
negotiations w ith him. At the same time, he would have sent
messengers to__jii£__Liigh Commissioner for South Africa to,
protest against what he called the violation of his tcrritojy.
This, however, is only a suspicion, for which there may be no
foundation.
I now hurried back to Kimberley, which I reached in eleven
days from Bulawayo. This was of course before the railway
was built from Kimberley to Vryburg. I rode the one hundred
miles between Tati and Palapye on my old shooting-pony Mars,
in a little under twenty-seven hours. ^Mr. Rhodes, although
Yip vvfmLJ— hay;^ Ijked ^'^ haw-<n^.epi-4»<4-4Ti-Rpno-nla''; invitation,
could not possibly spare the time for such a journey, but
Tfr. lameson. his aUer ezo, returned with me forthwith to
Malabililandl "To me it seems that matters were now on a
rnucinTiore satisfactory basis than before my visit to Bulawayo.
We knew exactly where we were, and realised fully that the
new road to Mashunaland would have to be made not only
without, the assistance of Lo l^engula, but in despite of him and
all his tribe.
Every effort was now made to equip and muster a
sufficient force on the banks of the Macloutsie to occupy
Maghunaland whether the Matabili liked it or not. As it
turned out, the expeditionary force of about lour hundred \vRTte
men, together with the Bechwanaland Border Police, who
remained at Macloutsie, and two companies of the British
South Africa Company's Police that protected our base at Tuli,
proved sufficient to overawe the Matabili and to keep them
Tjaiet ; but had they made a determined attack with eight or
ten thousand men on the expeditionary force, they might
possibly have annihilated us, and would most certainly have
retarded the occupation of Mashunaland for a year or two. As
<)pA
k^
m
i>r^i
^u^lr^
362 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
it turned out, they made no attack, and it is a matter of history
that in two and a half months from the time it left Tuli, the
British South Africa Company's expedition planted the British
flag near Mount Hampden, after having fnnnd aiid _cut_ a road
^trough four hundred_imlc^of wijd cguntiy.
So much has been written concerning the march up to
Mashunaland, and the composition of the force that took part
in it, that it would be mere repetition were I to say very much
on the subject. The whole force of police and pioneers was
commanded by Lieutenant -Colonel Pennefathcr of the 6th
(Inniskilling) Dragoons ; but the pioneers, one company of
whom were always in advance to prepare the road, were
commanded by Mr. Frank Johnson. Every one in South
Africa has heard of Frank Johnson and Co. — the Co. being
Messrs. Heany and Borrow. All three names are household
words in Mashunaland. Johnson and Borrow are two fine
I young Englishmen, and Heany is an American, and all three
are brimming over with enthusiasm^id energy.and arc possessed—
of that doL;gcd perseverance and untiring patience which has
"Stready won half the world for the Anglo-iSaxon race. They
are the men who raised and equipped the pioneer corps, with
an admirable attention to every detail of outfit ; and ever
since the occupation of Mashunaland they have been the
life and soul of the country. In 1891 they tried to open
up a transport road to the east coast. Owing to the tse-tse
fly this enterprise was a failure, and cost the firm a large
portion of the monej'' they had won by the successful conduct
of the pioneer force. All honour to them for the valiant
attempt they made to overcome what proved to be insuperable
difficulties. " It is not in mortals to command success." During
the hard times experienced by the pioneers, during the first
rainy season after the occupation of Mashunaland, Heany and
]?orrow (Johnson had gone down to Cape Town to prepare for
the opening up of the east coast route from Beira) endeared
themselves to all classes of the community by their kindness
to all who were in distress ; and I think all old pioneers will
join me in wishing luck to Johnson, Borrow, and Heany, and
hoping they will live to reap the reward their pluck and
perseverance so richly deserve.
XX KOODOO-SHOOTING 363
I accompanied Dr. Jameson on his journey to Bulawayo as
far as Tati. ]''arther than this the Doctor would not allow me
to proceed, and as he \vas my superior officer I was bound to
obey him. He was afraid that Lo Bengula, who knew that the
"projected expedition depended on my services as guide to the
promised land, might make me a prisoner and detain me at
Bylawayo. My orders were to go down to the camp of the
Bechwanaland Border Police, on the Macloutsic river, and
exajiiine_tlie country thoroughl}' to the eastward as far as the
Shashi and Tuli rivers, in order to be able to pick out a gpod
line for a waggon road ; for it was very important that the
expedition should make a good start, and keep as far as
possible from the Matabili kraals. I therefore first rejoined my
waggon at Palapye, and then trekked to the police camp on
the Macloutsie, and from thence to a spot about twenty miles
lower down the river. I here formed a camp, and during the
month of May 1890 examined the whole country between the
lower courses of the Macloutsie, Shashi, and Tuli rivers, and
finally selected a good Irne o7" country for a waggon road, that
would be fairly well supplied with water all the year round,
would cross the Tuli at a point about six miles below its
junction with the Shashi, close to a flat-topped hill which I
saw at once could be easily turned into a very strong strategic
position. On this hill Fort Tuli was built some weeks later.
Towards the end of May I had occasion to visit the police
camp twenty miles up the Macloutsie, and late on the after-
noon of 23rd May started on my return journey to my own
waggon. I was about half-way, and it was just getting dusk,
when I saw some koodoo cows standing in the mopani bush
to the left of the old waggon track along which I was riding.
Turning my head to look at them, but without checking my
horse, I^^SawThe^TTead and horns of a big bull showing above
the bushes beyond them, and perhaps two hundred and fifty'
yards from the road. I wanted a good koodoo's head, so
instantly checking my horse, I jumped off, and putting up the
second sight prepared for a shot. I could only see the head
and neck of the koodoo above the bushes, and had to judge
whereabouts his shoulder ought to be, and there was so little
light left that had I not had a white sight of hippopotamus
364 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xx
ivory I could not have seen to shoot at all. As I fired I
heard my bullet tell distinctly, but saw the koodoo dash away
through the scrub and vanish. I now remounted and rode out
to about the place where the koodoo had been standing when
I fired. I soon found the spoor of the wounded animal, and
had no difficulty in following it, as the hoof marks had cut
deep into the ground ; it was, however, too dusk to distinguish
any traces of blood. After following the hoof marks for about
a hundred yards they brought me to the edge of a steep
thickly-wooded ravine, into which I thought that the wounded
koodoo must have plunged. By this time I had come to the
conclusion that my bullet must have struck too high and had
not inflicted a mortal wound, so, as I had still ten miles to ride
by moonlight before I could get supper at my waggon, I
decided to give up the pursuit for the present, but resolved to
return and again take up the spoor on the following morning
An hour and a half's riding took me to my camp, where I
found that my boys had a substantial meal awaiting me, to
which I at once proceeded to do full justice.
Before turning in I gave orders that my horse should be
fed as soon as it was daylight in the morning, and told three
of my boys to be ready to accompany me to where I had
wounded the koodoo. By the time it was broad daylight the
next day we were ready to start, and the sun was not very
high above the trees when we reached the spot in the road
from which I had fired on the preceding evening. We were
soon once more on the tracks of the wounded animal, and I
now saw that blood was sprinkled plentifully along the trail.
On reaching the edge of the ravine we found that the koodoo
had not plunged into it, but had made a sudden turn, and
rushed into a patch of bush to our left ; and here we found him
lying dead, not twenty yards from where I had stood the day
before. When I had first seen him standing in the bush in
the dusk of the evening I had thought he was a fine bull, but
nothing more. My joy may therefore be imagined when I
saw that the most superb specimen of a koodoo bull that
my eyes had ever looked upon lay dead before me. His horns
were perfectly symmetrical, very long, and beautifully twisted.
I preserved this koodoo's head most carefully, and it eventually
CHAP. XX CONFERENCE AT PALAPYE 367
reached England in safety, and is, I think, the gem of gems
amongst my large collection of hunting trophies.
The measurements of these horns are given in Mr.
Rowland Ward's most useful book on Horn Measurements
of Great Game as, measured in a straight line from base
to tip, forty -five and three -eighth inches ; round curve of
horn, sixty and five-eighth inches ; circumference at base,
eleven and a half inches ; spread between tips, thirty -three
inches. At the time when Mr. Ward's book was published
no other koodoo head was known to exist in England
which equalled this in length of horn, and it therefore stands
first on his list ; but lately I have heard of one in South
Africa that is longer ; however, I am well contented with mine,
and feel sure that, no matter how many more koodoos I kill,
I shall never get another with a head to equal it. After
cutting off the koodoo's head I carried it up to the police
camp, where I at once skinned and preserved it, and left it in
charge of a friend. That evening I received a note from Dr.
Jameson, who had returned from Matabifiland, telling me he,
jtas on His wayTio Falapye to meet Colonel Pennefather, and
asking me to join him as soon as possible ; so J _at once
s'58dledljp and overtook him near Fort Elibi. On 27th May
we reached Falapye, and on the following cla\- Colonel Penne-
father arrived there from Kimbcrlcy.
Mr. Frank Johnson was now at Camp Cecil, on the
^Umpopo, with his _pioneer_si and the British- South Africa
Cgmpany'g T'niicc had all reached the Macloutsie, where they
were camped alongside of the Bechwanaland Border police
force! Lieutenant-CreneraTthe Honourable Paul Methucn (now
General Lord Methuen) was expected up shortly to review the
whole of the expeditionary force, and report on its efficiency ;
and should this report be favourable the advance was to be
made at once.
At this time there was not a yard of road made beyond the
Macloutsie, and no one but myself had any idea as to what
route the expedition was to take when it did at last make
a move. It appeared to me that some of the authorities
atCape Town^9rd not realise that between Macloutsie camp
and Mount Hampden there lay a trackless wilderness of four
368 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xx
hundred and sixty miles in extent, over which a road would have
to~btrf6und and prepared '" a>^YP"'^P "f thp-£xpedition. I he
Idea seemed to be, that when everything was ready a trumpet
would be blown, and the advance would then be made along
known roads, as had bee^nthe case from Mafdjing^tp^MadQiltsie.
However, after a conference between Dr. Jameson and Cobnel
Pennefather, at which I expressed my views, 1 got leave to at
once set about cutting the first piece of new road from Mac-
loutsie camp to the Tuli, a distance of about fifty miles. Khama
with his usual courtesy and kindness gave me twenty picked
men to open up the track, and sent with them one of his most
trusted headmen, an old friend of mine named Makamana. I
was also accompanied by Lieutenant Capper of the^British
South Africa Company^ Police, whose business it was to ex-
amine air the hills on the line of route with a view to the
establishment of heliograph stations between Macloutsie and
Tuttr -Ey-theiOtli oTJune we had opened up a waggon track
to the Tuli, and the first section of the new road to Mashuna-
land lay ready, waiting for the advance of the expedition.
Bqfbre returning to Macloutsie camp 1 collected all the
information' possible from Khama's Makalaka subjects livings
on the lower course of the Tuli concerning the country pn
ahead, and planned out the next section of the road to Matipi's,
parsing to the south of Sitoutsils^ With Makamana's assistance
T 'obtained what proved to be a very accurate description of
this part of the route, and from Matipi's to Chibi's I knew there
would be no difficulty, as the Boer hunters from Zoutpansberg
had in former years made a regular hunting road between these
two places, the line of which, as well as the fords through the
rivers, were well known to the natives, from whom I felt sure
there would be no difficulty in getting a guide. The only piece
of the route about which I had any misgivings was the section
beyond Chibi's, where T knew there would be a sharp ascent to
the plateau. Once on the table-land I had no further fears, as
I was familiar with the whole country along the line we would
have to take.
CHAPTER XXI
The Expedition to Mashunaland (continued)
At length, in the end of June, the forces were inspected by
General Methuen, and the inspection having proved satisfactory, ^-^)yJ'^ ' "
Major Johnson's pioneers, and four troops of the British
South Africa Company's Police, advanced simultaneously
along the new track to the Tuli river. Here we were met
by a small party of Matabili, bearing a letter to the chief of
the white men. The purport of this letter was that there was
iiu road iouihI Lo EcnLaila's country, and that he would not
have one made, and it was also intimated that should the
white impi (army) cross the Tuli and try to make a road
"fEey~might expect trouble. To this letter Colonel Pennefather,
as~"COrmnander of the forces, and Dr. Jameson, as political
-y^gent and Mr. Rhodes's alter ego, sent fitting replies. At
this period all the coloured boys attached to the expedition, the
drivers and leaders of the waggons, the cattle-herds and horse-
boys, etc., were in a state of the most abject terror at the
thought of crossing the Tuli river, and invading the country of
the Matabili king ; great numbers deserted, and it is my belief y-^ . |r
that, had not Khama cometo our assistance at this juncture^ •>- vv
not a coloured boy would have crossed the Tuli, and the w\Jji ^/v^
expedition in that case would have been most lamentably . i '
crippled. I have never yet seen Khama's aid acknowledged or CSJ''^'^
even referred to, arid I therefore take this opportunity of stating
that; Jfnriy" opinion, he, by his hearty co-operation in every
way, and whenever called upon, with the leaders of the
ejcpeditioiT" to Mashunaland, not only rendered inestimable
services to the British South Africa Company, but earned the
2 B ' ~'
370
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
gratitude of all Englishmen who are interested in British ex-
pansion in South Africa. Just when we reached the Tuli, and
the panic amongst
the coloured boys
was becoming acute,
Khainasent a con-
Hrgfl pien imder the
command ^of his
favourite brother,
Radi - Kladi, to
assist us in what-
■cvcn\'ay"'they_wer'e
rec^uired. Thirty-
seven of these men
were mounted, and
these 1 divided into
five parties, each
under the command
of a white man
Khama.
(always a picked frontiersman), and used as scouts — for I may
here say, that besides being the guide of the expedition I was
THE PIONEER EXPEDITION
371
also- at- the -head of the Intelligence Department, and had
to plan out and arrange "aJl^tlic far-out scoTJtiiiy. ^ My five
Scouting parties followed one another in rotation, day by day
each party riding first twenty miles or so along our back track
and then circling round the advancing expedition at a distance of.
from ten totwenty miles towards the Matabili border. Each
party slept out three nights and on_the fourth picked up the
expedition again. No Matabili army attacked us, but it is my
firm belief that, had it done so, one or other of my parties of
circling scouts would have crossed their track, and brought in
news of their approach when they were- still some miles distant,
anH'fhus given time for everything to have been got ready to
resist an attack. Many people who took part in the expedition
were probably never aware that any outside scouting was going
on at all : the system I have described was, however, constantly
carried out during the progress of the expedition. Besides the
mounted men sent by Khama, there were more than fifty
meiT^med with bree^ch-loadijTg_ rifles, and these l-employed"
tn assisting ^the pioneers to make the waggon iQad> All
the remainder were required as leaders, horse - boys, an^
cattle-herds. None of course dared to desert and leave the
expedition as long as Radi-Kladi, the brother of their chief;
remained wr^h it
As soon as ever Lo Bengula's messengers had started on
their reium—ioumey^to—Bttlawaya- with the -ans^\vexs-_sent_by
Colonel Pennefather and Dr. Jameson res£e£tiyely, I obtained
leave from General Methuen (who was still with us), and
Colonel Pennefather, to cross the Tuli and commence the road
eastwards with one troop of the pioneers. It seemed to me a
most important matter to get on with the road at this juncture
with as little delay as possible ; for I knew that Lo Bengula's
Y- messengers wouldtake ten days to reach Bulawayo, and, should
war be decided upon, that it would _take some days_ more to
muster an army, and at least another ten days for that army to
get down to where we were ; so tharfcalculated ttiat we ha?f" ■^~\F' J * r
\
■^
at least twenty-five days during which we could work on un-
molested, and get through all the low country, which, being the'
most thickly wooded, would be the worst in which to sustain an
attack from the Matabili
Jlfi>\.A/^^'
372 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Dr. Jameson, Mr. Colquhoun, Colonel Pennefather, and
General Methuen all concurrintj in the soundness of these
views, I was allowed to commence the road beyond the
Tuli on the day after the arrival of the expedition there.
This first section of the road beyond Tuli was cut by "B" troop
of the pioneers, under Captain Hoste. The whole expedition
was to follow on our track as soon as a fort had been con-
structed on the flat-topped hill, overlooking the river, of which
I have before spoken. Dr. Jameson accompanied us, though I
think he ought to ha:ve~Temaincd behind with the main
expedition ; but he is a man of so generous a natlire_that,
beeause he thought there was more danger with the small
""advance party of forty men than with the main column, he
must needs come on ahead with us. Here's your health, and
good luck to you. Doctor !
The men were all full of enthusiasm, and we got on well
the first few days, and on 9th July reached the river Umzing-
wan. Beyond the Umzingwan we had about the heaviest
piece of chopping to do on the whole road, seventeen miles of
thick forest with no water on the line of march. It took us a
little over two days to do it, and on the second evening, our
water cart having run dry, the men suffered somewhat from
thirst. Early on the morning of 13th July, however, we
reached the Umshabetsi river, where we all had a most
refreshing bathe. A herd of elephants had been drinking in
the river just before us, and were shortly afterwards sighted by
our scouts ; but as strict orders had been given that no shots
were to be fired at game, they were not molested. There were
about twenty elephants in this herd, but no good tuskers.
Since leaving Fort Tuli we had heard nothing of the main
column, nor did we bother much about it. Our small advance
party was perfectly fitted out in every way, the men were a
first-rate, willing lot, mostly young colonists, and we were all
well mounted. As we were in the enemy's country, we took
every precaution to guard against surprise. Scouting parties
were always out, and whilst one half of the men walked, and
cleared a road through the bush with their axes, they were
closely attended by their mounted comrades, who led their
friends' horses, ready saddled and bridled, and carried their
XXI AN AFRICAN BANSHEE 373
rifles and bandoliers ; so that any sudden attack would have
been met by the whole troop ready mounted. Every night we
surrounded our camp with a strong " zeriba " of thorn-trees,
the pickets mounting guard outside. We made up our minds
that if we heard nothing from the main column we would work
away, and never stop until we had cut a road right through to
our destination and planted the Union Jack we carried with
us on the top of Mount Hampden. As the men were, how-
ever, much fatigued by the heavy work they had done in
opening up a track through the seventeen miles of forest
country between the Umzingwan and the Umshabetsi, we took a
day's rest after reaching the latter river.
That night a hyrena made the most unearthly noise round
our camp that I have ever heard. No one, I feel sure, who
belonged to " B " troop of the pioneers will have forgotten it.
To me it sounded most ominous, for only once before had I
heard anything like it, and that was on the night of the day-
following that on which poor French got lost beyond the Chobi,
when one of these foul brutes rushed backwards and forwards
several times round the little scherm, where Miller and I lay
wondering, all the time howling and laughing and shrieking,
like a fiend alternately wailing and rejoicing. As we after-
wards learned, it was on this very night, and about the same
time that the hya;na was howling round us, that our poor
friend, worn out with thirst and fatigue, must have breathed his
last.^ I have never forgotten it, and the hideous serenade with
which we were entertained on the banks of the Umshabetsi
stirred sad memories within me, and almost made me think
that an African banshee was wailing and crying round us, and
forewarning us of woe and disaster to come. My .superstitious
fears, however, proved to be without foundation, as nothing
went wrong with the expedition, nor were we ever assailed by
any danger.
On the 14th July we were just busy cutting down the
steep banks of the river and preparing a ford across its sandy
bed, when a mounted trooper rode up from the main column
with a letter from Colonel Pennefather, which proved to be an
order not to continue our advance, but to wait where we were
* For an account of this sad experience see A Hunter s Wanderings, pp. 392-401.
\
374 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
until the column had come up with us, as we were getting too
far ahead. On the receipt of this letter Dr. Jarneson_and_I^t
once saddled up and"rode back to the main column, which we
found about thirty-five miles distant.
On 1 8th July the whole column reached the Umshabetsi
early in the morning, and on the following day I again went
on ahead, this time with "A" troop of the pioneers, under the
command of Captain Heany, to clear the road. As the entire
column of over eighty waggons, one following the other in
single file, straggled out to a length of sometimes over two
miles, it was decided to cut two parallel roads from this point,
upon which the column moved in two divisions ; and, as the
Ian was found to answer well, a double road was cut from the
Umshabetsi right up to Fort Salisbury. Our advance party,
now augmented by a contingent of Khama's men, who proved
of great assistance in carrying out the heavy work of cutting a
double road, now kept in touch with the column, but always
managed to open up a road faster than the column could
travel. The management of the waggons and oxen and the
daily formation of the " laagers " was entirely in the hands of
Messrs. Edward and George Burnett, two most energetic and
experienced colonists, and most admirably, I think, the)- per-
formed their very arduous duties.
Steadily and uneventfully we advanced, till on ist August
we reached the Lunti river. Up to this point I had always
^ had local natives to assist me in guiding the expedition — first
CJ>C|^ from Tuli to Sitoutsi's ; from there to Matipi's, and then on to
0 the Lunti, which we crossed by a ford which had been used
in former years by Boer hunters from the Northern Transvaal.
Beyond the River Lunti, except for the first few miles, as far as
Chibi's brother's kraal, I had no natives to assist me in the
guidance of the expedition. As I knew that the broken
country which skirts the edge of the plateau began not far
beyond Chibi's, I asked Colonel Pennefather to give me four
days to examine the country on ahead and look out a good
line for a waggon road ; and as the cattle required a rest, and
there was a lot of heavy work to be done before a practicable
ford could be made across the Lunti river, he made no
difficulty about giving me the time I required ; so on 2nd
H
XXI THE PIONEER EXPEDITION 375
August I set out on my journey, accompanied by Lieutenant
Nicholson, an experienced frontiersman, a young Transvaaler
named Borius, my Hottentot boy John, and one of Khama's
mounted scouts. We carried nothing with us but our rifles
and half rations of biscuit and meat for four days.
On the first evening we slept at the foot of Silogwi hill,
where a brother of Chibi was then living, and on the following
day, holding a north-easterly course, reached another small native
village perched on the shoulder of a conspicuous granite hill
named Zamamba. We here off-saddled the horses, and whilst
Nicholson and Borius were buying a little maize for the horses
and boiling some water to make a cup of tea, I climbed to
the top of the hill in order to scan the country on ahead. I
obtained a splendid view over a great extent of country. For
some miles ahead on the line I wished to travel the ground
was level and covered with open forest, and, winding through
this level forest-covered expanse, could be traced the course of
the River Tukwi, and its tributary the Tukwan. Beyond the
Tukwi the country, though rising gradually, continued level for
a distance of eight or ten miles, but then became very broken
and hilly, the hills rising higher and higher, one beyond
-another, to the distant horizon. Viewed from the summit
of Zamamba, this rugged broken country extended north and
south as far as the eye could reach. Beyond the farthest
ridges to the north-east lay, as I knew well, the open downs
of Mashunaland ; but, at first sight, it looked as if it would be
no easy matter to find a practicable waggon track through the
broken country that intervened. I could see one opening
indeed, leading straight into the hills exactly on the line that
I wanted to take, but from the top of Zamamba it was
impossible to tell how far it would take one. However, as it
ran up just beneath and parallel with a high range of hills, the
name of which I afterwards found to be Inyaguzwi, and looked
as though it might take one far into the broken country, I
resolved to explore it forthwith.
On reaching the Tukwi river we again off-saddled, after
having first discovered a suitable ford for the waggon train.
From there Nicholson and I rode on soon after mid-day, taking
Khama's man with us, but leaving Borius and my boy John
376 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
to await our return, as their horses were not in very good
condition. It was late in the afternoon when we rode
into the entrance to the valley I had seen from the top
of Zamamba, just where it narrowed in beneath the shadow
of Inyaguzwi. Down its centre ran a fine clear stream
of water — the Godobgay. This valley we now followed up,
and as it led us mile after mile into the broken country,
always ascending gently and regularly, and always running
exactly in the right direction, my heart beat high with
hope that it would lead me right on to the open downs
of Mashunaland, and thus prove to be an easy open pass
through the only piece of country in which I had anticipated
any difficulty in finding a road for heavy waggons.
When the sun went down we were still in the pass, but as
I felt sure from the appearance of the surrounding hills that
we were now only just below the edge of the plateau, I asked
Nicholson to look for a suitable spot to pass the night,
close to one of the springs of the Godobgay, and leaving
Khama's man to assist him in collecting wood enough to
keep up a good fire all night, cantered on by myself up
the pass. About a mile ahead stood a small rocky hill
whose summit rose well above the broken ridges by which
it was surrounded. This hill I climbed, and my feelings
may be better imagined than described when I say that
I saw stretched out before me, as far as the eye could
reach, a wide expanse of open grassy country, and knew
that I was looking over the south-western portion of the
high plateau of Mashunaland.
As I stood alone on that little hill on the evening of 3rd
August 1 890, and looked first forwards across the grassy downs,
in the middle of which the thriving township of Victoria now
stands, and then backwards down the easy pass by which
I had ascended from the Tukwi, a weight of responsibility,
that had at times become almost unbearable, fell from my
shoulders, and I breathed a deep sigh of relief It must
be remembered that the guidance of the expedition to
Mashunaland had been entrusted entirely to me, and had
any bungling taken place, causing delay, there is no telling
what might have happened, for we were cutting a road
r
XXI PROVIDENTIAL PASS 377
round the flank of Matabililand, in the teeth of the remon-
stra4Tces~and ^S&x^ unequivocal threats oF Lo Bengula. Now,
however, I felt that my task was practicafly over. The
expedition was camped at the Lunti river. Between there and
where I stood there would be no difficulty in cutting a good
road, whilst farther on to the north-east I had an intimate
knowledge of the whole country, and knew that I could take
the expedition with ease and comfort along the great divide
which forms the watershed from which the innumerable streams
run westwards into the Zambesi, and eastwards to the Sabi,
as far as the source of the Umgezi river, from whence I
could follow the line of the waggon track I had cut from
the neighbourhood of Mount Hampden to that spot in 1887.
On the afternoon of 5 th August I got back to the camp on
the Lunti, and was assailed with innumerable questions, such
as " Well, Selous, have you got a good road for us ? When are
you going to take us into the open country?" etc. etc., and when
I told every one that I had found a good easy road right on to the
plateau, and said that within a week the expedition would be
there, and practically safe in the open country from any attack
the Matabili might make, I think that a very general sense of
relief spread right through the camp. Later on I gave my
intimate friend, Mr. Christopher Harrison, who was then
secretary to Mr. Colquhoun, a detailed description of the pass
I had hit upon beyond the Tukwi, and showed him the sketch
map I had made of it. Mr. Harrison then said we must give
it a name, and suggested Providential Pass, as implying good
fortune in finding such an easy ascent ; and this name I wrote
down in my sketch map, which was handed in, in due course,
to Colonel Pennefathcr. A year later Mr. Theodore Kent
travelled up the pass, which he considers a very common-
place portion of a commonplace country. In his interesting
book, Tlie Ruined Cities of MasJiiuialand, page 48, he says
" Providential Pass is distinctly commonplace." To Mr. Bent
Providential Pass was but one dreary stage of a long
tedious journey, and no doubt his verdict will be that of all
those for whom the vast expanse of the African veld is but a
hideous wilderness only fit for wild beasts and savage men.
More primitive natures are, however, more emotional, and a
378 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Transvaal Boer, when talking to me last year about the ascent
by Providential Pass from the bush country to the open plateau,
said, " When I came to the head of the pass, and looked over
the open grass land before me, I felt as if I had come into the
light out of a dark chamber," and he further said that he felt
inclined to sing and to shout and to gallop his horse away
across the open downs.
However, the name of Providential Pass will soon be
entirely forgotten. It was a name that appealed to the
feelings and imaginations of the pioneers who were cutting a
road through an unknown country in the face of unknown
dangers. The existence of the pass, occurring as it did exactly
on the right line and affording an easy exit from the low-lying
bush country to the open plateau of Mashunaland, thus
allowing the expedition to travel easily and quickly through
that portion of the route in which it would have been most
difficult to resist an attack by the Matabili, was such an
unexpected and singular piece of good fortune that it might
well be called Providential. But the casual tourist of to-day
who travels without danger or difficulty up the broad waggon
track which the first pioneers cut through the pass, who knows
nothing about the surrounding country, and who is not suffi-
ciently imaginative to reflect how difficult it would have been
to have found a road through the broken country on either side
if the pass had not existed, may perhaps agree with Mr. Bent
that the scenery of Providential Pass is " commonplace " and
the name ridiculous.
There is now no necessity for me to give a detailed account
of the further progress of the expedition to Mashunaland, as it
was entirely uneventful, and, moreover, several other accounts of
it have been written. Suffice it to say that on the evening of
1 3th August the whole expedition camped close to the head
of Providential Pass, and on the following day trekked on to
the open country. Here P'ort Victoria was established, but has
since been abandoned : the township of Victoria — the site of
which I myself selected^ — having been laid out on the high
ground between the Umchegi and Umshagashi rivers.
It was here that Sir John Willoughby, who had left Tuli some
time after the main column in command of a small detachment
XXI LO BENGULA'S ULTIMATUM 379
of police who were acting as escort to a convoy of waggons,
caught us up. Previous to this time Sir John Willoughby
had made a name for himself as a successful sportsman in
England and East Africa, but henceforward he must take an
honourable place amongst those to whose energy and capacity
the present rapid development of Mashunaland is due. I was
always struck not only with Sir John's energy and activity, but
also with the thoroughness with which he always carried out
whatever he was engaged upon ; and I feel sure that if Mashuna-
land is the country we believe it to be, he will bring to a suc-
cessful issue the great enterprises on which he is now engaged.
No one has a firmer belief in his integrity, energy, and ability
than myself, and I trust that he may one day reap a rich
reward for the faith that is in him, and the way he has backed it.
Whilst we were cutting the road from the Lunti river to
Fort Victoria, an ultimatum was received from Lo Bengula
ordering Colonel Pcnnefather to turn back at once, " unless he
thought he was strong enough to go on," but warning him that he ~
ffilght expect trouble if he did so. This letter was brought by
my friend Mr. Johan Colcnbrandcr, wlio hud been first sent with it,
accompanied by four headmen, to Port Tuli. To my mind there
"is no doubt that when the kingdictated'This letter he thought
the expedition was still at Tuli, and when his headmen, after a
.J^welve days' tramp from Bulawayo, found that we were gone,
they asked Mr. Colenbrander to ride on as hard as he could on
our track and deliver the letter to Colonel Pcnnefather. This
he did, and having received a suitable reply, returned at once
to the king's ambassadors at Tuli, and from thence to Bulawayo.
But when Lo Bengula received Cojonel Pennefather's answer to
his ultimatum he knew that we must have reached the open
plateau of Mashunaland, and at once recognised that the tirne^
for attacking us had gone by, for on the open downs, with Qjir
force of five hundred mounted men, wc would most certainly have
cut up any fqrce^ he could hj,ve sent against us. J^rsonally Lo
Bengula probably never_3vanted to fight, though.. it is the jricgt
absolute nonsense to talk of his ever having been friendly to
th^expedition. ]?ut he had a very difficult part to pla)', and
it is wonderful that he managed to restrain his people as he
did. Had any delay taken place at Tuli, as the king evidently
1
r
380 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
expected, or had the expedition got into any difficulty whilst
I )cutting the road from Tuli to the open country, it is my belief
/that we should most certainly have been attacked by a large
\Matabili army; and had such an attack been made in the bush
country, the expedition to Mashunaland, even if it had not been
overwhelmed and annihilated, would probably have been so
crippled by loss of cattle that it would not have been able to
proceed.
During the progress of the expedition the most intense
excitement prevailed in Matabililand. Large numbers of
new shields were made by the king's command, and the
order was also given to the whole nation — men and women —
to make new sandals. This order, by the way, is always given
to the men on the eve of a large military expedition, and was
probably given on this occasion^_to_ the^ women as well because
the king had an idea that his country was about to be invaded
by the pioneer expedition on one side, and the Bcchwanaland
Border Police on the other. In that case, he must have thought
that the plan of cutting a road to Mashunaland, to which he
\ had been asked to give his consent, was only a blind. The fact,
fcowever, that besides orde«ngLJiie_women to make sandals, he
snt all the cattle in the country up to the northern districts on
the \cr}- edge of the "fly" infested forests of the Zambesi valley,
seeriis to prove conclusively that some idea of the sort was in
his mmd. Mr. Colenbrander told me that day after day bodies
of men fully equipped for war, numbering sometimes several hun-
dreds strong, came up and reported themselves to the king, and
then did not return home, but went into encampments on the
eastern border of the country. But all the time the Matabili did
not know exactly where the white men were, or what Jthey^were
going to do, until at last it became known that the pioneer ex-
pedition had passed Mat:xbililand, and were still travelling north-
eastwards across the open downs of Mashunaland. I Then two
things must have become apparent to them. Firstly, that the
white men had no intention of interfering with Matabililand~
but were really engaged in cutting a road to the Mazoe river,
and secondly, that were they to make an attack upon a force
of mounted men in the open country they were likelyto^come
off second best.
LO BENGULA'S POLICY
381
A feeling of relief was probably very general throughout
the country, for even the most savage and ferocious amongst
them would hesitate to engage in a war with Europeans
unnecessarily, as they know what a serious business it would
be ; whilst the king, and the greater part of the elder members
of his^tffegrWKb know alTabout the history of the recent"Kafir
aud Zulu war«, not to r^.«»r.^|•/^r■ |V.QiV r^.yn defeat by the ijoers
in 1836, are fully convinced that no successes they uilyliL gain
at first against white men would save them i'rom ultimate
destruction. I have heara it stated that it was only the
Road from Salisbury to Manica.
extreme friendliness of Lo Bengula and the Matabili people
tHaTlnade the expedition to Mashunaland possible. That is
not my view. We cut the road to Mashunaland in defiance of
themj_and our advance would most certainly have been resisted,
but for two circumstances. The first was the fact that during the
progress of the expedition a well-equipped force of five hundred
rhourited men of the Bechwanaland Border Police were encamped
on the south-western border of Matabililand, and the second,
that after the expedition crossed the Tuli, and until it reached '
the plateau of Mashunaland, Lo Bengula and his people never
knew where we were.
A/
(,)^>J
Hi
/1,'U// '^'
J<?
382 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chai>. xxi
Upon reaching the open country I asked Colonel Penne-
father to allow me to change the line of route and strike direct
to the source of the Uingezi river, instead of passing to the
east of Gutu's and Umtigeza's villages, as I had originally
intended doing, out of deference to Lo Bengula's feelings,, as
these two chiefs pay him tribute" After his last ultimatum,
however, I did not think we owed him much consideration, and
as the cattle and horses were now getting into low condition it
was absolutely necessary to proceed by the.shQrt£St_and_jeasi,est
route. Having consulted Dr. Jameson, Colonel Pennefather,
whom 1 always ibund a ffiosT'consideratc and obliging officer
to work 'with, gave me leave to make the alteration I desired.
On 1st September the expedition reached the source of the
Urngezi,'^near where Fort Charter was established. In this
district the soil is very sandy, and the tracks made by my
waggon-train in the light ground three years previously, when
in 1887 I cut a road, as I have already related, from Mount
Hampden to this very spot, were plainly visible.
We were now within fifty miles of Mount Hampden, which
had been named as the goal of the expedition, and in which
district it was intended that a township should be established.
Naturally, having guided the expedition so far without assistance
and without a mistake, and having borne as it were the heat
and burden of the day, I was anxious to conduct it to its
destination ; but Mr. Colquhoun was also most anxious to
proceed at once to Umtasa's, the chief of Manica, in order to
conclude a treaty with that potentate in favour of the British
South Africa Company, and as I was the only man in the
expedition who knew anything about the intervening country,
or had ever been to Manicaland, he wanted me to accompany
him, and I at last agreed to do so. I gave the best instructions
I could to Mr. Nicholson and Mr. Edward Burnett, supplied
them with the sketch maps I had made of this part of the
country in former years, and handed over the guidance of the
expedition to them. It is a matter of history that on the
I I th of September,j.2^0theBritish_flag_was hoisted at Fort
Salisbury, on the banks of the Makubisi river, and the expedition
fO'MashunaTand Ihiis satTs'fact"orTly brought to an end.
CHAPTER XXII
History of the Occupation of Manica by tlie Uritish South Africa Company
On 14th September 1890 a treaty was concluded between
Mr. A. R. Colquhoun, as the representative of the British South
Africa Company, and Umtasa, the chief of Manica, by virtue of
which the British Company acquired and took possession of a
large slice of very valuable auriferous country, to which the
Portuguese had previously laid claim. This treaty and thfe
subsequent events in Manica called forth indignant remon-
strances from the Portuguese, and a certain amount of adverse
criticism in England, though I am bound to say that with few
exceptions the press of England, Scotland, and South Africa
stood staunchly by their countrymen. My idea of the whole
controversy is this. On the one hand the Portuguese claim to
Manica was a very hazy and unsubstantial one, much more so
than I had previously believed ; besides which, having held the
country, as they said, for four hundred years and done so little
with it, they had forfeited all right to be allowed to hold it any
longer. On the other hand, the British Company knew that they
could colonise the country, and develop its great natural resources,
and being determined to take possession of it, were anxious to
do so legally, if possible, under the rights acquired by a treaty
with Umtasa ; though possibly, had no such treaty existed, the
British flag would still have waved on the hills of Manica.
Such undertakings as the expedition to and occupation of
Mashunaland cannot but foster the love of adventure and
enterprise, and tend to keep our national spirit young and
vigorous. Like an individual, a nation must in time grow old
and decay ; and when once the love of adventure is so far
384 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
dead within the breasts of young Englishmen that tales of
dangers and difficulties successfully overcome no longer fire
their blood, and induce a large percentage of them to give up
ease and comfort at home and seek their fortunes in wild and
distant lands, then will the decadence of England have set in.
As a nation we are probably already past our prime ; but that
we still possess a vast fund of vigour and energy there can be
no doubt. Nothing has gratified me more than the way I have
seen young English and Scottish gentlemen, including officers
in the Guards and other crack regiments, after having been
brought up in the lap of luxury, turn to and rough it in
Mashunaland with the patient equanimity and steady deter-
mination which deserves, if it does not always win, success. I
never realised, however, how strongly the blood of the old Norse
pirates — I beg pardon, I mean Vikings- — runs in the veins of
the modern Briton until my visit to Captain Heyman's camp,
two days after he had, with only fifty men of the police and
pioneers, beaten off an attack made on his position by the
Portuguese, and afterwards captured the fort of Massi Kessi.
Whatever was in the fort of course fell into the hands of our
men. It was not very much — -with the exception of eleven
machine guns which the Portuguese had abandoned — but
sufficient to whet their appetites, and there was not a man
amongst them who did not look forward with the greatest
satisfaction to the speedy advent of the large force of six hundred
Portuguese troops which was supposed to be advancing from
the east coast to drive the Briti.sh out of Manica. The spirit
of our men was splendid. They never doubted, but that they
would rout the Portuguese and win a rich loot. However, there
was no more fighting, and an arrangement was soon afterwards
arrived at between the British and Portuguese Governments, by
which it was decided that the disputed boundary line between
the territories of the British South Africa and Mozambique
Companies should be settled definitively by a joint commission
of the two nationalities. I am afraid that this disputed
boundary line has not even yet been settled definitely.
After the conclusion of the treaty with Umtasa, Lieutenant
Adair Campbell of the pioneers, Mr. Christopher Harrison,
secretary to Mr. Colquhoun (who was at that time Administrator
XXII WILD LEMON-TREES 3S5
of the Chartered Company's territories), and myself, rode over
the mountain chain which divides the valley of the Umtali river
from the Revui, and presented ourselves at Massi Kessi, the
headquarters of the Portuguese in Manica. This part of the
country is without exception the most mountainous and broken
and withal the most beautiful, that I have yet seen in Africa.
It is simply a mass of rugged hills rising to a height of over
six thousand feet above sea-level, among which there are many
fine open valleys, watered by rushing streams of the clearest
water, all of which are fed by the innumerable little burns
that, rising amongst the summits of the mountains, have cut
deep fissures for themselves down every hillside. Many of the
ravines thus formed are clothed with clusters of banana-trees
especially on the southern slopes of the mountains. Lemons
of excellent flavour also grow wild in these ravines, as they do
on the eastern and northern slopes of Mashunaland.
Arrived at Massi Kessi, we were not received with any
excessive cordiality by the Baron de Rezende, who was at that
time the Managing Director of the Mozambique Company in
Manica. He not only objected to our having made a treaty
with Umtasa, but also maintained that the occupation of
Mashunaland by the British South Africa Company was an
invasion of Portuguese territory. The object of our visit had
been to try to buy provisions and trading goods from the
Mozambique Company, as we had been practically living on our
rifles for some time past, and knew that the Portuguese had
plenty of provisions and stores in Massi Kessi. The Baron's
sympathies, however, were not sufficiently cosmopolitan to
induce him to assist men whom he looked upon as his country's
enemies, and no doubt considering our visit as the addition of
insult to injury, he refused point-blank to help us in any way ;
and had it not been for the kindness of two of our countrymen,
the members of a syndicate that had obtained a sub-concession
from the Mozambique Company, and who were at this time at
Massi Kessi, we should have got nothing to cat at all. But
Mr. George Crampton and Mr. Harrison, the two gentlemen
above referred to, supplied us with the best meal we had had
for many a long day, after discussing which we at once started
on the return journey to our camp near Umtasa's.
2 c
386 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
Shortly afterwards Mr. Colquhoun, having left Mr. Trevor
and a sharp semi-civilised native, named Jonas, at Umtasa's
village to watch events, returned to Salisbury to take over the
administration of Mashunaland ; whilst I, accompanied by a
small escort under the command of Lieutenant Adair Campbell,
made a journey amongst the independent chiefs living on the
southern and eastern borders of Mashunaland. I had a most
excellent interpreter in Zwartland, a Makalaka subject of
Khama's, with whom I spoke in Sintabili, he translating what
I said into the various dialects of Chiswina used in Mashuna-
land, all of which are thoroughly comprehensible to a Makalaka,
whose language is practically the same. I explained to all the
chiefs that the white men had come into Mashunaland and
meant to stop there ; but assured them that they wished to live
at peace with and deal justly by the native inhabitants of the
country. I also told them that should they enter into treaties
of friendship with the British, they would be protected from Lo
Bengula and Gungunyan on the one side, and from Gouveia on
the other, by one or other of which chiefs their territories had been
previouslycontinuallydevastated. With the exception of Motoko,
with whom I found it most difificult to arrange a treaty, one and
all the chiefs whom I interviewed expressed their gratification
that the white men had come into the country. They frequently
used such expressions as " Now we shall sleep," " We shall reap
the corn we sow," " We shall see our cattle increase." In
November i 890 1 visited Motoko's country, but was unable on
this occasion to see the aged chief. Indeed, I found the people
so suspicious, they never having had any previous intercourse
with Europeans, that I determined to take my escort back to
Salisbury, and then return alone and see if I could not overcome
the fears of the people.
On 27th November we reached Salisbury, where many huts
had already been put up. At this time events were ha])pening
in Manica, in which I am sorry to say that I took no part, of
the gravest importance to the future of the country.
Of these events, which form a very interesting portion of
the early history of the colonisation of Mashunaland, I will now
give a short account. This account, which I wrote at the
request of the Administrator, and which I believe to be
XXII PORTUGUESE POLICY IN MANIC A 387
absolutely impartial and accurate, was published in the Man-
chester Guardian for 20th January 1891, and ran as follows : —
" During the past two months, events of the greatest im-
portance to the future welfare of Mashunaland have followed
one upon another with the most startling rapidity, and one
more page of the deepest interest has been added to the
history of British enterprise. Before, however, proceeding to
give an account of what has lately happened in Manica, it will
be necessary for me to recall to your readers the preliminary
steps which have led up to the present situation. It will be
remembered that on the 14th of September last a treaty was
concluded between Mr. A. R. Colquhoun, the Administrator
of MaAunaland, and Umtasa, the chief of Manica, by which
that chief ceded all the mineral rights of his country to the
British South Africa Company, and at the same time placed
himself under the Company's protection. Before this important
treaty was concluded, Umtasa was repeatedly asked whether
at any time he had ever ceded his country, either to the
Portuguese Government, or to the Directors of the Company
of Mozambique, and he as repeatedly denied ever having
done so, as also did his chief councillors. When asked on
what terms he was with the Baron de Rezende, the local
representative of the Company of Mozambique at Massi Kessi,
he said, ' I allow him to live there. He sometimes gives me
presents, but I have not given him my country, nor have I
ever concluded any treaty with him.' Later on, he said
repeatedly that the Portuguese held an assegai at his heart,
and when pressed for an explanation of this statement said
that he was terrorised and compelled to do what the Baron
required of him by the threat that if he gave any trouble,
Gouveia, the Capitao Mor of Gorongoza, would be called in
to invade his territory with a large armed force. Now it
must be understood that amongst the weak and unwarlike
tribes of South- Eastern Africa this Goanese adventurer,
Gouveia, otherwise known as Manoel Antonio de Souza, is
regarded with much the same feelings of mingled terror and
detestation as, two centuries ago, rankled in the breasts of the
pious peasantry of the Western Lowlands of Scotland against
their powerful and unscrupulous oppressor, John Graham of
388 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AERICA chap.
Claverhouse. And it is surely a matter of deep rcproacli to
a nation which makes loud boast of its enlightenment and
civilisation, that the terror inspired by such an agent should
be the sole machinery which they possess to govern and
control (and apparently shut off from all the ameliorating
influences of trade and commerce) many small tribes of un-
warlike natives, who, powerless to resist, groan under the
present oppression, and who would welcome with open arms
the influx of British settlers and miners, or indeed any other
change that would alter the present state of things and give
them security of life and property. However, for the present
I shall have to leave this subject. As I have said above, a
treaty was concluded between Umtasa and the British South
Africa Company, and at the chiefs urgent request one police-
man and a native interpreter were left with him, as repre-
sentatives of the Company, pending the establishment later on
of a regular police post to safeguard the Company's interests
in the Manica country, and to protect Umtasa against any
attack that might be made upon him in revenge for his asser-
tion of his independence of Portuguese rule. On 2Sth October,
in consequence of reports from native sources that Colonel
Paiva d'Andrada, accompanied by Gouvcia, with a large force
of armed natives, was approaching the Manica country from
the east, Sergeant - Major Montgomery, with a small force
consisting of only ten men of the British South Africa Com-
pany's Police, was despatched from P^ort Salisbury to Umtasa's,
and two days later. Lieutenant Graham, accompanied by Sub-
Lieutenant Shepstone, followed to take command of this small
detachment. At the same time Lieutenant the Hon. Eustace
Fiennes was ordered to proceed to Umtasa's from P'ort Charter
with a portion of ' A ' troop of the Company's police, but
owing to the difficulty that was experienced in taking waggons
through a roadless country, this detachment did not reach
Umtasa's until i 5th November.
" In the meantime Captain Forbes,' leaving Fort Salisbury
on 3 1 St October, reached Umtasa's kraal on the morning of
5th November, and assumed the command of all the Company's
forces in the Manica country. Definite information had now
' Now Major Forbes, and at present magistrate at Port .Salisbury.
EXPEDITION TO UMTASA'S
389
reached Umtasa that Colonel Paiva d'Andrada and Gouveia
had invaded his country, and were already at Massi Kessi, or
within a short distance of that place. Captain P'orbes therefore
at once sent Lieutenant Graham, accompanied by two troopers,
over to Massi Kessi, with a letter to Colonel Paiva d'Andrada
remonstrating strongly against the invasion of the territory
of a chief who had lately concluded a treaty of friendship
Major P. W. Forbes.
with the British South Africa Company, arid warning them
that such an action was likely to lead to grave complications,
as he (Captain Forbes, commanding the British South Africa
Company's forces in Manica) was determined to resist force
with force. This letter, which was handed to him by Lieu-
tenant Graham on 6th November, Colonel d'Andrada declined
to answer, affecting to treat the whole thing as a maiivaise
plaisanterie. Lieutenant Graliam and his two troopers were.
390 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AERICA chap.
however, treated with the greatest kindness and courtesy by
Colonel d'Andrada and the Baron de Rezende. On 8th
November, Gouveia, accompanied by seventy men, all armed
with rifles and side arms, arrived at Umtasa's kraal, Captain
Forbes at the time only having ten men at his disposal, as
Lieutenant Fiennes had not yet arrived with the men of ' A '
troop. A letter of remonstrance was, however, sent to Gouveia,
which he affected to treat with contempt and derision, waxing
very wroth at the statement that if he did not leave Umtasa's
country he would be put out of it. From the 8th to the i 5th
Umtasa was frequently interviewed by Gouveia, and by the
end of that time, though Captain Forbes did his best to re-
assure him, there is no doubt that he was in a state of extreme
terror, and might possibly have been frightened into making
any statements that Gouveia chose to dictate to him, as he
knew that the armed force that had already occupied his
kraal would very soon be augmented by reinforcements under
the command of Colonel d'Andrada and the Baron de Rezende,
whilst the handful of Englishmen under Captain Forbes, he
imagined, would be powerless to assist him. However, he
little knew the gallant young officer who commanded the
British South Africa Company's forces in Manica at this
critical juncture, and to whose good judgment, pluck, and
determination it is due that a most important crisis in the
history of the British occupation of Mashunaland has been
passed, not only without bloodshed, but in a way that will
raise the prestige of Englishmen all over South-Eastern Africa,
whilst at the same time a death-blow has been dealt to the
second-hand influence of Portugal in the same regions through
such men as Gouveia.
" Captain Forbes could not venture, indeed, to make a move
with his ten men, but he despatched two of them on horse-
back to look for Lieutenant Fiennes, urging that officer to
leave the waggons and push on without delay on horseback.
Luckily he was not far off, and, pushing forward, was enabled
to reach Umtasa's kraal in the very nick of time with twenty
troopers. Mr. Dennis Doyle, superintendent of native affairs
for the Company, together with Captain Hoste and Lieutenant
Biscoe, lately officers of the pioneer corps, also reached
xxn ARREST OF PORTUGUESE OFFICERS 391
Umtasa's just about the same time — that is, on i 5th November,
a day after the arrival of Colonel d'Andrada and Baron de
Rezende, who, with the whole of their followers, all well armed,
were inside Umtasa's stockaded kraal. Captain Forbes had
received information from some of Umtasa's people that
Colonel d'Andrada had given orders that if any Englishmen
were seen approaching the kraal the entrances were to be
blockaded, and that resistance was to be made. However,
Jonas, the native interpreter, who had been with Trooper
Trevor (the acting representative already referred to) from the
first, was able to introduce them into the kraal by a back
entrance, and also to show them the huts in which Colonel
d'Andrada and his officers had taken up their quarters, and
also those in which the greatest number of Gouveia's followers
were collected ; and a couple of hours after Lieutenant Fiennes
arrived Captain Forbes suddenly entered the kraal, and with
ten men proceeded to arrest Colonel d'Andrada, the Baron de
Rezende, and Gouveia. At the same time Lieutenants Fiennes
and Biscoe, with the rest of the men, were rapidly disarming
Gouveia's retainers. Mr. Doyle and Captain Hoste had
entered the kraal with Captain Forbes, and the former, who
is a proficient in native languages, went about warning
Umtasa's people not to take any part in the proceedings,
which were, he told them, entirely between the Portuguese and
the English. In this work he was ably assisted by Umtasa's
head enduna (councillor), who did his best to quiet the excited
people. Gouveia's men were taken entirely by surprise, and
offered no resistance. Many of them delivered up their arms,
and the rest fled, and thus Colonel d'Andrada, De Rezende,
and Gouveia were arrested without bloodshed. Immediately
after the arrest Captain Forbes, with admirable judgment,
despatched Colonel d'Andrada and Gouveia, with an escort
of ten men, under command of Lieutenant Fiennes, to Fort
Salisbury, for to have released them upon parole in the
Manica country would have been a fatal mistake, as such an
action would have been attributed by the natives to weakness,
and would infallibly have led to a dangerous rising among
Gouveia's people in the Gorongoza province ; whilst the arrest
and deportation of the much-dreaded Gouveia by a handful
392 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AERICA chai'.
of the British South Africa Company's poHcemen cannot but
raise British prestige not only in Manica but throughout the
whole of South-Kastern Africa.
" Colonel d'Andrada protested that he and his friends,
Gouveia and the Baron de Rezendc, were at Umtasa's kraal on
the most pacific of missions, namely, to discuss certain mining
questions on behalf of the Companha de Mozambique, of which
he was the director, the Baron the local agent, and Gouveia
the employe (the supplier of labour), and that though the large
body of porters and ' bearers ' with them were certainly
armed, they were only armed against attacks from wild beasts.
A couple of days after the arrest, Captain Forbes pushed on to
Massi Kessi, taking the Baron de Rezende with him, and also
M. de Llamby, the engineer of the Company of Mozambique,
who had accompanied the Portuguese expedition to Umtasa's
kraal. On their arrival at Massi Kessi both these gentlemen
were released on parole, and Massi Kessi was formally taken
possession of by a small detachment of the British South
Africa Company's forces. Massi Kessi, it may here be said,
is nothing but a trading station and stockaded compound,
built by the Baron de Rezende in his capacity of local
representative of the Mozambique Company. There is no
Portuguese garrison there, and not even one single native
soldier, nor is there any large native town in the vicinity. All
the liuropeans in the province of Manica, with the exception
of the Baron de Rezende, and two other Portuguese traders,
are either English or American prospectors, or the employes of
the Mozambique Company, who are Frenchmen,- Spaniards, and
Italian.s. A tide of immigration has now, however, set in
towards the Manica country which, if the gold-fields are as rich
as they arc supposed to be, nothing will be able to stem ; for
as soon as it became known in Mashunaland that a treaty had
been effected between Umtasa and the British South Africa
Company, by which the Company had secured all the mineral
rights in that country, a large number of the prospectors and
disbanded members of the pioneer force, which had formed
part of the expedition to Mashunaland, at once made their
way towards the new El Dorado, and now, in addition to the
effective occupation of the country by a strong force of the
XXII OCCUPATION OF MANIC A 393
Company's police, the country is being thoroughly explored by
a hardy, enterprising, and energetic band of Englishmen,
Scotsmen, and British South Africans — men well calculated
to uphold the traditions of their race, and not at all likely
to relinquish the firm grip they now have of the Manica
country.
" Nor must it be thought that in this matter of the occupa-
tion of Manica the British South Africa Company has done
anything more than assert the rights fairly obtained from
Umtasa, the hereditary chief of the country, through the treat)'
recently concluded with him. He entirely repudiates the
Portuguese claim to sovereign rights over his country, nor does
either Colonel d'Andrada or the Baron de Rezende contend
that Umtasa himself ever ceded his country to their Govern-
ment or the Mozambique Company ; and whilst the Baron de
Rezende, in an interview with myself last September, based the
claims of his Government to Manica on the assumption that
Umtasa's country formed part of Gungunyan's dominions —
which, however, Umtasa stoutly denies — and therefore belonged
to Portugal, because that powerful chief was a vassal of the
King of Portugal — a proposition which Gungunyan denies, —
Colonel d'Andrada now for the first time tells a story of
Umtasa having ceded his country to Gouveia some twenty
years ago, and maintains that the mineral rights of Manica
were ceded to the Company of Mozambique by Gouveia.
Now, not only do these two stories not agree, but each full}-
discredits the other ; for if Colonel d'Andrada really believes
that Umtasa gave his country to Gouveia, he must acknowledge
that he is entirely independent of Gungunyan. On the other
hand, if, as Baron de Rezende asserts, Umtasa is really
tributary to Gungunyan, he never could have given his country
to Gouveia. The true facts of the case are easy to see.
Certain Portuguese officials have coerced Umtasa into an
unwilling acceptance of the Portuguese flag, by threatening to
set either Gungunyan or Gouveia into motion against him
should he refuse to accede to their demands.
"Thanks in the first place to the treaty concluded between
Mr. Colquhoun and Umtasa last September, and again to the
able way in which Captain I*"orbes reccntl)- checkmated the
394 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xxu
last and desperate attempt at intimidation on the part of the
Portuguese, this reign of terror is now over, and under tlie
auspices of the ]?ritish South Africa Company the gold-fields of
Manica have been opened to the world. Next )'ear thousands
of eager, pushing, energetic men will flock into Mashunaland
and into Manica (which is racially and territorially, be it noted,
a part of Mashunaland), and more will be done towards open-
ing up and developing this, the fairest portion of South Africa,
in six short months than has been effected by Portugal in the
whole of the three or four centuries during which she claims to
have possessed the country. One cannot but feel sorry for the
chagrin and mortification which recent events must have caused
to two Portuguese gentlemen, of whose courtesy and kindness
all Englishmen who have ever met them speak with one
accord in the highest terms. I refer to Colonel Paiva
d'Andrada and Baron de Rezende, men imbued with the spirit
of the old Portuguese navigators, a spirit which now only
flickers up occasionally in the breasts of their descendants like
flame among the embers of a dying fire. But a few such men
cannot regenerate a decaying nation. The sun of Portugal's
glory has set never to rise again in Eastern Africa, and it is
time that this feeble nerveless power ceased its endeavours to
stem the tide of enterprise which has already opened up
Mashunaland and Manica to the world, and now demands an
outlet to the Indian Ocean."
Salisbury, Mashunaland.
CHAPTER XXIII
Reach Fort Salisbury — Write a supplement for the Graphic — Its fate — Report of a
journey to Motoko's country, and the conclusion of a treaty with that chief
As related in the last chapter, I reached Fort Salisbur}- on
27th November 1890, after having spent three months in
journeying through the southern and eastern districts ot
Mashunaland, and concluding treaties of amity with all the
rwAi^ 'principS! native chfefs living in those districts.
"TVrrived at Salisbury, I at once set to work to put all my
various surveys together on one map, adopting the large scale
of five miles to the inch in order to get in all the numerous
small streams whose courses I had carefully sketched from
the tops of hills. This map I went on adding to as long as I
remained in the country, and by the middle of 1892 I had made
a careful compass survey of nearh' the whole of Mashunaland,
which is now in the hands of the Royal Geographical Society.
Besides this mapping work, I did a good deal of writing at
Mr. Colquhoun's request, and ainongst other things wrote a
descriptive account of Mashunaland, its past history and present
condition. This article, at which I worked hard for at least a
week, was sent home, together with a large number of photo-
graph.?, and had it ever reached its destination would probably
have appeared as a supplement to the Grapliic newspaper.
However, it never reached England, and as the accident which
prevented its doing so forms an interesting episode in the
early history of the colonisation of Mashunaland I will here
give a short account of it.
396 TRAVEL AA7) ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
During the first few months after the occupation of the
country the wcekl}- mail was carried from Salisl3ur\' to Tuli
by"post riders, post stations having been established all along
the line of route, at distances varying from twenty-five to forty
mifes one from another. At each of these posts two or three
men of the British South Africa Company's Police and as
many horses were stationed, and the light mail-bag was carried
rapidly over the four hundred miles of road by relays of men
and horses. The post riders always rode day and night, and
on^one occasion a despatch was handed in to Colonel Penne-
father at Salisbury eighty-four hours after it had been de-
spatched from Tuli.
Well, the mail-bag which left Salisbury on i8th December
I 890, carrying letters to anxious friends from the little band
of British pioneers in Mashunaland, also bore my supplement
to the Graphic. Late on the evening of Christmas Day a
young fellow named Thomas, belonging, I think, to " D " troop
of the Company's police, started southwards from Matipi's post
station with the same mail-bag. He rode one horse, and led a
second that carried the mail-bag on a pack saddle. The sky
was cloudy and overcast, drizzly rain soon commenced to fall,
and when night set in the darkness became intense. A ride
on such a night, alone, through the endless silent woods of the
African wilderness, would be depressing at any time, but more
particularly so on Christmas night, and especially so after a
Christmas dinner of " bully beef " and hard biscuit. However,
young Thomas — he was but a lad, not long out from home,
— soon had something more enlivening to think about than
the Christmas dinner he had not eaten ; for suddenly both the
horse he was riding and the pack animal he was leading
commenced to snort and plunge, and then galloped forwards
in the darkness along the waggon track, and ]\Ir. Thomas
immediately became aware that a lion was close behind them,
as every stride was accompanied by a hoarse grating growl,
that, heard at close quarters on a dark night, is not a reassuring
sound. In this weird chase the darkness no doubt favoured
the lion, and jirobably the horses never got properly into their
stride. In any case, it was but a matter of a second or two before
the lion sprang up and seized the horse Thomas was riding,
xxui THE LION AND THE MAILS 397
clasping it from each side with its massive legs, and digging its
cruel claws deep into either quarter. The horse was checked,
and the jerk threw Thomas from the saddle ; but the sharpness
of the lion's claws, aided by the pace at which the horse was
going, made them cut through skin and flesh like so many
knives, so that the grim beast lost his hold and fell to the
ground, whilst the horse rushed madly forwards along the road.
The lion at once took up the chase again, neglecting to notice
Thomas, who ran to the nearest tree, which he climbed without
any unnecessary dawdling. Before long the lion, not having
been able to again overtake either of the horses, came back to
where he had made his first sprin;^, and then, probably scentmg
TtTomas in the tree, walked up and lay down at the foot of it.
^Here he remained the entire night, sometimes lying down, and
at others walking about round the tree. Thomas had no rifle
with him, but carried a revolver slung over his shoulder. He
was, however, afraid to fire at the lion with this weapon, as the
tree in which he had taken refuge was but a small one, and he
feared that the dangerous beast beneath him might, if irritated
by a wound, spring up and possibly succeed in clawing him
out of the tree.
It was broad daylight next morning when Thomas heard the
crack of a whip, and presently was rejoiced to see a waggon
train coming along the road. Then the lion got up and walked
sulkily away into the bush, and Thomas came down the tree
and told his strange story to the people with the waggons, with
whom he returned to Matipi's. Both horses turned up early
in the night at the next post station. The flanks of the one
that had been attacked were badly lacerated by the claws of
the lion, but it eventually recovered. The horse which carried
the mail-bag seems to have left the road and dashed away into
the bush when its companion was seized by the lion, and
eventually .turned up at the post station minus the mail-bag,
wjiich had been doubtless torn off by the bushes through which
the terrified animal rushed. I have given this story in some
detail, as it is an interesting one, just as I heard it from my
friend, Mr. Jesser Coope, who was in command at Matipi's post
station, and who started Thomas off with the mail on Christmas
night, and heard the tale of his misadventure on his return to
398 TRAVEL AND AnVKNTURE h\ AERICA
the station the following morning. Four months later, after it
had lain on the ground during the greater part of the rainy
season, the lost mail-bag was picked up by Mr. Gourlay, who
was on his way up to Mashunaland, and who came upon it a
short distance away from the road when he was out shooting. It
was brought back to Salisbury, and its contents handed back
to their owners. My supplement to the Graphic had, how-
ever, been a good deal injured by long exposure to the rain,
and I had no spare time just then to rewrite it, so that, thanks
to the lion, it never appeared in print.
As soon as ever I had finished my writing and mapping
work in Salisbury I made preparations to revisit Motoko's
country in order to conclude a treaty with him on behalt ot
the British South Africa Company. Of this journc)- I wrote
the following report, which I now reproduce, by the kind per-
mission of the Directors : —
To His Honour
The Administrator of Mashunaland.
SlK — I have the honour to report that on 19th December
I 890 I left Fort Salisbury in order to conclude the negotiations
opened with Motoko, paramount chief of the Mabudja, during
the previous month, to get a mineral concession from him in
favour of the British South Africa Company, and at the same
time to obtain his signature to a treaty of alliance with the
British in Mashunaland.
I travelled with a waggon, and was accompanied by Mr. W.
Leslie Armstrong, an employe of the British • South Africa
Company, a young man whose services have been of the
greatest assistance to me during the whole trip.
After leaving Fort Salisbury I followed the waggon road to
Mangwendi's as far as the eastern branch of the Makubisi
river (about four miles distant from the Fort), after crossing
which I left it, and took a more easterly course towards
Sikadoro's town, which I reached early the next morning.
The country between I""ort Salisbury and Sikadoro's town
is magnificent, and appears possessed of every requisite for
agriculture or stock farming. Starting from Fort Salisbury at
a height of four thousand nine hundred and sixty feet above sea
JOURNEY TO MO TOKO'S COUNTRY 399
level, we travelled over gently undulating downs, down every
hollow in which ran a stream of the clearest water, and over
which were scattered patches of forest of small extent, yet
sufficient to shelter cattle during cold weather, until, when
within three miles of Sikadoro's hill, we had attained an altitude
of five thousand three hundred feet. From this point we
obtained a magnificent view over the country to the north-
east, which lay spread out before us in a series of green, well-
watered valleys, interspersed with granite hills, until hill and
valley became blended into one blue mist in the far distance.
After leaving Sikadoro's town we travelled nearly due
east, and crossing the rivers Nola, Inyagui, Inyakambiri,
Shabanoghwi, Ungurughwi, Monyokwi, and a multitude of
smaller streams, reached Rusungwi hill, which is about thirty
miles distant from Motoko's kraal, on 26th December. The
previous day, which, although unaccompanied by snow or plum-
pudding, was nevertheless Christmas Day, we spent near the
source of the river Monyokwi, at an altitude of about four
thousand seven hundred feet above sea-level. The day was a
hot one for Mashunaland, as the sun shone out strongly from
amongst scattered clouds charged with rain, yet I could not
help contrasting it and the following night with those of
Christmas 1889, which I spent in Cape Town. I still have a
lively remembrance of the broiling heat of that day, aggravated
by the necessity of wearing coat, collar, and necktie, and the
stuffy closeness of the night that followed. But how different
was my experience on Christmas Day 1 890 on the breezy
downs of Mashunaland. Up till eleven o'clock the almost
constant south-easterly breeze kept the air delightfully cool and
pleasant. From that time till 4 P.M. the wind fell and the sun
was certainly hot, but by no means oppressively so. After that
the breeze sprang up again, and reduced the evening air to a
temperature as near perfection as possible, whilst during the
night it became cold enough to justify the use of a couple of
blankets. And this, let me remark, is the normal summer
climate of the Mashuna uplands, where hot nights are almost
if not entirely unknown.
After passing Rusungwi hill we had to do a good deal of
chopping to make a passage for the waggon through thick
400 TRAVEL AND AD VENTURE IN AFRICA
groves of mahobo-hobo trees, and on the 27th of December
crossed the Inyamashupa river (a tributary of the Inyadiri),
which forms the boundary between the territories ruled over by
Mangvvendi and Motoko.
The following day, after travelling through a well-wooded
country intersected by numerous streams, we reached our old
camp near Kalimazondo's town, which is about six miles to
the south-east of Motoko's. Here I was delayed four days
whilst communications were opened with the " Mondoro " or
" Lion-God," a sort of high priest who appears to have more
power in the country than Motoko himself This high priest's
office is hereditary, and no step of any importance is ever taken
in the country until this " Lion-God " has been consulted. He
is the only god the people know of or worship. They pray to
him and make him propitiatory offerings, and the place where
he lives is called " Zimbabwi," which practically means " a
place of prayer and sacrifice." All the tribes living in the
neighbourhood of the River Mazoe, both north and south of it,
have a " Mondoro" or " Lion-God " or high priest, whose office is
hereditary, and who has really more power than the chief ; but
all these tribes, with the exception of the Mabudja, have been
so broken up, that the chiefs have probably lost all belief in
their gods, and the gods in themselves, and neither the one nor
the other any longer attempt to stand on their dignity when
visited by strangers. With the Mabudja, however, it is different.
They are still a nation, and, what is more, a warlike nation,
capable of putting several thousands of warriors into the field,
and they still believe in them.selves and in their god. Just
now they are particularly self- satisfied, as, last year, after
refusing to accept the Portuguese flag, they were able to beat
off the attack that was made upon them by a large and well-
armed force under Manoel Antonio de Souza, the well-known
Capitao Mor of Gorongoza, who was despatched against them
by the Portuguese in order to persuade them to a better state
of mind.
In consequence of the consultations between Motoko and
his god as to the advisability of concluding a treaty with the
British in Mashunaland, we were delayed for four days at
Kalimazondo's kraal. As, however, it rained almost incessantly
xxiii JOURNEY TO MOTOKO'S 401
during that time, both day and night, in such a manner as to
render travelUng with a waggon impossible, this did not very
much matter. At length a message came, telling Kalimazondo
that he was to take the white man by the hand and bring him
to Motoko. A wish was also expressed that 1 should bring
the waggon and the big oxen and the horses.
So on the following morning I inspanned, and reached
Motoko's kraal on 2nd January. I was under the impression
that I should be able to see Motoko on the following day. But
in this I was mistaken, for it was not until some days later, on
6th January, that I was at last permitted to interview the vener-
able old chief During the four days previous to this I held
many meetings with large numbers of the elders of the tribe,
to whom I had to explain the purport of my mission. They
one and all agreed that Motoko would be only too happy to
make friends with the British, and to allow them to look for gold
in his country, make roads through it, etc., but they seemed
very suspicious about his putting his name on a paper. After
four days' constant interviewing my diplomacy and my patience
were wellnigh exhausted, and I was still kept at arm's-length
from Motoko. During these four days hundreds upon hundreds
of natives, men and women, boys and girls, came daily to see
the white men, the waggon, the large oxen (their own breed of
cattle are very small), the horses, and the donkeys. The crowd,
however, that all day long surrounded us was always a good-
tempered one. At last, on 6th January, Siteo, the eldest son, I
believe, of Motoko, came and said that Motoko was ready to see
me, so I at once sent for the horses, not knowing exactly how
far off Motoko's village actually was ; but, as it turned out, he
was not half a mile away, on the top of an enormous gently-
sloping mass of granite rock. At the foot of this rock I left
the horses, and then accompanied by Mr. Armstrong and
William Hokogazi, my Zulu servant, made m.y way through
a dense mass of people to near the top of the granite rock.
During our progress up the rock, a distance of perhaps two
hundred yards, we walked along a lane, left for us amongst a
dense mass of natives, who were packed tightly all over the
open granite slab, nearly all squatted down. It is difficult to
estimate numbers, but I am sure that at this interview Motoko
2 D
402 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
was surrounded by far over a thousand men, all fully armed, a
large number of them with guns, the rest with assegais, battle-
axes, and bows and arrows. When we reached the highest
portion of the granite slab (which it must be remembered was
a naked rock some acres in extent) we found that a kind of
arbour of boughs had been erected, beneath which sat Motoko,
the aged chief of the Mabudja, with two marimba players behind
him and a few old men on either hand. All round the arbour
the older and more important members of the tribe were
squatted. None of these men carried arms, and I saw that
their assegais were all tied up in bundles and laid outside the
arbour.
And now without any delay I was introduced into the
presence of Motoko. He is the oldest man, I feel sure, that I
have ever seen, and must be nearly if not quite a hundred years
old. William declared that he was so old he must be the
contemporary of Chaka. As soon as I had seated myself a
man rushed forward and shouted out a few words in praise of
Motoko, and immediately afterwards a crowd of women who
were standing in the background broke out into a shrill quaver-
ing cry, which is meant as a welcome to strangers. As soon
as the noise had subsided, I told Motoko, through William
Hokogazi and Sipiro, my interpreters, the purport of my visit,
the meaning of the writing on the paper to which I wished him
to put his name, and the reasons why it was absolutely necessary
that he should sign his name if he was willing to grant the
concession asked for, and to conclude a treaty with his new
neighbours the British. He listened very attentively to all that
was said, made some intelligent comments, referring to the fear
he entertained of being attacked by the Portuguese ; said that
messengers from Umtasa had lately informed him of all that
the British South Africa Company had done in Manica ; and
finally said that he was very glad of the opportunity of con-
cluding a treaty of friendship with the British ; that his country
was theirs, and that Englishmen might go where they liked in
it to look for gold. I then said, " If the words you have spoken
come from your heart, I will write your name and my own
on the paper which has been translated to you, and you must
make an ' x ' behind your name." He then placed his hand on
xxni TREATY WITH MOTOKO 403
mine whilst I wrote his name and made the " x," as his hand
was too old and shaky to actually hold the pen. Siteo and
Kalimazondo then made crosses as witnesses for Motoko,
whilst Mr. Armstrong and William Hokogazi did the same on
behalf of the Company, and the treaty between Motoko and
the British South Africa Company was concluded.
As the old man was evidently fatigued with the interview,
my party and I now shook hands with him and bade him
good-bye. On our way back to the waggon we were escorted
by at least a thousand men, all in a state of great excitement.
On arriving at the foot of the rock they asked me to let them
see the horse gallop, which I did. This apparently excited
them, and then in their turn they gave me a very interesting
exhibition, something equivalent to a sham fight. They made
charges upon an imaginary enemy, brandishing spears, knives,
battle-axes, and bows and arrows. Two men devoted them-
selves entirely to making a shrill whistling noise with a kind
of reed flute, a sort of pibroch, with which, I suppose, a real
charge would be accompanied. It was a very savage scene,
and I must say the performers looked as if they would
thoroughly enjoy sticking an assegai into somebody or anybody,
and I have no doubt they would. To Mr. Armstrong and
myself, however, they evinced great friendship, constantly
rushing up and shouting out " Shamari a Motoko " (" Friend of
Motoko ").
Altogether I consider that the signing of the concession and
the treaty of alliance by Motoko is a very satisfactory business,
although it took a long time and the exercise of much patience
to obtain ; for it was done in full council and in the presence
of a large number of his people.
In conclusion I will say that Motoko's country is of great
extent, and comprises all the territory west of Mangwendi's and
Umsawasha's that lies between the Ruenya and Mazoe rivers,
and that the gold-fields visited by Mauch, and called by him
the Kaiser Wilhelm Gold-Fields, are within his dominions. The
whole of his country in the neighbourhood of the Lower Mazoe
and the Ruenya, none of which has ever been visited by a white
man, will also probably prove to be auriferous. A large portion
of Motoko's country lies at an altitude of about four thousand
404
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA cii. xxiii
feet above sea-level, and seems very fertile. His people are
wonderfully well supplied with all kinds of vegetable food, and
in no part of the country have I seen such fine rice as is here
grown, of very large grain and beautifully white. The Mabudja
people are entirely different in appearance, manners, and dis-
position from all the other tribes inhabiting the British South
Africa Company's territory in Mashunaland. Physically they
are a fine race, and in disposition they are undoubtedly
warlike and ferocious. From what I saw and heard I feel sure
that Motoko could muster at least five thousand fighting men,
and in a short space of time.
The language they speak is merely a dialect of the language
spoken by all the other tribes in this part of South -Eastern
Africa. Motoko's country has been constantly raided by the
Abagaza, with whom they say they used to have periodical
encounters ; but the majority of them do not even know the
name of Lo Bengula or the Amandibili, which is not very
surprising, considering that no impi of Lo Bengula has ever
penetrated to within several days' journey of even the western
border of Motoko's country.
UMTALi Valley.
CHAPTER XXIV
Travel from Motoko's country to Unitali — Find the Odzi river impassable — Resolve
to set about cutting a new road to Salisbury — Freedom from sickness — The
right sort of men — Mr. Armstrong and Mr. Coope — Reach Salisbury — Rumours
of wars — Leave again for Manica — Reach Umtali after the fight is over —
Account of the attack on Captain Heyman's position by the Portuguese — Start
for Umliwan's — Arrival there — Visit the Revui river in search of hippo-
potami— Horses attacked by tse-tse flies — Return to Umtali — Ox killed by
lions — Night adventure with five lions — Account of my various employments
during a year's service with the British South Africa Company — Lion shot —
Elephant shot — Return to England.
After having concluded the treaty with Motoko early in
January 1891, as I have related in the last chapter, I piloted
my waggon over the high plateau, and passing through the
countries of Mangvvendi and Makoni, made my way down
to the British South Africa Company's camp at Umtali. At
that time it was not known whether the better route to the
east coast would be by the Pungwi or the Buzi rivers, and
before leaving Motoko's I had received instructions from Salis-
bury to first of all assist Lieutenant Bruce to cut a road from
Umtali to Umliwan's kraal on the Lower Revui, and then to
lay out an entirely new road from the Odzi river to Salisbury,
as the one that had first been made via Mangwendi's and
Makoni's stations at the latter end of the previous dry season
had proved very unsatisfactory as soon as the rains set in. I
reached the Odzi river in the middle of February, and found
it in flood, and quite impassable for waggons. I remained on
the river's bank for fourteen days, and during that time twice
visited Captain Heyman's camp at Umtali, swimming my old
shooting pony through the Odzi without difficulty. As at the
end of this period, however, the river showed no sign of running
down, I thought it would be better to waste no more time
4o6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA cha\'.
doing nothing, and so resolved to set about cutting the new
road to Salisbury without any further delay. I had no white
companion but my cheerful, willing, and intelligent lieutenant,
Mr. VV. L. Armstrong ; but as he and I got on very well
together, neither of us ever felt lonely or got downhearted.
Although Armstrong and I were out in a waggon during
the whole of this very severe rainy season, and were much
exposed to wet, and during the latter part of it were working
day after day on the road, standing often for hours together
barefooted in mud and water, and in the full heat of the sun,
whilst laying the corduroys across the bogs, neither he nor I
ever had an hour's headache, much less an attack of fever.
People said that I was acclimatised, but that cannot have
accounted for Armstrong's immunity from illness, as he had
only left his native town of Harrogate a few months before.
The fact is that having plenty to do, and keeping one's mind
and body both constantly occupied, helps to keep a man in
good health. Once get into a low and despondent frame of
mind, and you become predisposed to contract fever or any
other disease that is going round. I must say that I have
been most fortunate in the two young Englishmen who were
assigned to me to assist me in my road-making work. First
I had Mr. Armstrong, and then later on Mr. Jesser Coope,
both most excellent young fellows, and the stamp of young
Englishmen one wants in a new country — good-tempered and
forbearing with the natives, not afraid to soil their hands by
handling axe or spade, always ready to set an example ot
hard work, conscientious and intelligent, and taking everything
as it came without grumbling. There are dozens more young
Englishmen and Scotsmen like them in Mashunaland, but I
cannot forbear paying a just tribute of praise to the two young
men who were of so much assistance to me.
On 3rd May I reached Salisbury, having laid out one
hundred and fifty miles of new road through a very difficult
country, owing to the enormous number of bogs in which the
innumerable streams which water the high plateau of Mashuna-
land take their rise. I did an immense deal of riding to pick
out this line, and gave three strong well-fed horses all the
work they wanted. Sometimes I would get a good line for
XXIV ACTION OF THE PORTUGUESE IN MANICA 407
twelve or fifteen miles, but then got amongst bogs that it
would have taken endless time and labour to corduroy, and
had to give it up and find another. I never moved the waggon
until I had got a good line for at least twenty miles on ahead.
In one place I was six days, riding over forty miles every day,
before I could find a route to my satisfaction. My object
was to select a line as direct as possible, that would cross a
minimum of boggy ground, and could thus be made into a
good permanent road at the smallest possible expense to the
Company. Such a road I think I found. It looks simple
enough now, but it took a lot of riding to find it, and if
any one rides out on either side of it towards the end of the
rainy season he will find out what the country on each side of
the road is like.
When I reached Salisbury, early in May, the corduroying
work along the road had not all been completed, and it had
been my intention to get a fresh supply of trading goods with
which to pay native labour, and to then return and finish the
road forthwith. However, just before my arrival news had
reached the Administrator that a Portuguese expedition was
on its way up to Manica from the east coast, with the intention
of driving the British out of Umtali, and Mr. Colquhoun asked
me to take down a contingent of men and two waggon loads of
stores and ammunition to the assistance of the little garrison of
our countrymen in Manica. Now I am not a fighting man,
and neither look forward with enthusiasm to the prospect of
being shot, nor feel any strong desire to shoot any one else ;
but under the circumstances I was of course prepared to lend
a hand in the coming struggle if necessary. I was joined by
Lieutenant Adair Campbell and twenty more e.x-pioneers, and we
made a start for Manica on the 5th of May. Nobody thought
that anything would happen before 15th' May, which was the
date on which the modus vivendi between the British and
Portuguese expired. Before we reached the Odzi, Borrow
overtook us, having come down, like a good fellow, to take
part if necessary in resisting the Portuguese attack. On 13th
May we reached Umtali, having brought two heavily-laden
waggons over the uncompleted road from Salisbury, at the
end of a very severe rainy season, in the short space of eight
4o8 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN A ERICA chap.
days. We were astounded, and I must say disappointed and
disgusted, to find that on the i ith of May, four days before
the expiration of the modus vivcndi, the Portuguese had
made a sortie from Massi Kessi and attacked Captain Heyman's
canip near Chua.
^■"It is unnecessary for me to say more than a few words
about this affair, as it is a matter of history. The Portuguese
probably did not know that their opponents had a seven-
pounder cannon in position on the hill they occupied.
I Captain Heyman, an old Cape Mounted Rifleman and a good
C artilleryman, handled his men with his accustomed coolness and
S good judgment, and our men shot well and steadily. The
I S Portuguese force, on the contrary, only one hundred of whom
N^lj-r^ ) were white men, the remainder being black levies from Angola,
' >> C shot very badly, not one of our men having been hit. When
^ ^ ,iCi' they found that they were getting within range of the canister
shot, which began to drop amongst them, it may well be
understood that these black levies, who did not care one brass
farthing whether the British or the Portuguese flag waved
over-the hills of Manica, felt more inclincd_to__i-etrcat than to
advance ; and soon, in spite of the utmost efforts of the two
Portuguese officers who were leading them, they bolted back
to Massi Kessi, followed by the Portuguese. The attack
appears to have been ill planned and badly managed in every
way. All our men agreed in praising the bravery shown by
the two Portuguese officers, who evidently did their best to
bring their men on. That night Massi Kessi was abandoned,
and, as I have already related, was taken possession of the
following morning by Captain Heyman and his men.
It was shortly after the capture of Massi Kessi that I was
sent down to Umliwan's to fetch away two waggons and some
men of the British South Africa Company's Police who had
been left in charge there.
Umlivvan is one of the small semi-independent chiefs living
between the Pungwi and Buzi rivers. I say semi-independent,
as he has been the victim of numberless raids by the Gaza
Zulus, and, I think, pays tribute to Gungunyan ; but he
entirely denies the justice of the four-hundred-year-old claim
to sovereignty over his territory put forward by the Portuguese.
ROAD-MAKING IN THE RAINY SEASON 409
With this chief (UmHwan) the British South Africa Company
had concluded a treaty towards the end of 1 890 ; and as his
country lies within sixty miles of the junction of the Revui and
Buzi rivers — up to which point the latter river was said to be
navigable for boats of light draught — ^Lieutenant Bruce was
despatched with twenty men to cut a waggon road from
Manica to his chief kraal, and to form a station there. This
arduous undertaking was accomplished during the worst months
of the rainy season ; and the men suffered much from fever,
the natural result of exposure and bad food. Many oxen were
killed by falling into old game pits, and those that reached
Umliwan's were so reduced in condition by excessive hard work
Bathing in the Pungwi River.
that the greater part of them subsequently died. Thus when
the news reached the British South Africa Company's agents
in Mashunaland that the Portuguese were advancing from the
coast in force with the intention of driving us out of South-
Eastern Africa, and Lieutenant Bruce and his men were
recalled to strengthen the little garrison at Umtali in Manica,
he was obliged to abandon the waggons, and come on with his
men on foot, leaving directions with Sergeant Stanley and four
men, who had been down to the Buzi river, to follow as soon
as possible.
It was to bring in these men and the abandoned waggons
that I was despatched to Umliwan's, and, as the journey was
in some ways an interesting one, I will give an account of it.
Besides my own waggon and oxen, I took down two spare
spans and gear, and two drivers. I was accompanied by Mr.
4IO TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA cuai-.
W. L. Armstrong. As it turned out, I met Sergeant Stanley
and his men three days after leaving Umtali, between the
Mineni and Uzonway rivers, all of them being fairly well,
though they had evidently suffered from fever. I took my
waggon a few miles beyond Umbayu's kraal, and then, leaving
it and my cattle in charge of my Zulu driver, Armstrong and
I went on with the horses to Umliwan's, taking the spare
cattle, drivers, and half-a-dozen Kafirs with us. We reached
Umliwan's on 31st May, and the following day, whilst the
drivers were getting the waggons in order for trekking, we
went down to the Revui with a lot of Umliwan's men to look
for hippopotami. The pools they took us to were eight or
nine miles down the river to the south-east, just below a pretty
cataract, which must be a fine sight when the river is in flood.
As Umliwan assured me that the tse-tse fly did not exist on
this side of the Revui, I took my three horses down with me,
in order to be able to bring as much meat back as possible.
On reaching the pools where our guides had expected to find
the hippopotami, we found them untenanted, and an inspection
of the footpaths along the bank showed us that the game we
were in search of had gone up stream, whither we at once pre-
pared to follow them.
The morning had been cool and cloudy, but the sun was
now shining brightly, and seemed warm for the time of year.
I was driving the horses along a hippopotamus footpath lead-
ing through the dense bush on the river's bank, when, coming
to a little clearing, I saw a lot of flies settling on them. Being
fearful that, in spite of what the Kafirs said, there might pos-
sibly be " fly " near the river, I at once took a good look, and to
my horror saw that my two priceless shooting - horses were
covered with tse-tse flies, or, at any rate, that there were at
least twenty on them ; the third horse was still behind. Arm-
strong nov/ coming up, we set to work catching the flies, he
and I pinning their feet with a knife blade (the best way of
catching them, as they are as quick as lightning), and the
Kafirs securing some with their hands. We had soon caught
ten, and frightened off the rest, and I then led the horses for-
ward, the Kafirs continually flicking them with boughs and
keeping a sharp look-out. Every now and again a fly settled,
THE VALUE OF KAFIR INFORMATION 411
and I then caught him with my knife. Altogether I caught
sixteen flies on the horses, the last not a mile and a half from
Umliwan's kraal. I did not think my horses would be
affected, as it takes several flies to kill a horse,^ and not
many got time to inject their poison. Some did, and filled
themselves with blood, but the greater part were caught
before doing any damage. So much for Kafir information.
When I showed the flies to Umliwan, the old brute said, in the
most unconcerned way, " Yes, they are the impugan (tse-tse
fly) ; they must have come from the buffaloes beyond the
Revui," quite forgetting that he had assured me most solemnly
that very morning that there was no " fly " whatever on this side
of the river. But that is the character of the untutored savage.
Without malice prepense, but just through carelessness,
ignorance, or cussedness, he will do you an irreparable injury,
or, at any rate, allow you to do yourself one, and remain all
the time perfectly unconcerned either at his own fault or your
misfortune. The best way to avoid trouble and loss is to
regard in cold blood all savages in Africa as David in his
wrath regarded the Jews of old — believe them all to be liars,
and never take their word for anything until you have verified
their information. You will sometimes give yourself needless
trouble, but, on the other hand, you will sometimes avoid heavy
loss.
On the following day, 2nd June, as the waggons were not
yet ready to start, Armstrong and I went down again on foot
to some pools in the Revui above Umliwan's, and shot three
hippopotami. On 6th June we got back to our own waggon,
and found everything all right, my Zulu driver reporting that,
although hyaanas came round the camp nightly, he had neither
seen nor heard anything of lions. All the time we had been
away the oxen had not been tied up, but had lain loose round
the waggon at night, and on the day of my return they again
did so, the horses being tied to the waggon wheels. A hyaena
came prowling round, keeping the dogs barking continually,
but being just the day before new moon, and the night
absolutely dark, it was impossible to see to shoot. I may here
say our waggon was standing just at the base of a low line of
' Tliey were never any the worse.
413 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chai-.
hills, covered with forest and dense undergrowth ; below lay a
valley, intersected by two streams, stretching up to a high
range of hills some three miles distant. The waggon track
crossed the nearest stream — a little deep ravine, with steep
banks and small pools of water — about one hundred and fifty
yards below our camp, and here there was an open space of
ground some two hundred yards square, but everywhere else the
country was covered with dense bush, or with grass seven or
eight feet long — an impossible country in which to hunt.
On 8th June the empty waggons had not yet come up from
Umliwan's, and I was utterly weary of the monotony of the
enforced delay in a country where, owing to the density of the
bush and the length of the grass, it was impossible at that time
of the year to move out of the native footpaths. On this
evening we saw for the first time the new moon, which soon
sank behind the range of hills to the west. Before turning in
I looked round the camp, and saw that the oxen were all
lying close up round the waggon, entirely surrounding the
horses, which were fastened, as usual, to the wheels. Armstrong
lay in the afterpart of the waggon, I in the front. The Kafirs
smoked "dacha," and were as noisy and talkative as usual, but
at length everything was quiet.
About four o'clock in the morning — some two hours before
daylight — I was awakened suddenly by the noise of a stam-
pede amongst the cattle. In an instant Armstrong was out of
the waggon and round at the horses' heads, and I followed as
quickly as possible. Two of the horses were still lying down,
and the panic that had seized the oxen had evidently not
affected them, but not a single ox was to be seen near the
waggon. The Kafirs were now throwing fire-sticks in all
directions, and calling out " Shumba, shumba ! " (lions, lions !).
Everything was, however, perfectly still. The frightened oxen
must have made a rush, and then stood listening. My
Zulu driver now fired two shots into the bush above the camp,
and said he could see a lion, but as the night was absolutely
dark I do not think he could possibly have seen anything.
The Kafirs had by this time all got blazing torches of long
grass, which lighted up our little camp, but only rendered the
surrounding darkness the more intense. Suddenly the silence
XXIV ox KILLED BY LIONS 413
was again disturbed by the sound of the trampUng and rushing
of the oxen, as, mad with fear, they crashed through the
underwood towards the open ground to our right, each panic-
stricken beast no doubt beHeving that it was a case of " the
devil take the hindmost." And so it was, for before they had run
one hundred yards the Hons had got hold of one (presumably
the hindmost), and the poor brute's agonised bellowings echoed
and re-echoed from hill to hill across the narrow valley. I
would that that distinguished naturalist, Mr. A. R. Wallace,
could hear the piteous cries of an ox being slowly bitten to
death by lions, or of a donkey being vivisected by hyaenas.
Such cries are terrible to listen to, and revealing, as they but
too surely do, the frenzy of fear and agony of a dying brute,
are a powerful appeal against the cold cruelty of nature's in-
exorable laws.
My driver and I, accompanied by some of the Kafirs carry-
ing torches of blazing grass, now ran down to where the ox
was bellowing, and coming pretty close to it must have scared
off the lions, one of which growled, though none showed them-
selves within the circle of light. I think we must have
frightened them off, as the ox broke away from them and
rushed down towards the stream. He was soon caught again,
and bellowed terribly, poor brute ; but the lions did their
butcher's work without uttering a growl ; they were several
minutes killing him. The loud bellowings at length died
away in low moans, then everything was once more still.
When the ox was caught the second time I made no further
attempt at a rescue, as I wanted to get a shot at the lions, and
judged that the less they were disturbed the better my chance
would be of finding them at daylight ; and, for another thing,
had they been driven off the ox they had already maimed,
they would most certainly have followed up the herd and
killed another.
There was now nothing for it, after having made up the
fires and put double " reims " ^ on the horses, but to wait for
dawn. The lions were singularly quiet, although every now
and again we could hear them crunching the bones of their
victim. At length the partridges began to call, and a faint
' Raw hide thongs, with wliich horses are tied to a waggon wheel or a tree at night.
414 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
roseate flush in the eastern sky told us the day was about to
break. Whilst waiting for it to get light enough to shoot, we
had a cup of coffee, as the morning was cold and damp, every-
thing, especially the long grass, being saturated with dew. As
the lions had killed the ox so late in the night I had every
hope of finding them at the carcase at daylight, and relied, too,
on a big dog I had to rush in and bay at least one of them
after I fired. I had three dogs, two of which I knew were
useless, but the third, which had been lent me by a friend at
Fort Salisbury, came of a good stock, and was a very likely-
looking tyke. The dense bush and long grass rendered it use-
less attempting to do anything with a horse.
The red dawn now began to give place to a dull gray light,
and at last I was able to see the ivory sight of my rifle. Then
Armstrong and I, accompanied by my Zulu driver leading the
big dog Tiger, ready to slip at a moment's notice, advanced
down the waggon track towards the drift, through the little
gully below our camp, in the near neighbourhood of which the
crunching of bones told us that the carcase of the dead ox
lay. Moving slowly and cautiously forwards, we were soon
within thirty yards of the drift, but being enveloped in long
grass, could still sec nothing, although we could now hear very
plainly what I thought was the lions crunching bones, apparently
just beyond the ford. Again advancing, I had almost reached
the near bank of the stream before I came in sight of the
carcase of the ox lying in the waggon track some fifteen yards
beyond the farther bank. Two animals were tearing away at
the meat, and, to my surprise, I saw at once, although the light
was still dim in the shadow of the forest, that they were
hyaenas. As I saw them, they saw me and beat a precipitate
retreat. Had I wished to do so, I could not have got a .shot
at them, but as I felt sure the lions were still close at hand, I
had no thought of interfering with them.
We now all three crossed the stream and went up to
the carcase of the ox, so much of which had been eaten
that I knew several lions must have been at work on it.
As is so often the case with these wily animals, they
had retired just at daylight, giving the hyaenas a chance
to get a snack before sunrise. The bush in front was now
XXIV AN UNSUCCESSFUL LION- HUNT 415
excessively thick, and I felt sure the lions were still close
at hand, very likely watching us. I now slipped Tiger,
encouraging him to take the spoor into the bush. But the
dog was evidently cowed and frightened, and proved him-
self utterly useless, as were also the other two. All this time
we were beating the bush round about the carcase. At this
time the lions were close to us, as one of them gave a loud
growl not far in front of myself, to the left of the road, and
another close to Armstrong and the driver, in the bush on the
other side of it. The covert was, however, too dense to allow
us to see anything, and the dog in whom I had put my trust
would not run in and bay the lion. Once or twice he barked,
and then came running back to us, but on these occasions I
think he had no clear idea of why he was barking. Oh for
one short hour of Ruby and Punch, and the rest of the pack
that had formed part of my old hunting outfit ! Then, indeed,
had I told a different tale of this morning's work. As it was,
we soon had to give up all hope of coming to conclusions with
the lions, for after the two growls above referred to we heard
nothing more of them ; and the density of the covert rendered
all further pursuit useless. So, in no very good humour, we
returned to the waggon without having fired a shot.
The fire which had cleared the grass off to the left front of
the waggon had crossed the stream just above the road and
burnt an open place just round the patch of bush in which one
of the lions had growled at Armstrong and my driver. On our
arrival at the waggon, which was not more than two hundred
yards from the carcase of the ox, our Kafirs, none of whom had
accompanied us, told us they had seen four lions break across
this piece of open ground and enter the bush beyond. From
knowledge gained later I think there were five lions — a large
male, two large females, and two younger females, not quite
full grown ; and as the Kafirs did not seem clear as to whether
any of the lions they saw were males or not, I think these four
animals were the females, and that the old lion must have been
by himself, and was probably the one that growled near me.
He must then have gone round in the bush and joined the
others beyond the open ground. I now saddled up my horse,
and rode into the bush on the track of the lions, which I could
4i6 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
plainly see on the ashes of the burnt grass. As, however, the
bush and grass rendered it impossible to see anything at a
distance of a few feet, I soon gave it up. I now called out the
Kafirs and followed up the spoor of my stampeded cattle. I
was afraid they might have gone a long distance, and was
agreeably surprised to find that they had not run more than five
hundred yards, and we found them feeding quietly, as if nothing
had happened, within half a mile of the waggon. The lions
had not shown much discrimination, as they had caught and
killed one of the leanest oxen in the herd.
What was to be done now? I felt pretty sure the lions
would return in the night, and felt a strong and natural desire
to come to terms with them if possible. Moreover, it was
absolutely necessary to do so, for a party of five lions are
dangerous neighbours, and, besides my oxen and cows, I had
valuable horses I could not afford to lose. But what to do ? —
that was the point. The dense covert with which all this
country is covered at this .season of the year rendered it next
to impossible, without dogs, to obtain a view of them by day,
and unluckily, as we had only seen the new moon for the first
time on the previous evening, the nights were just now
extremely dark. At first I thought of setting guns ; but
besides that this seems a mean way of killing lions if it can
be avoided, I had only three rifles altogether at the waggon,
and could not afford to set more than two of them, which
might very likely be discharged by hya;nas before the lions
came, as has happened to me before now.
After turning various plans over in my mind and carefully
re-examining the ground round the carcase, I determined to sit
up for the marauders in spite of the darkness. There was no
tree near the kill large enough to support a platform, so I
resolved to build a shelter on the ground. With the help of
the Kafirs I soon put up a sort of small hut, made by first
leaning three forked poles together in the shape of a tripod,
the prongs naturally supporting one another, and then filling
in the interstices with stout saplings, all meeting at the common
apex. As none of the poles were planted in the ground, the
structure was by no means a strong one. When the Kafirs
had nearly completed the work I went up to the waggon for a
¥
XXIV A NIGHT WITH LIONS 417
short time, and on my return found that they had covered the
hut with light boughs, leaving two holes to fire through on the
side facing the carcase, and a small opening between the poles
at the other side by way of entrance. I had not intended to
have the hut covered with boughs, and in future will take care
to have nothing but the bare poles, so that I can fire through
them all round ; but thinking that in all probability I should
only get one shot when the lions first came to the carcase, I
made no alteration. The hut stood amongst some small trees
and saplings on the edge of the waggon track, and two or
three yards from the steep bank of the stream I have spoken
of before. There was no water, however, just where the
waggon track crossed the stream, though there were pools both
above and below. From the side of the hut on which were
our shooting holes it was just nine and a half paces to the
nearest part of the ox's carcase, which lay across the roadway.
The distance, I thought, was so short that, no matter how dark
it might be, a lion could not be altogether invisible. I did
not take into consideration the gloom of the surrounding bush
and the thick mist which rose nightly from the bottom of the
valley.
Our hut being ready, there was nothing more to be done
till the evening ; and about six o'clock, having finished dinner
and made everything snug for the night at the waggon, Arm-
strong and I took our rifles and blankets and went down to
take our places in the hut. The sun had not been long down,
but it was quite dusk already in the gloom of the forest beyond
the stream, and nearly dark inside our shelter. The Kafirs
had cut a few short poles to block up the entrance, which
Armstrong set about doing as soon as we were inside, whilst
I was clearing some leaves away from my shooting hole. It
now became dark with astonishing rapidity, and by the time
we had got everything in order it would have been absolutely
so had it not been for the faint light cast through the shadows
of the forest by the new moon, which was, however, but two
days old.
It was not yet seven o'clock, I think, when we both heard
some animals treading on the large crisp dry mahobo-hobo
leaves with which the ground was covered in the bush beyond
2 E
4i8 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
the waggon track. As they reached the roadway, which was
nearly clear of leaves, their steps became noiseless. We were
now intensely on the alert, and almost immediately a something
loomed up, like a dark shadow, beyond the carcase of the ox.
At first I could not tell whether it was a lion or hysna, and
until I felt sure on that point I determined not to fire. The
moon's thin crescent still showed above the hills, but its light
was but feeble, and, in spite of it, it was now very dark beneath
the trees. Whilst I was speculating as to its identity, with
noiseless tread the shadowy form had advanced down the road-
way, till it stood alongside the carcase of the ox. It held its
head up, which, despite the size, made me think it was a
hyaena, as a lion usually holds its head low. When, however,
after a moment's pause, it passed the dead ox and stood
within a few yards of us, evidently looking suspiciously at the
hut, the boldness of the beast made me think it must be a lion.
At this instant two more vague and misty forms loomed up to
my right, and the foremost at once came towards the hut.
From its size I knew it must be a lion, and so whispered to
Armstrong, " I'm going to fire." From his position on mj'
left he could not see these two lions from his window, but was
watching the one that had first come up to the carcase.
Unfortunately he misunderstood my low whisper, thinking I
had said, " Don't fire," or he might have fired at this animal.
And now there was a dark something coming noiselessly
up towards where I sat, and actually within three yards of
the muzzle of my rifle, though it was so dark that the sense
of its nearness was lost. It was impossible to miss it, but I
wanted to give it a dead shot, and so, pointing my little rifle
towards the front part of the hazy form before me, I pulled
the trigger. The report of the rifle, loudly as it should have
sounded in the silence of the night, was instantly dwarfed and
drowned by the terrific roaring grunts of the wounded lion,
wounded unto death indeed, for it just rolled or fell down the
steep bank of the stream, and lay moaning at the bottom,
within a few yards of us. After a few seconds a gurgling
noi.se, as of an animal choking, told me that it was at the
very point of death. I had scarcely got another cartridge
into my rifle, and as far as I remember the lion just shot was
XXIV A NIGHT WITH LIONS 419
still moaning within a few yards, when a second animal
appeared in the darkness to my right. It looked much
lower than the first, and I thought it must be a hya;na. It
was invisible to Armstrong, but as it was very close to me I
at once fired into it, and instantly the hoarse grunting roars
that followed the shot would have let any one within a mile
know it was a lion that had received the bullet. The animal
must have been coming forward to reconnoitre, and was, I
suppose, in a crouching position. When hit, she (for it was a
lioness) was probably knocked over, and then, like the first
one shot, either rushed or fell down the steep bank below into
the bed of the stream. She just managed to crawl up the
farther bank, and we could hear her, evidently dying, just
beyond, the first furious grunts being succeeded by low moans.
Soon all again was still, and I knew that two lions lay dead.
Scarcely another minute had passed, and I had just
whispered to Armstrong that I thought our sport with the
lions was over for the night, when we both heard an animal
breathing alongside of our shelter, within a few feet of us, and
the next instant a gentle shake given to the hut, and a noise
as of one of the loose branches with which it was covered
being torn off, let us know there was another lion in our
neighbourhood even more enterprising than the two that
had been shot. It was soon evident to me that the animal
was looking for an entrance to our shelter, for, after tearing
off a few more boughs, it got to the place where we had crept
in, but which was now blocked up with poles. Here it halted,
and, from the way it kept touching the poles, seemed to be
trying to get its paw through. This was a little more than
I had bargained for, and, at the risk of incurring the charge
of inhospitality, I resolved to try to keep our visitor outside
in the cold. Of course, whilst the lion was acting in the
manner I have described, I, on my side, was not idle.
As soon as I realised what our visitor was trying to do, I
turned round, and, lying on the ground, tried to look between
the interstices of the poles forming the entrance to our hut.
It was, however, so absolutely dark that I could see nothing.
Instant action was nevertheless necessary, for, as the poles
forming our hut were not fixed in the ground, the lion might
420 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
have got its paw between two of them and pulled them out
at any moment, and then, by pushing its head and shoulders
through, would have infallibly overturned the whole structure.
To prevent such a consummation I now pushed the muzzle
of my rifle between the poles, just where my ears told me
my would-be interviewer was moving them, and, pointing it
upwards, holding the stock on the ground, pulled the trigger.
Once more, and for the third time that night, the report of
the rifle was answered by the most terrific grunting roars it is
possible to conceive, uttered, as they were, within six feet of
our ears. I am sorry I had not a phonograph with me in
order to preserve these powerful expressions of the feelings of
a wounded lion. Suddenly released in a London drawing-
room, I feel sure they could not fail to produce a very marked
effect. Well, the expanding Metford bullet, received at such
close quarters, must have given the lion a very nasty jar. I
fancy that it fell over, and was rolling on the ground when
Armstrong fired through another opening at the sound of the
roars. Whether this second bullet hit it or not I cannot say,
but immediately after the shot the wounded beast, still grunting
loudly, made a rush through the bushes behind the hut to the
edge of the bank above the stream, which was quite pre-
cipitous, and then fell headlong with a loud splash right into
a shallow pool of water. Here it lay for some time splashing
the water slightly — by moving its tail, I fancy- — and moaning
in a way that made us feel very happy ; for no one who
heard it could have imagined there was half an hour's life left
in the beast. We thought we had got three lions in about
five minutes, and felt very pleased with ourselves. There
were two more about, I knew, but I had very little fear of
another attack, and very slight hopes of getting another shot,
as I imagined, after the misfortunes of their relatives, the
remainder of the family would move off
We now spread our blankets and lay down — not to sleep,
but in order to keep our vigil with the greatest possible com-
fort. PVom this time until about midnight we were several
times disturbed by an animal sniffing round the back of our
hut. It never came on to the road in front of our shooting
holes, and we could never see anything through the jjoles at
XXIV A NIGHT WITH LIONS 421
the back. Sometimes these sniffings were very loud, or
sounded very loud in the silence of the night, and came
right up to our hut ; but nothing ever touched the poles or
the branches that covered them. Thinking that the re-
maining lions must have retreated, I put these sniffings down
to hyaenas, and wondered they did not come round to the
carcase of the ox. I may here say I was entirely mistaken
in my surmise, as, on examination next morning, we found
no hyaena spoor at the back of our hut, whilst lions had walked
round and about in all directions, making a regular path
between the hut and the bank of the stream. However, to
thoroughly understand the character of the African lion one
^■B^^',
A Slumbering Lion.
must live and learn. On a dark night these animals are
undoubtedly very bold and fearless. From time to time the
wounded lion, which seemed to have dragged itself out of the
pool of water into which it had first fallen, and to be now
lying on the farther bank, moaned in a very pitiful way ; it
might have been a human being in the last extremity.
These moans and groans, however, came at longer and longer
intervals, and at last we made sure the- lion last hit was as
dead as its comrades. The sniffings, if they d'd nothing else,
served to keep us wide awake, and the constant strain on our
nerves made the time pass very slowly.
It must have been some time between midnight and two
o'clock in the morning that we heard an animal at the carcase
of the o.x ; and, from its very noisy way of feeding, I soon
felt sure that it was a lion. We now raised ourselves noise-
422 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
lessly from the ground and looked out of our shooting holes,
but could see nothing. It very soon became evident, how-
ever, that there were two lions, as every now and again one —
which, I think, was the big male of the party- — gave a most
prodigious snarl at its comrade. These lions, it must be
remembered, were less than ten yards from the muzzles of our
rifles ; yet so intense was the darkness that we could see
absolutely nothing. One might just as well have held one's
face in a basin of ink and endeavoured to read the future of
Mashunaland. And now for hours these lions lay, " so near
and yet so far," tearing at the meaty portions of the carcase,
and crunching up the breast bones and the ends of the ribs.
Every now and again they would rest from feeding and then
lay breathing with a loud blowing noise ; then the tearing
and crunching would recommence. Every now and again
the big lion, as I guessed, would awake the echoes of the
night with a loud grunting snarl, to which the dogs at the
waggon always replied with angry barkings.
It would be supposed that to lie thus in the wilds of Africa,
within ten yards of a couple of lions feeding noisily, and some-
times snarling loudly, would be a sufficiently novel experience
to keep one awake ; yet to show how " familiarity breeds con-
tempt," I may mention that I twice had to wake my young
companion, and tell him not to snore, as the noise might
disturb the lions. And now over and over again I looked
and looked towards where the lions were feeding, until my
eyes ached, but in vain. Several times I thought of firing at
the sound. However, as lions feeding at a carcase are nearly
always lying down, and as in the present instance they might
have been on the farther side, there was only a chance of
hitting, and only a small chance of mortally wounding, one
of them. After some doubt I resolved to wait, in the hope
that they would remain until the first streak of dawn. Being
so near, I only wanted light enough to see the lions, and could
have dispensed with the necessity of looking at the sights of
my rifle. The veriest trifle of moon would have sufficed, or
even a decent shooting-star ; but the darkness that fell upon
Egypt could not have been more intense than the unfathom-
able gloom of this African night.
XXIV A NIGHT WITH LIONS 423
Slowly, very slowly, the night wore on, and still the lions
munched and crunched and the darkness held. And now
hytenas commenced to howl around, apparently answering one
another. There is something so weird and wild in the varied
cries of the African laughing hyaena when meat is about that
I have ever loved to listen to them. No wonder this animal
is so intimately connected with all the superstitions of the
Kafir tribes of South Africa. About an hour before day-
break the lions commenced to drag the remains of the carcase
through the bush beyond the waggon track, and shortly after-
wards they suddenly left it — so suddenly indeed that it seemed
as if something had startled them, as they made a regular rush
through the bush, trampling loudly on the mahobo-hobo leaves.
To this day I am at a loss to understand why they retired in
such haste, as the whole night through they had treated the
barking of the dogs and the talking of the Kafirs at the
waggon with the most sublime contempt. However, they were
gone, and all chance of a shot at them was gone too, as the
surrounding cover was so thick as to render it almost impos-
sible to get a sight of them in the morning.
A little before the lions left the carcase, the animal that
had tried to get into our hut, and which we thought had been
lying dead for some hours, commenced to groan again, and then,
moaning all the time, evidently crawled out of the stream, and
moving slowly through the bush at the back of the hut, passed
close to where its comrades were munching at the remains of
the carcase. It then came slowly back towards the stream,
and then the moaning ceased. These groans and moans had
no effect on the lions at the carcase ; they ate away the whole
time, undisturbed by the thought of their two dead comrades
lying stiff and stark within a few yards of them, or by the
piteous moans of the remaining member of their family which
was evidently in a dying condition. Truly they possessed two
requisites of terrestrial happiness — a good appetite and no
conscience.
At last the day began to break, and a cold gray dawn revealed
to us that the whole valley in which we were was enveloped in a
dense mist, so dense indeed that the rosy flush in the eastern
sky that usually heralds the approach of light had been entirely
424 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
hidden from us. The hyaenas, which had kept their distance
while the lions were at the carcase, now commenced to
approach, and soon a band of four came walking down the
roadway, looming large in the misty light. Holding their
heads high, and craning their necks from side to side, on they
came, until they reached the spot from which the remains of
the carcase had been dragged. Here they halted a minute and
gazed curiously at our hut, from which the rifle barrels pro-
truded ominously. Then, with a series of wild howls, they
swerved off to the spot where the lions had left little more than
the head and a few bones of the ox, and were soon tearing
away at what remained. I might have shot any one of them as
they stood in the roadway, but I cherished a hope that the
lions were still close at hand, and would return and drive the
hyainas off their kill. When, however, half an hour more had
passed, and the hyaenas were still crunching away undisturbed,
I knew our chance of getting another shot at the lions was a
very small one, and was just on the point of leaving the hut to
examine our victims when a fifth hyrena came walking down
the road. I could by this time see the sights of my rifle, and
as the brute stood about fifteen yards off looking curiously at
the hut, I planted an expanding bullet in the centre of its
chest. Armstrong fired at the same time, and his bullet broke
one of its hind legs low down. A spotted hyaena is a very
tough beast, as any one knows who has shot many ; but this
one only gave a jump backwards, and lay dead on the edge of
the road, not four yards from the spot where it was standing
when hit.
We now crawled out of our hut and looked around us.
The first thing that we saw was the carcase of the lion first
shot ; it was lying on its back at the bottom of the little river
bed below our huts. This proved to be a very big old lioness,
in fine order, and excessively fat. I preserved the skin for
setting up. The expanding Metford bullet had struck her
right on the point of the shoulder, smashed the bone to pieces,
and, as we found on cutting her up, had gone right through the
centre of her heart. From the place where she was hit she
had done nothing more than roll down the steep bank to the
stream. The second animal hit was also a lioness, not
XXIV TIVO LIONESSES AND A HY.ENA KILLED 425
nearly so large as the first, but yet a fine animal, perhaps not
quite full grown. She lay on the bank just beyond the
stream, having had strength to crawl out of the river bed, into
which she had rushed or fallen when hit. The expanding
bullet had caught her just behind the shoulders and had gone
right through.
We never got the last lion hit, although I think there can
be no doubt that it lay dead within a few hundred yards. The
blood lay in pools where it had been lying moaning during
the greater part of the night, and it must have changed its
position several times. When, however, it moved away to-
wards morning, the blood must have ceased to run, and we
could not follow the spoor. The dogs were useless, and the
bush and grass terribly thick, and so we lost her. I say " her,"
as I believe the party consisted of a large lion, two big lion-
esses, and two younger ones ; for the boys said there were two
large ones and two smaller animals amongst the four they
saw in the morning after the ox was killed. One of the
big lionesses we killed, and the other, I think, was the one that
tried to get at us in the hut. The survivors, I imagine, were
the lion and one of the younger females. Our bag for the
night was, therefore, two lionesses and one large spotted hyjcna.
With a little light and a little luck it might easily have been
four lions.
I may mention that the place where our waggon was
standing was within fifty yards of where some of Lieutenant
Bruce's men were encamped about two months earlier, when
one of their boys (who hailed from the Orange Free State, and
came up with the expedition last year) was dragged by a lion
from under one of the waggons, and carried off and devoured
in the bush close at hand. The same night a second attempt
was made to obtain another victim, but fortunately it was
unsuccessful. I have no doubt that the same party of lions
that visited my waggon was responsible for the death of
Lieutenant Bruce's servant ; and after seeing what they did
with the carcase of an ox, I can understand their not being
altogether satisfied with a Hottentot boy. I should say it was
the lioness we wounded, but did not get, that actually collared
him ; and if that is so she will never taste human flesh again.
426 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
On my return to Umtali from Umliwan's I at once set
about completing the work on the road between that place and
Salisbury, and early in July had the entire road in good
order for heavy waggons, all the bogs being corduroyed and
the streams bridged. After this I was sent by the Company
to try to find a route to the coast along the watershed
between the Pungwi and Buzi rivers, free of " fly " and there-
fore suitable for a waggon road. But in this I was unsuc-
cessful, as I found the whole of the low country between the
Buzi and Pungwi rivers to be infested with tse-tse fly. I
reached M'panda's, on the Pungwi, in the end of August and
returned to Salisbury in September.^ Shortly afterwards I was
sent down to Tuli with instructions to overhaul the " weigh
bills " of all the waggons I met on the road, in order to find
out whether a sufificient supply of food was likely to reach
Salisbury before the rainy season set in, to provision the country
during the time that communication with the outside world was
likely to be interrupted, owing to the large rivers becoming
impassable. I rode down alone on horseback, and finding that
an ample supply of food to meet all possible contingencies was
on the road at various points between Tuli and Salisbury, I
returned at once to Mashunaland. When near Charter I met
Mr. Rhodes, Mr. De Waal, and Dr. Jameson, and again
l'~returned with them to Victoria, and afterwards accompanied
js^hem on a visit to the head kraal of the chief, Chibi, on a
diplomatic mi.ssion. /vftcr this Messrs. Rhodes and De Waal
l\Vt;nt south, whilst Dr. Jameson and I returned to Salisbury.
»Here I was once more employed by the Company in laying
out and making roads, and continued at this work until .May
1S92, vvhenj_therebefrig ho more work for me to do, I termi-
nated my engagement with the British^^ South Africa Company,
and after spending two or three months shooting, and collecting
specimens of na;tural history in various parts of the country,
made my way down to Beira on the east coast. On 3rd
October I shot my last lion, a fine large male, and on 7th
' As I liave lately been accused of slaughtering game for sport. I will take this
opportunity of saying that during this journey, though 1 walked for days amongst
innumerable herds of wild animals, 1 only fired away twelve cartridges from the day
I left Salisbury until the date of my return there, and that, as is my usual practice, I
never fired a shot except for the purpose of supplying myself and my party with moat.
XXIV RETURN TO CAPE TOWN 427
October my last elephant, a splendid old bull with tusks weigh-
ing 108 lbs. the pair. On 19th October I left Beira for Cape
Town, and after a visit to the Transvaal started for England,
where I landed once more, safe and sound, on 17th December
1892.
CHAPTER XXV
Kemaiks concerning the relative merits of large and small bore rifles —
Some hunting reminiscences
Having now briefly related the sequence of events which led
up to the occupation of Mashunaland by the British South
Africa Company's pioneer expedition, and told my readers
something concerning the early history of the colonisation of
that country, I will, before bringing my narrative to a close,
add some hunting reminiscences, culled from my diaries of
years ago, at a time when I still wandered and hunted in
solitary contentment, little dreaming that in a few short years
a British colony would be established in the midst of my old
hunting grounds.
Before commencing these, I will, however, first say a few
words concerning the relative merits of big and small bore
rifles, and the reasons which have led me to discard the former
and trust entirely to the latter.
I first gave up the use of large-bore rifles and enormous
charges of powder when I left off hunting elephants as a
business ; for I found it too much trouble to carry these
weighty weapons about the country with a supply of heavy
ammunition in districts where there was only an off chance of
meeting with elephants. But the more experience I had in
shooting heavy animals like giraffes, buffaloes, rhinoceroses,
and hippopotami with a 450-bore rifle, by Gibbs of Bristol,
the more confidence I gained in its efficiency, till at last one
day I tried it on elephants. On that day I killed six of
these animals, under by no means favourable circumstances,
and since that time I have killed four more with the same kind
CHAP. XXV MERITS OF DIFFERENT RIFLES 429
of rifle, using of course the long, solid, hardened bullet of 540
grains, and a powder charge of only 75 grains.
I do not, however, advise any of my readers who may be
about to adopt elephant-hunting as a profession to entirely
exclude large-bore rifles from their battery. Not at all. If a
man is going to make a business of elephant-hunting he wants
the most deadly weapon he can get, and I think there is no
doubt that under many circumstances, especially in thick bush,
a heavy large-bore rifle would be far more effective than a small-
bore for elephant-shooting. On the other hand, I think that if
a man is going on a long journey of exploration, when every
pound weight of his outfit is of importance, and hopes to kill
an elephant or two, but would not feel that his life was
embittered if he did not do so, there is no necessity that he
should burden himself with anything larger than a 450-bore
rifle of the right kind, with the long solid bullets for heavy
game, and expanding bullets for soft-skinned animals. So
many elephants have been killed of late years with 450-bore
rifles, principally Martini- Henry's of the Government pattern,
that it is no longer possible to regard such an occurrence as a
mere lucky accident. Put your long solid 450-bore bullet
through the upper part of an elephant's heart, or through the
big blood-vessels of both his lungs, and you will kill him
nearly as quickly as if you inflicted the same wound with a
4-ounce spherical ball. Hit him in the ear and put your
bullet into his brain, and you will drop him as dead as if you
had blown his head off with the 8 i -ton gun.
Of course if a man goes out to Africa with nothing but a
small-bore rifle, and happens to fall in with elephants, and
does not manage to kill one, he will all his life believe that had
he only had a heavy rifle he would have bagged his animal.
However, it is only necessary to read Gordon -Cumming's
accounts of elephant-shooting with heavy rifles to see how
difficult it sometimes is to kill these animals. If my memory
serves me, he relates having fired thirty-seven bullets from a
heavy 10-bore rifle into one elephant after it had been
crippled by a broken shoulder. I have known personally
many of the old Boer elephant-hunters of the last generation,
and there was not one of them who had not endless stories of
I
430 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
the elephants he had lost, after firing many shots into them
with heavy smooth-bore guns. On the other hand, I remember
Jan Engelbrecht, a son of old Michael Engclbrecht, telling me
quite a different experience. He happened to be at Mr.
Collison's waggon one day without a heavy rifle, when a herd
of elephants was sighted close at hand. Mr. Collison lent
Jan a horse and one of his own rifles, a double 500-bore, by
Holland and Holland, the well-known firm of Bond Street.
Jan Engelbrecht of course used heavy solid bullets, and he
killed four good elephants. In describing the incident to me
afterwards, and telling me how surprised he was at killing
the elephants so easily with a small-bore rifle, he concluded by
saying, " Mijn magthet, nooit zaal ik wieder en groet rocr en
mijn hand vaat" ("By jove, I'll never take a big gun in my
hand again "). Now Jan Engelbrecht was born and brought up
in the hunting veld, and had been shooting elephants all his
life with large smooth-bore guns, and would never have thought
of trying a small-bore if he had had his own old " roer " ; but
the one experiment converted him. However, I will content
myself by saying that to my mind it has been clearly proved
that elephants can be killed without any great difficulty with
450-bore rifles, provided long, heavy, solid bullets are used.
But to the professional elephant-hunter I say, give yourself
every chance, and take the heaviest rifle you can stand up to
for shots in dense bush, and when you cannot get a fair shot at
a vital part. As for buffaloes, which are acknowledged by Sir
Samuel Baker and other writers to be excessively tenacious of
life, they are easily killed with a 450-bore rifle. During the
past two years, 1891 and 1892, some hundreds of buffaloes
have been killed on the Lower Pungwi river, near Beira.
Quite nine out of every ten of these have been killed with
sporting Martini-Henry rifles, which are of course of 450-bore.
Some years ago at the Umfuli river, in Mashunaland, a
young Free State Boer named Montgomery, who was shooting
for hides, killed sixteen buffaloes out of a herd with the same
kind of rifle. These facts, I think, speak for themselves. You
can kill anything that walks this earth with a 450-bore
Metford rifle, by Gibbs of Bristol, or with a good rifle of
the same bore by any other good maker. Having used
XXV MERITS OF DIFFERENT RIFLES 431
Gibbs's Metford rifles for the last twelve years with the
most complete satisfaction to myself, I naturally swear by
Gibbs ; but I have of course seen many other splendid rifles
by other makers, notably by Rigby, and Holland and Holland.
Naturally every one believes in the weapon that has done him
good service. My friend Cornells van Rooyen, who is as
good a hunter as South Africa can produce, and a right good
fellow to boot, uses nothing but a double 500-bore rifle, by
Holland and Holland, which was given him some years
ago by his friend and companion, the late Mr. H. C. Collison.
With this rifle he has shot every kind of game in Africa, from
a steinbuck to an elephant, and he will not believe that the
world can produce its equal, though he acknowledges that my
Metford is a good little weapon in its way.
Should any of my readers, acting on my advice, determine
to try a 450-bore rifle, let them be very careful about the
kind of bullets they use. For large game, as I have already
said, you want a long, heavy, solid bullet, and for large
antelopes and lions the best kind of bullet is one weighing
about 360 grains, with a small hollow at the point, good
thick walls round the hollow part, and a heavy solid end.
Such a bullet will mushroom on striking an animal, but
will also have great penetrating power. The small, light
Express bullets, with scarcely any base, a large hollow in
the point, and thin walls, are useless for anything but very
small animals, as, being driven at an immense velocity
by a heavy charge of powder, they break all to pieces on
impact, and merely inflict surface wounds on such animals as
the larger African antelopes. These are the projectiles which
Sir Samuel Baker, in his most interesting and useful book.
Wild Beasts and their Ways, condemns in such unqualified
terms, and I am quite of his opinion concerning them ; but the
bullets used in such a rifle as Mr. Gibbs's 461 -Metford, taking
the No. 2 cartridge, have a very different effect. These 461-
bore rifles shoot either a 570-grain bullet propelled by 80
grains of powder, or a 360-grain expanding bullet with a small
hollow at the point, propelled by 100 grains of powder.
In conclusion, I do not say that a man who happened to
get killed through failing to stop the charge of a wounded
432 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
buffalo, elephant, or lion with a 450-bore rifle might not
possibly have saved his life if he had had a heavy rifle in
his hands. But any one who hunts big game ought to be
prepared to take some chances ; and after all, if the element of
danger were entirely eliminated, where would the fun come in?
It must be borne in mind that my remarks only refer to African
shooting, where much of the country is very open, so open
indeed that one's rifles ought to be carefully sighted 2ip to at least
four hundred yards.
In the dense grass jungles of the East no doubt heavy rifles
arc far more necessary than in many parts of Africa. I have
of late years lost my interest in large-bore rifles, but I would
advise any one desirous of investing in such weapons to have a
look at Holland and Holland's new 10 and 8 bore Paradox
guns, shooting 8 to 10 drams of powder and a steel bullet
coated with lead. I happened to see some shot the other
day at the shooting ground, and was much struck by their
great accuracy. The penetration too, I was as.sured, was very
great, and these weapons are of course much lighter than
rifles of the same calibre.
Having said my say about rifles, I will now proceed to
relate a few hunting reminiscences.
It was on the Chobi that, one morning in September 1877,
being in want of meat for my men, I followed the fresh spoor
of a large herd of buffaloes from the river, and in due course
came up with them. Just as I sighted them they got my
wind and came galloping out obliquely past me in a dense
black mass and well within shot. I fired at a cow with a
single lo-bore rifle I was then using, and knew that I had hit
her about the right place. I then ran on after the herd, but
the wounded cow could not keep up with her companions for
more than one hundred yards, after which she slowed down to a
trot, and then, stopping, turned and looked at me, the blood
streaming from her mouth and nostrils. She was quite done for,
and as I approached lay down, and commenced to bellow, as
these animals so often do when dying. As she did so, the herd,
now about one hundred and fifty yards from her, stopped, and
the buffaloes all stood closely packed together gazing towards
where I stood, close to the still bellowing cow. I had pushed
XXV DODGING A WOUNDED BUFFALO 433
another cartridge into my rifle whilst running, and now hastily
fired at another buffalo whose head and shoulders protruded from
the confused black mass of the herd. The animal, a fine young
bull, fell to the shot in its tracks, and the herd again galloped
off. The cow was by this time dead, so, accompanied by my
boys, I walked leisurely towards my second victim, which still lay
perfectly still and apparently dead. When quite close I saw
the bullet wound in his neck, and knew that his sudden fall
had been produced by the shock to the spinal column, from
which, if it is only a jar and the bones are not broken, an
animal will recover as suddenly as he collapses on receiving the
wound. I was close in front of the seemingly dead animal
when he commenced to struggle and at once endeavoured to
stand up, first getting on to his hind legs whilst still kneeling, as
is the way with all bovine animals. I was standing within a
yard of his nose, so, hastily firing into his chest, I sprang past
his head and made for a small tree behind him. In spite of
the terrible wound he had just received, the sturdy beast
struggled to his feet, and, catching sight of some of my Kafirs
who were already some distance off and in full retreat, at once
charged after them, grunting furiously.
I was now by my tree, watching events and putting
another cartridge into my rifle. The buffalo having missed
my boys, who had all climbed into or were standing behind
trees, soon slowed down to a trot, but was evidently still
eager for revenge, as he came round in a half- circle with
nose upraised and horns laid back. I was just going to
fire at him, when he must have got my wind, for he sud-
denly swung round and, seeing me, came on at a gallop as
hard as he could. He was about one hundred yards off when
he started, and when he was some sixty yards from me I fired
for his throat ; but he neither stopped nor swerved, nor showed in
any way that he was hit, but came straight on. I had plenty
of time and could have swarmed up the branchless stem of the
sapling by which I was standing, and got out of his reach with
the greatest ease ; but as my legs were bare I knew that such
a course meant the loss of a lot of skin, so I determined to
dodge him. I was young and active in those days, and full of
confidence in my nerve, so, holding the stem of the tree in my
2 F
434 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
left hand, I leant out as far as possible and awaited the onset.
When he was very near me — so close indeed as to preclude
the possibility of his being able to swerve and pass on the
other side of the tree — I pulled my body with a sudden jerk up
to and beyond the stem, and, shooting past the buffalo's hind
quarters, ran as hard as ever I could to another tree standing
in the direction from which he had come. I knew that by
this manoeuvre I should gain a good deal of ground, as, even
if my adversary had followed me, the pace at which he was
going was such that he would not have been able to turn till he
had got some way past the tree where I had given him the
slip. Had he come round after me I should have now climbed
for it ; but, as I expected, when I dodged from under his very
nose and shot past behind him he lost me entirely and ran
straight on. He did not, however, go far, but stopped and lay
down, and I killed him with another bullet. On examining
him I found that the shot I had fired at him as he was
charging had struck him in the gristle of the nose (which was,
of course, outstretched, as it always is when a buffalo charges),
and, passing through the back of his tongue, had entered his
vitals and inflicted a mortal wound from which he would soon
have died without another shot.
As with the African elephant, so with the buffalo it is
almost impossible to kill either the one or the other with a
shot in the front of the head when charging, owing to the
position in which the head is then held, though both may be
easily killed by a shot in the front of the head when standing
at rest.
In 1879, when hunting near Linyanti, on the eastern bank
of the Chobi, I took a stroll from camp one evening with
my gun carrier and wounded a buffalo bull, which I followed
through some rather open bush. I sighted him several times,
but as the bush was by no means thick, he always saw me
coming on, and galloped off before I got within shot. At
length the covert grew denser, and on the edge of an open
valley became very thick indeed. Here I took my rifle and
followed the spoor myself slowly and cautiously. However,
the wounded animal went right through the bush into the open,
so I handed the rifle back to my boy, and told him to take
XXV A NARROW ESCAPE 435
the spoor again. He almost immediately lost it, but we soon
found that it had just gone into the open, and then turned
short round and entered the bush again. Just in front of us
was a large mass of evergreen shrubs, and as my boy, who still
had the rifle, got round it he started back. As he did so I caught
the rifle from his shoulder with my left hand, and at the same
instant saw the wounded buffalo, which had been standing
just behind the bushes, coming on with loud grunts, and
literally within ten yards of me. I had no time to raise the
rifle to my shoulder, but, swinging it round to my hips, just
pulled the trigger, and at the same time sprang to one side.
At the same moment I was covered with a shower of sand, and
some part of the buffalo, nose or horn or shoulder, touched my
thigh with sufficient force to overturn me, but without hurting
me in the least. I was on my feet again in a moment, ready
to run for it, but saw that my adversary was on the ground
bellowing, with a hind leg, evidently broken, dragging out bcr
hind him. Before he recovered himself I despatched him with
a bullet through the lungs. My random shot must have passed
under his chest, between his forelegs, and had broken his
right hind leg just above the hock, bringing him down suddenly
and covering me with a shower of sand. As there were no
trees about, but only scrubby bush, if it had not been for this
lucky shot disabling him he would probably have got me.
As much of our South African hunting is still done on
horseback, and one gallops after game at a break-neck pace
over all sorts of rough ground, the true nature of which is often
concealed by long grass, it is not to be wondered at if one gets
a good many spills. I, myself, have had my share of these,
but I have seldom hurt myself
Late one evening in September 1883 I was riding over
to my camp on the Manyami river, Mashunaland, and was
quite alone, as I had left my boys about thirty miles off in the
morning and ridden on. I had entered an open valley which
ran down to within a short distance of my camp, when, from
the bush I had just left, a black rhinoceros trotted out into the
open, having no doubt got my wind as I passed. At first I
had no intention of meddling with him, as I had no Kafirs
with me to cut him up if I shot him, but before he had
436
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN A ERICA
got far I bethought me that his skull would be worth some-
thing to me as a museum specimen, and at once galloped up
and gave him a good shot with a small 450-bore rifle I was
carrying. He had broken from a trot into a gallop before I
fired, but on receiving the shot went a good deal faster, at the
same time snorting violently. The ground was now perfectly
open and first-rate for galloping, as the long summer grass had
been burnt off; so, hastily remounting and pushing in another
cartridge, I put on the pace in order to get a second shot before
reaching the belt of timber which skirted the open valley.
A black rhinoceros can gallop at an extraordinary pace
Black Rhinoceros Drinking.
for so heavy a beast ; indeed, it is just as much as a good
horse can do to overtake one, so that as I ranged alongside,
my horse, a powerful stallion, was going at hig utmost speed.
I was just going to rein in for another shot when he either
crossed his forelegs or trod on his own front foot, and came
down all of a heap with tremendous force, shooting me far over
his head. I felt great pain in the groin at once, but nothing
else ; but as I got on my feet, doubled up and groaning and
pressing my right hand to where I felt the pain, I heard the
unmistakable sound of bone rubbing on bone — crepitating, I
think, is the word — and raising my hand found that my left
collar-bone was badly fractured, the one broken end sticking
up in a point under the skin. It .seems that the stock of the
rifle had caught me a severe blow in the groin, and the barrel,
XXV / BREAK MY COLLAR-BONE 437
coming up across my chest, had broken my collar-bone. In
addition to this I had fallen on my right shoulder, and so was
sore all over. I did not trouble any more about the rhinoceros,
but getting on my horse, which was not materially damaged
by the fall, rode slowly down to my camp a much sadder man
than I had been before I saw the rhinoceros. I was alone that
year in the veld, and so had nobody but my Kafirs to help me
to set my broken collar-bone. However, I knew pretty well
what to do, but spent a tedious time in camp waiting for the
bone to set. On the twenty-third day I shot a Tsessebe ante-
lope, the following day two elands, and the next three sable
antelopes. The bone was not then properly set and hardened,
and ached so at nights, owing to the strain on it from guiding
my horse with the left hand through the bush, that I got but
little sleep ; but it got better every day, and was soon all
right.
One day in 1887 I was riding with Mr. J. A.Jameson
(brother of the Mr. James S. Jameson who, to the infinite regret
of all who ever knew him, lately lost his life on the Congo),
when, near a place called Pondoro's, we espied four splendid
koodoo bulls coming down from some rocky hills to drink in
the stream below. As soon as they saw us they halted and,
after gazing towards us for a few moments, turned and cantered
heavily towards the hills, and we at once galloped in pursuit.
They gained the rocks before we could get within shot, and,
when just on the ridge, stood amongst some great boulders ot
stone and again looked back at us. My friend here dismounted
for a shot, but as he could see nothing but the head and horns
of the largest bull, its body being covered by a rock, only got
a very bad chance, and fired without effect. The koodoos at
once disappeared and entered the thick bush behind the ridge
of rocks, and I galloped in close behind them. Of the four
two were very large bulls, one of which had a magnificent pair
of horns — long, well twisted, and perfectly symmetrical. The
bush was now so thick that it was impossible to dismount in
it and get a shot, so I resolved to stick close to them until
they got into more open ground. Being mounted on a quick
active pony, I was able to press them pretty hard and keep
close to them. They soon separated, two going off to the
438 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN A ERICA chap.
left, one of the young bulls remaining with the big one I
wanted. Very soon these two again separated, and I was left
alone with the biggest bull.
We were now going down a gentle slope, still very thickly
covered with bush ; but I knew that we should soon emerge
upon one of the open valleys between the wooded hills, and,
once there, the koodoo bull would have been mine. However,
it was not to be. Suddenly I came upon a row of open
pitfalls, old ones certainly, but still pretty deep, and some
eight or ten feet long. I nearly went into one, but just missed
doing so, and, thinking the danger past, stuck the spurs in
and pushed my pony to his greatest speed in order to get
close up to the koodoo, and have a shot at him as soon as he
got into the open. Suddenly I found myself on the edge of
another row of pitfalls, and on the very brink of one, at which
I was going obliquely and at full speed. It was impossible to
wrench the pony's head round and pass the pitfall, as I had
done before. We were too near before I saw it, and the only
thing was to stick the spurs in and hope my horse would
jump. However, an African hunting- horse, though he will
usually jump well at timber, will seldom negotiate an open
ditch, and on this occasion my pony went full tilt right into
the pitfall and the next instant I was on the other side of it
with the saddle. The pace at which he was going had carried
him the whole length of the pitfall, the opposite end of which
he had struck with his chest with great violence and then
fallen back into it, I myself going on with the saddle over his
head. I could see at once that the poor brute's back was
broken, though he was still alive.
As soon as Jameson came up with the Kafirs we got him
out of the hole, and I at once shot him. We then cut him
open and found that the backbone was broken, one rib broken
off close up to the vertebme and two more forced out of their
sockets — altogether a pretty good smash. I myself had hurt
my foot, which must have got in between the horse's chest
and the side of the pitfall, and strained some of the tendons so
that I could not walk for some three weeks afterwards.
On 4th October 1880 I rode out from my camp on the
Umfuli river, Mashunaland, and crossing the Lundaza, one of
ELAND-SHOOTING 439
its tributaries, came across a herd of elands, and shot the two
bulls. I had a lot of Kafirs with me, so that I was able to
carry nearly all the meat back to camp, and bushed up the
remainder, including the necks, heads, and skins, to be fetched
on the morrow. The next day I rode back with my boys to
our cacJie, thinking I might possibly find a lion there ; but
nothing had been touched, so, sending the Kafirs back to camp
with the skins and heads and all the meat that was left, I took a
round by myself, hoping to come across ostriches, the feathers
of which giant birds were then valuable. I had not ridden a
couple of miles after leaving my boys when I came upon a herd
of some sixty or seventy elands, with three enormous old bulls
amongst them. An eland bull is not an animal that an African
hunter likes to pass by, as the fat that can be obtained in large
quantities from one in good condition is most useful in cooking
the dry meat of the smaller antelopes. However, to have shot
one there and then would have been to have destroyed a
magnificent beast for the benefit of the vultures, which would have
devoured the carcase before I could have brought boys from
camp to cut up the meat. After a little thought, and seeing
the direction the elands took as they trotted away, I determined
to drive the biggest bull out of the herd and try to take him to
our camp on the Umfuli. With this intention I galloped up
to the herd, and was soon close behind an immense old bull.
But few people in England probably have any idea what a
magnificent animal an eland bull really is. That the bull now
in the Gardens of the Zoological Society is not equal in size to
a large wild specimen may be at once seen by comparing him with
the animal now on view in the Mammalia Gallery of the Natural
History Museum at Kensington. However, the bull about which
I was talking, in spite of his great weight and size, went off at
once into a springing gallop, which kept him in front of my horse
for half a mile or so, when he broke into a trot, and I came
alongside and took him away from the herd. He then made a
fresh spurt, but this time could not keep it up for more than two
hundred yards, and after that never broke from his trot again.
As he had headed of his own accord for my camp, I had little
difficulty in keeping him to the right course, and had only to
be careful not to press him too hard, as in that case a tired eland
440 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
bull will stop and refuse to go any farther. The country being
very open, I let my splendid victim trot quietly on some two
hundred yards in front of me, the foam flying in flakes from his
mouth, and besmirching his broad chest and low hanging
dewlap. We soon reached the Lundaza, the banks of which
are high and steep, so, being afraid that if he saw me near him
he would stand in the water and refuse to go any farther, I held
in to give him time to pass it, but then galloped down as hard
as I could, as there were some wooded ridges just beyond in
which I might easily have lost him if he had got too far ahead.
As I reached the river I did not see him, and thought he had
walked down the bed of the stream, and so continued to canter
along the bank.
Thinking he might possibly have gone up stream, I turned
in the saddle to look behind me, but without checking the
horse. Not seeing the eland, I brought my head round again,
and got a fearful blow in the right eye from the point of the
overhanging branch of a dead tree under which my horse had
taken me. The blow half stunned me and knocked me right
out of the saddle on to my horse's quarters. At once checking
him, I regained my seat, and putting my hand up to my eye,
which was closed, found I was bleeding pretty freely. At the
same time I felt very sick, but saw with my left eye the eland
bull trotting away about two hundred yards off on the other
side of the river, and still making straight for our camp. I at
once got my horse down the bank, crossed the stream, and was
soon once more close behind the eland. I felt very sick, but as our
camp was now not more than two miles off, and he was going
straight to it of his own accord, I determined to try to get him in.
He went steadilyon till within five hundred yards, when I think he
must have winded something, as he suddenly stopped and would
not go a step farther. Feeling that I should soon faint, I dis-
mounted and, looking at the eland with my left eye, raised my
rifle and sent a bullet through his lungs, and then remounting
galloped into camp, where there were several Europeans. Mr.
Tainton went out with Kafirs and got in the eland meat, and
Mr. Ronkesley and my old friend Mr. Thomas Ayres, the well-
known South African ornithologist, looked after me. I must
have had concussion of the brain, as I became half unconscious
XXV A SERIOUS ACCIDENT 441
and vomited up everything that they gave me, even tea, so they
got frightened, and the following morning sent boys to call Dr.
Crook, who was hunting with Mr. J. S. Jameson at the distance
of a day's journey to the north. As soon as the message
reached them they most kindly came to my assistance, though
they were having great sport with rhinoceroses, Mr. Jameson
having only the previous day shot three of these animals —
bull, cow, and half-grown calf — in one run.
Well, Dr. Crook doctored me secundum arteiii, and the wound
in the corner of my eye healed up. It was, however, more
than a month before I could see properly with my right eye.
From time to time the wound opened and then healed up again,
but the Doctor could find no dead bone in it. Time went on,
and early the following year I returned to England, and one
June morning was walking down _,.^
Bond Street with Mr. Rowland --^g'r^'^^
Ward, the well - known naturalist v^SStK^^^
of Piccadilly, when I began to
^ ^ Facsimile OF THE Piece OF Wood WHICH
sneeze and he accused mc of entered the author's face
having a cold. I denied the soft '*""*'• '"''•
impeachment, and presently felt something come down one
of the ducts into the back of my mouth and spat it into my
hand, and there was a piece of hard African wood, the end of
the dry branch which, eight months previously, had struck me
in the eye on the bank of the Lundaza river in Mashunaland,
and, having passed right through the bone with the force of the
blow, had lain perdu in my head all that time, till at last, having
got into one of the ducts at the back of the nose, it had passed
down into my mouth. This piece of wood was not a splinter,
but a solid bit of hard wood quite three-quarters of an inch long
and of a very considerable thickness.
In the end of October 1887, whilst travelling in company
with a party of English sportsmen, Messrs. J. A. Jameson, A.
C. Fountaine, and F. Cooper, I crossed the Sebakwi river, not
very far from its source, on the Mashuna plateau, and the follow-
ing day camped near the head waters of a small stream, a
tributary of that river. As we knew that herds of blue wilde-
beests frequented the open grassy downs that stretched away
to the south-west as far as we could see, and my friends were
442 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
anxious to secure a few heads of these curious-looking animals,
we intended to remain where we were for a couple of days, and
hunt the surrounding country in search of them. The next
day. Cooper being laid up with a bad foot, and Fountaine having
something to do in camp, Jameson and I rode out together.
The first thing wc espied was a pair of ostriches, but, the country
being very open, they saw us and made off when we were still
far away ; and though we galloped some distance after them,
we never got a shot. Soon after this we came across a herd of
Tsessebe antelopes, one of which Jameson shot. I galloped after
the herd, and on topping a ridge came in sight of some wilde-
beests in the valley beyond. Reining in, I was just about to
turn my horse's head and ride back to call my friend, when the
wary beasts, having probably winded me, galloped off in a long
line, swinging their bushy black tails as they ran. The only
thing to do now was to pursue them, which I did, and soon
wounded a fine old bull, the biggest animal in the herd. He
at once left the others and went off alone, and I thought he
was done for. However, I was mistaken, for upon seeing me
approach he went off at a tremendous pace, and finally ran
right away from me ; so after firing a long shot at, and missing
him as he crossed a small stream, I pulled in and off-saddled
my tired horse.
After waiting for more than an hour, and none of my Kafirs
appearing, I again saddled up, and, as a heavy thunderstorm
was threatening, rode straight back for the waggons, thinking
that my friend Jameson would do the same with his boys.
Before reaching camp a heavy shower fell, accompanied with
much thunder and lightning, which soon drenched me — -the first
rain of the season. On riding up to my waggon, which was
standing a little apart from the others, I was informed that
during my absence our oxen had been attacked by lions, and two
of them killed, amongst some large thorn-trees less than half a
mile from our camp ; and that Fountaine, accompanied by
Cooper's English servant, Philip, had saddled up and gone after
them with all the dogs ; and as several shots had been heard,
there was no doubt that they had come to close quarters with
the bold marauders. As I was told that shots had been heard
only just before my arrival, I at once caught another horse, and
XXV FOUR LIONS KILLED 443
hastily transferring the saddle, galloped as hard as I could in
the direction pointed out to me. Just where the lions had
killed the oxen lay a piece of rising ground, on which grew
some large thorn -trees, without, however, there being any
underwood below them ; and beyond this lay an open valley,
bounded on its farther side by a series of rocky ridges, thickly
covered with forest and underwood. In the valley stood here
and there a single large thorn -tree, beneath one of which
were gathered a knot of Kafirs ; and upon riding up to them
I found that they were standing round the carcase of a fine old
lioness. They informed me that the white men had killed three
lions, but that one was still alive, and that the dogs were after
him in one of the wooded hills beyond the open ground. Just
as they were speaking I saw Fountaine come galloping into
view, closely pursued by a fine lion, who in his turn was
accompanied by our whole pack of dogs. The lion soon gave
up the pursuit, and, with all the dogs barking round him,
retreated into the wooded ridge to his right, where he became
invisible, though his angry growls were plainly audible. The
dogs stuck to him well, and, working our way towards the
growling and barking, we presently got a view of him, standing
on a large rock, twitching his tail angrily from side to side, but
his attention thoroughly engaged by my plucky pack of mongrel
hounds by which he was surrounded. Here we killed him
without any further difficulty.
A lot of the Kafirs and waggon drivers having now come up,
we lifted this lion on to Fountaine's horse, and balancing it over
the saddle, with a man holding it in position on each side, had
the horse led off to camp — not a mile distant — in order to
weigh the animal just as he was. Fountaine and I, with Philip,
now went with the rest of the boys to skin the other three lions,
while the first drops of a tremendous storm of rain commenced
to fall. We were just skinning the last carcase (thatof the lioness
I had first ridden past) when the storm burst upon us with the
most terrific violence. The rain came down in a way I have
seldom seen equalled, making it impossible to distinguish any-
thing at a distance of over twenty yards, and the level ground
on which we were standing was soon covered with water a
couple of inches deep. Our rifles and the Kafirs' assegais were
444
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
standing against the trunk of the thorn-tree beneath which the
lioness lay, but luckily they did not appear to attract the
lightning, which was playing all round us in a very disagreeable
manner, whilst the terrific crashes of thunder by which it was
accompanied assured us that the storm was raging directly
overhead.
As soon as we had got the lioness's skin off we returned to
camp, and directly the storm was over set to work to weigh the
carcase of the lion. We rigged our scale on to a strong
horizontal branch, and slinging the heavy body in a couple of
strong thongs, hitched them on to the hook depending from it ;
Lioness watching Herd of Antelopes.
but as our scale would not weigh anything over 300 lbs.,
we found the lion was much too heavy. We now skinned him,
leaving the head, paws, and tail in the skin ; but even then the
carcase was too heavy. We then cut«off the one shoulder, and
what was left still weighed 285 lbs. ; and the shoulder, together
with the skin, with head, feet, and tail attached, weighed 100
lbs. more, giving 385 lbs. as the weight of the animal just as
he lay. This lion, though a fine massively-built animal, was
still not quite full grown, as his mane was only just commencing
to appear, and, though not in low condition, had yet not an
ounce of fat upon him. I have seen old full-grown lions very
much more bulky, and sometimes in such high condition that
their bellies were covered with a layer of fat nearly, if not quite,
XXV THE WEIGHT OF LIONS 445
an inch thick, and I feel sure that such lions must have weighed
very much more than the young animal whose weight I have
recorded. In fact, I now believe that a large full-grown South
African lion, when in high condition, will weigh from 400 to
500 Ibs.^ Dr. Livingstone, amongst other unfairly depreciative
remarks concerning the lion, speaks of him as " somewhat larger
than the biggest dog."
In the evening, finding that my best dog, Punch (a grand-
son of the Punch previously mentioned, and a rare good dog
with a lion), was absent, I made inquiries about him, and heard
from one of my boys that he had been shot by accident while
engaged in baying the lions, and that he had been seen lying
under a bush close to where the first lioness was killed. As
it was already getting dark before I found this out, I could
do nothing that evening, but at daylight the next morning,
saddling up a horse and taking the boy with me who had last
seen him, I went to look for my poor old dog. However, we
could find no traces of him whatever, although, owing to the
previous day's heavy rain, the ground was everywhere soft and
muddy, and it was impossible to miss the spoor of anything
that had passed after the rain had ceased to fall. After look-
ing in vain for some trace of the poor animal whose pluck and
devotion to duty had cost him his life, we came round to the
large thorn-tree beneath which we had skinned the lioness, and
at once saw that the carcase was gone, and on examining the
ground found that it had been dragged away by two more
lions during the night. The footprints, which were very plainly
discernible in the soft ground, were those of a large animal,
probably an old lioness, and a half-grown cub.
After following the trail for some little distance, and find-
ing that the carcase was being dragged to the wooded ridge
where we had shot the last lion, I galloped back to camp to
call my friends and get the dogs, without whose help I knew
that we should have had but little chance of killing the lions,
or even sighting them at all in the thick forest that backed the
rocky ridges. My friends did not take long to saddle up, and
we were soon back again with all the dogs and Kafirs, and at
^ Since writing the above I have weighed another large lion, and found that it turned
the scale at 408 lbs.
446 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
once took up the spoor. The carcase had been dragged right
amongst the trees on the edge of the rocky ground, and there
partially devoured, all the meat of the hind quarters having been
torn from the bones. This is the only case that has actually
come under my notice of lions feeding upon the flesh of their
own kind, but it is one that admits of no doubt whatever,
and I have heard of other instances of the same kind.
Although we had seen nothing of the lions on approaching
across the open, I felt sure that they had seen us, and had only
just moved off, as their scent was so warm that the dogs
whined with excitement as they sniffed about round the
carcase. Very soon old Ruby and her daughter Fanny got
the spoor away, and, followed by the rest of the pack, took it
up at such a pace that we had all our work to do to keep
them in sight amongst the thickly-growing trees. Wc had not
far to go, however, for soon a few sharp barks, quickly followed
by the deep-toned growls of an angry lion, let us know that
our quarry was at bay, and almost immediately we sighted a
fine old lioness standing on a large block of stone amongst the
trees, with our whole pack yelping round her. Cooper, who,
despite his bad foot, had this morning joined the hunt, was the
first up, and, dismounting quickly, at once gave the beautiful
though dangerous beast a shot in the middle of the chest with
a 500-bore Winchester, which, passing through her heart,
killed her almost instantaneously, as she just gave one sweep
with her tail and came tumbling head foremost off the rock,
and never stirred from where she lay on the ground at its foot.
As the shot was fired poor old Ruby, mad with excitement,
rushed in, and was just in time to get a severe bite in the hind
quarters, the last expiring effort of the dying lioness. This
was a very fine animal, very thick-set and heavy, and with a
very good coat. Of the half-grown cub that must have been
somewhere about we could see nothing, but as he was a young
animal we did not bother much about him. I had to have
poor Ruby carried home. She had four nasty holes through
the fleshy parts of her hind quarters, but no bones were broken,
and as I had the wounds washed out with strong carbolic
lotion, they soon healed, and the old dog was all right again in
a month's time.
XXV DEATH OF MR. CLARK SON 447
In going back to camp we noticed that a large thorn-tree,
standing about sixty yards from the one beneath which we had
stood whilst skinning the lioness during the terrific thunder-
storm of the day before, had been shattered by lightning. As
there were several rifles and assegais standing round our tree,
I think we may consider it a fortunate circumstance that it
was not struck as well as, or instead of, the other one.
In December 1882 I was travelling south from the Mata-
bili country, and was in charge of about a hundred head of
cattle belonging to Mr. Fairbairn, a well-known trader. I was
just inspanning the waggons one afternoon amongst the hills
skirting the Inkwesi river when a heavy storm of rain came on,
accompanied by much thunder and lightning. The boys herd-
ing Mr. Fairbairn's cattle now drove them up alongside of the
waggons, and they stood thickly clustered together amongst
the trees. Suddenly, from where I stood in front of my
waggon, I saw some splinters of wood fly from a tree near me
— about sixty yards off — whilst all the cattle standing beneath
it fell to the ground. On going up to see what had happened I
found thirteen fine oxen lying dead. Most of them must have
had their heads down feeding, and had been struck dead so
instantaneously, and fallen so suddenly, that their necks and
heads were bent in under their bodies. I could not get a
Kafir to come near the dead animals, and they seemed quite
frightened at what had occurred. I turned all the carcases
over, but could find no mark of any kind upon any of them.
Some years ago I lost one of my best friends by lightning.
In March 1879 I left Klerksdorp in the Transvaal, and my
friends Messrs. Clarkson, Collison, and French were to follow
me as quickly as possible, and we then intended to hunt
together in the Mababi country. Clarkson was struck by
lightning near Klerksdorp, and French, poor fellow, still more
unfortunate, lost his life in the waterless forests between the
Chobi and the Zambesi. Since then Collison and I have had
many a good day together in the wilds, and now he, too, has
gone. He was with Clarkson when he was struck, and has
often told me how it happened. The weather had been very
wet, and the ground was consequently in a very bad condition
for waggon travelling. My friends one evening had got
448 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xxv
through a very bad bit of ground, and outspanned on the
farther side just as a heavy thunderstorm came up. Having
tied up the oxen and horses, and made all snug for the night,
Clarkson went over to Collison's waggon, and getting up in
front, so that he sat half on the side and half on the fore box,
commenced to talk to his friend, who was inside, when the
storm burst upon them, and the lightning played all round,
whilst the thunder crashed overhead. Suddenly Collison felt
himself pushed backwards, and lost consciousness for a short
time. When he came to himself he was aware of a sulphurous
smell, and raising himself called out, " Hallo, Mat, what's up ? "
But poor Mat Clarkson never spoke again, for he lay dead
across the fore box of the waggon. He had been struck in
the head, and the electric fluid had passed out through his side
down the iron " rung " at the side of the waggon, a small round
hole like that made by a Martini-Henry bullet having been
drilled through his broad-brimmed felt hat, which hung in Mr.
Leask's office in Klerksdorp for some time after the accident.
CHAPTER XXVI
Further hunting reminiscences
On the 17th April 1879 I left Bamangvvato with two waggons,
taking with me two young colonists in my employ as elephant
hunters, and started for the Mababi river, which I eventually
reached early in June, after a very difficult journey owing to the
extreme scarcity of water in the desert wastes lying between
the Botletli and Mababi rivers. A few days later I was joined
by Collison and French, two old acquaintances who had also
come in on an elephant-hunting expedition. These gentlemen
lost ten of their oxen by thirst in crossing the waterless country
south of the Mababi.
After forming a main camp, in which we placed all our
waggons, and having made strong kraals for our oxen and
horses, we left everything in charge of some of our native
servants, and started on foot on i8th June in search of
elephants, which animals we hoped to fall in with in the
country immediately to the north-west of the Mababi, or else
in the neighbourhood of the Chobi and Sunta rivers.
During the following six months I hunted sometimes in
company with one or more of my companions, at others alone,
with only my own native followers.
On 1st July, having crossed the desert country which lies
between the Machabi and Chobi rivers, Collison and I fell
in with our friends French and Miller, whom we had not seen
since the day after we left the waggons. The following
morning we all joined company, and held to the north and
west along the river's bank, or rather along the edge of the
lagoons and swamps through which the river here runs. During
2 G
450 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
the course of the forenoon we passed several herds of blue
wildebeests, tsessebe antelopes, and Burchell's zebras, scattered
over the open alluvial flats which form the intermediate space
between the marsh and the forest-clad sand-belts to the south ;
whilst the fresh spoor of numerous buffaloes, elands, and
giraffes showed where herds of those animals had passed on
their way to and from the water during the preceding night.
Glancing across the lagoons and flooded meadows to our right,
large herds of the graceful water-loving leechwc antelopes were
constantly in view, and often allowed us to approach to within
two hundred yards of them before taking to flight. These
beautiful animals are exceedingly numerous on all this part of
the Chobi, and the elegant lyrate horns of the males are
amongst the handsomest of the trophies to be won by a
sportsman in this part of the world. When pursued they
usually take to the water, dashing through the shallow lagoons,
amongst which they love to dwell, with a series of plunges,
each fresh spring being taken from the bottom, even when
the water is almost up to their necks. The splashing and
commotion made by a herd of a hundred Icechwe antelopes
crossing a sheet of shallow water may therefore be better
imagined than described. Having plenty of meat we none
of us fired a shot the whole morning, though we were often
sorely tempted to do so by sundry old leechwe rams that
stood looking curiously at us, sometimes within one hundred
and fifty yards. When at last they did take themselves off,
they invariably thrust their noses forwards and trotted away
with their horns laid back on their necks, soon, however,
changing their pace to a heavy gallop, and occasionally bound-
ing high into the air, apparently out of sheer exuberance of
spirits.
About noon we came suddenly upon the river itself, which
here flowed in a deep channel, about one hundred and twenty
yards broad, and with a current of at least five miles an hour.
We had just reached the verge of the steep bank, when, with
a loud snort as it blew the water from its nostrils, an immense
hippopotamus bull raised its head above the surface. Not
expecting anything of the sort, none of us had our rifles ready,
and before we could get hold of them the monster had once
XXVI HIPPOPOTAMUS-SHOOTING 451
more vanished from the scene. Behemoth had, however,
thoroughly grasped the situation before retiring, for he did
not again rise to breathe for several minutes, and then appeared
nearly two hundred yards farther down the stream. We then
separated and took up positions above and below the spot
where he had last gone down. He was, however, thoroughly
alarmed, and showed so little of his head above water, and
that for so short a space of time, that it was some while before
any one got a shot at him. At last Collison fired, but a little
too late, striking him in the nose after the vital portion of his
head was already out of sight. This wound, however, caused
him to leave the water and take to an impenetrable bed of
reeds on the farther side of the river, in which we heard him
crashing about and grunting for some time. As he left the
river in the shelter of a small reedy creek, we did not get the
chance of a shot at him, and, not having a canoe, were unable
to follow him.
Just then we heard three shots fired in succession by
Miller, who had strolled a little higher up the river, and upon
going to see what he had fired at, found that he had come
across five more hippopotami, two of which he thought he had
killed. As several, however, continued to rise at intervals, on
the head of one of which I could see the white bullet mark a
little above the eye, I suspected that he had only wounded
them. Shortly afterwards I struck one in the side of the head
with a bullet from my lO-bore. It was a ricochet shot, as I
saw the bullet strike the water just too short ; but, as we
afterwards found out, it entered the skull with the rebound just
at the root of the ear. I felt sure I had killed it, however,
as a few seconds after my shot two of the animal's feet just
appeared above the surface of the water, showing that the
dying beast must have rolled over as it sank. Then every-
thing disappeared. I now sent two Kafirs to watch for the
body to come up, which I thought would happen before very
long ; but hour after hour passed, and still nothing appeared.
At last, just as it was growing dusk, the carcase rose, having
been at least five hours under water. The current soon
brought it to our side of the river, and we got it to a shallow
place and cut it up at once. The victim was an old cow ;
452 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
she was not in good condition, as we had hoped would be the
case, and the meat was most villainously tough, though very
well flavoured.
I forgot to mention that, whilst passing through a patch
of bush on the river's edge, trying to get a shot at the first
hippopotamus, I came right on to a young buffalo bull lying
down, which at once jumped up and came trotting towards me,
grunting furiously. My shouts, however, mingled with the
strong language I at the same time freely bestowed upon the
Kafir who carried my rifle, and who, being a few yards behind
me, would not come any nearer, changed the animal's seemingly
aggressive intentions, and after eyeing me for a moment he
turned, and dashing out of the little patch of bush into the
open, nearly ran over the Kafirs who were in charge of our
baggage. As he turned I saw that he had recently been
mauled by lions, open wounds, still running, being plainly
visible on his shoulder and quarters. A boy of French's, who
carried a rifle, pursued and shot him. I did not go and look
at the carcase, but the Kafirs, who only brought back the
tongue and some marrow bones, said the poor beast had been
so torn and bitten that the meat was uneatable — meaning, I
suppose, uneatable for men who were looking forward to a
gorge of hippopotamus, which they of course thought would
be rolling in fat.
The following day we did not move camp, but occupied
the morning in drying the meat of the hippopotamus, and
cutting the hide into long strips suitable for sjamboks. In the
afternoon Miller went out and shot two buffaloes, having fallen
in with a large herd, whilst I took a stroll down the river and
knocked over an impala ram with a pretty head.
On 4th July we again pushed on, still following the course
of the river towards the north-west. The country through
which we passed, if not in any way grand or picturesque, was
yet far from being so monotonous and uninteresting as are
many parts of the interior of Africa. Scattered here and there
over the alluvial plains skirting the marsh were patches of
sandy soil, of from an acre to three or four acres in extent, all
of which were covered with bush and tall forest trees, amongst
which the dark-foliaged evergreens which grow so thickly on
XXVI LEECHWE ANTELOPES 453
the brink of the Victoria Falls were conspicuous. Here and
there, too, a fantastic baobab, with its huge gouty-looking stem
and long leafless limbs, met the eye, whilst clusters of tall
feathery palms came in sight at every turn. We passed game
of several varieties, and hundreds of leechwe antelopes, large
herds of which were to be seen feeding round the edge of every
lagoon. Some of them were very tame, and several times
large herds crossed just in front of us, within a hundred yards,
usually running one behind another in a long straggling line.
One herd consisted entirely of males, and, as they filed past, I
counted fifty-two. Some of these were little more than kids,
with horns only a few inches in length, but there was not a
single ewe amongst the lot. Amongst other animals we
passed close to six old buffalo bulls that were feeding slowly
away from the river on their way to some shady patch of bush,
in which they intended to pass the heat of the day. So intent
did they appear to be upon cropping the short grass that we
were close upon them before one of their number, raising his
ponderous head, noticed us. After staring at us inquisitively
for some seconds, he stretched out his nose and went off at a
heavy lumbering gallop, closely followed by his five companions.
After running a hundred yards or so, they all pulled up, and,
turning about, stood eyeing us, and then, once more betaking
themselves to flight, crashed through a thick patch of bush and
disappeared from view.
Early in the afternoon we reached a spot where a cluster
of large thorn-trees came down to the water's edge. Here a
small herd of elephant cows had been in the habit of drinking
lately, and, as they had not drunk during the preceding night,
it seemed probable that they would do so during the coming
hours of darkness. As we had none of us yet seen an elephant
since leaving the waggons, we determined to camp a short
distance on ahead, in the hope that they would come down to
the river again that night.
Beneath a fine wide-branching tree, growing upon a knoll
some quarter of a mile ahead, and close to the water's edge,
we accordingly pitched our camp. In the early part of the
night we sat round the fire conversing, and discussing the
chances of the elephants coming down to drink. Every
454 TRAVEL AhW ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
moment we expected to hear the shrill trumpet of one of
those animals ; but the night wore on, and no sound broke
the perfect stillness but the loud howl of a hya;na that had
winded our hippopotamus meat. At length wc all fell asleep.
At daylight next morning we sent a Kafir to see if the
elephants had been down to the water, and he soon returned
with the news that they had, and brought with him a large
thorn branch freshly broken off to support his statement. He
reported that as far as he could gather from the spoor the herd
consisted of a young bull, two large cows, and some half-dozen
small animals. As it would have been ridiculous for all four
of us to follow so small a lot of elephants, we resolved that
two should take their spoor, whilst the other two should proceed
farther up the river ; and we cast lots for choice. Fortune
decided that French and I should follow the elephants ; so,
leaving two Kafirs to look after our traps — not forgetting to
put a pot of hippopotamus meat on the fire, with a view to a
dish of rich thick .soup on our return in the evening — and
bidding good-bye for the present to our companions, wc made
a move without further delay.
Soon after leaving the river and entering the sand-belt we
came upon a large herd of zebras and sable antelopes feeding
together. Amongst the latter was one remarkably handsome
bull with long sweeping horns. I longed to try a shot at him,
and was sorry afterwards that I had not done so, but in the
early morning a rifle shot can be heard at a great distance,
and as we did not know how near the elephants might be to
us, we were afraid to run any risk of disturbing them. Although
the sable antelope is far from numerous along the Chobi, it
is to be met with sparsely, as far as I have been, all along the
banks of that river ; and it appears to mc that the horns of
the males in that district attain to a greater size than in any
other part of the country. After passing the sable antelopes,
we tramped steadily on the elephants' spoor for several hours
without a halt, seeing nothing but a small herd of eland cows,
which wary animals sighted us when we were still several
hundred yards distant, and at once trotted still farther out of
harm's way. All this time the spoor had taken us continually
down wind ; so that, had we got near the elephants, they would
XXVI A LARGE RHINOCEROS 455
infallibly have scented us and bolted, probably before we caught
sight of them. As, however, they were still far ahead, we always
hoped they might change their course and give us a chance of
approaching them ; but shortly after mid-day, as they showed
no signs of doing so, and were miles ahead of us, we called a
halt, and coming to the conclusion that it was not worth while
following such a worthless lot of elephants any farther under
such unfavourable circumstances, we turned about and retraced
our steps towards the river.
About an hour later two of our Kafirs, who had gone off
in pursuit of a honey-bird, came rushing back, saying they had
come upon a rhinoceros lying asleep, though they were afraid
that the birds which were upon it had noticed them, and would
give the slumbering beast the alarm. Clutching our heavy
elephant rifles, we advanced silently and swiftly towards where
the monster lay. " There he is, there he is ! " suddenly
exclaimed one of the Kafirs, and at the same instant I, too,
caught sight of a black or prehensile-lipped rhinoceros, standing
broadside on about a hundred yards off, though almost hidden
from view by a thick bush. He evidently suspected danger,
and stood with his head held high, listening intently. I was
trying to point him out to French, whom I wished to have first
shot, when, without more ado, the beast started off at a great
pace through the bushes. There was then no time to wait for
my friend ; so, taking a hasty aim with my single-4, I fired,
and striking the rhinoceros, as it afterwards appeared, high
behind the shoulder, and in all probability grazing the back-
bone, rolled him over in his tracks like a rabbit. Running up,
we found him floundering about on the ground, twisting up his
great ugly head, and then dashing it sideways against the
earth, squealing repeatedly the while. Another bullet in the
chest, from my friend's heavy single- 8, settled him. He
was as lean as a crow, and though the Kafirs cut some of the
meat for themselves, we only kept a small piece of the heart,
trusting to fall in with something more tasty later on. This
was a large, full-grown prehensile-lipped bull rhinoceros. I
measured him carefully with my tape-line, and found, by
planting an assegai at his shoulder, and another parallel to it
at his forefoot, and then taking a straight line between the
456 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap, xxvi
two, that he stood 5 feet 8 inches in vertical height. His
anterior horn measured i foot i i inches in length, and the
posterior 8 inches.
A little later on, having resumed our march, we sighted a
herd of giraffes stalking quietly through the forest in front of
us. There were sixteen of these stately beasts in all, and a
grand sight it was to view so many of them together. They
were much tamer than is usually the case with these shy and
long-sighted animals, and allowed us to approach to within
two hundred yards of them, before starting off at their peculiar
gallop. (N.R. — Giraffes never trot, as they are so often repre-
sented to do in drawings. They have but two paces, a walk
and a gallop or canter, and break at once from the one into the
other.) As these giraffes, upon taking to flight, made straight
towards the river, holding the same course as we ourselves were
pursuing, we soon sighted them again. This occurred several
times, and upon each occasion they allowed us to approach a
little nearer, till at last French tried a couple of shots at them,
after which we saw them no more.
It must have been about two hours later, and when we were
not more than two or three miles from the water, that, upon
emerging from a patch of thick bush, we found ourselves in
full view of an immense herd of buffaloes. They were feeding
down an open glade in the forest, and coming obliquely towards
us, so, as we had no good meat, we resolved to try to shoot
a couple of fat cows. About a hundred yards to our right was
a large ant-heap, within shot of which it seemed that some of
the buffaloes would pass if they held on their course. The
ground was rather open, but by creeping cautiously forwards
on our hands and knees, pushing our rifles in front of us, and
remaining perfectly still whenever one of the buffaloes raised its
head and looked in our direction, we at length managed to gain
its shelter unobserved. The foremost animal, an old cow, was
now almost within shot ; but, as she was a lean-looking beast,
we resolved to let her pass, and devoted our attention to a
round, sleek-looking heifer that was coming along on the near
side of the troop some fifty yards behind. Before this latter
animal, however, was well within shot the old cow, who had got
past the ant-heap, raised her head and must have made us out,
(,< Jjpdl^'
'«*.sifc4i
■ A little later on, having resumed our march, we sighted a herd of giraffes stalking
quietly through the forest in front of us. Thefe were sixteen of these stately beasts
in all, and a grand sight it was to view so many of them together. "
CHAP. XXVI BUFFALO-SHOOTING 459
as she stood with her eyes intently fixed upon us. Seeing
that there was no time to be lost, French then fired at the
heifer, and, striking her on the point of the shoulder, brought
her bellowing to the ground. At the report every buffalo
wheeled round with astonishing quickness, and the whole herd
dashed off, enshrouded in a dense cloud of dust.
Directly my friend fired, I put a bullet into another cow
just as she turned, but it failed to stop her. Leaving French
to administer the coiip de grace to his animal, I ran on after the
herd. As is usual in such cases, the foremost buffaloes, not
knowing what the deuce was the matter, very soon pulled up,
compelling those behind to follow their example, and the whole
herd thus stood crowded together in a compact mass, the
rearmost animals all looking anxiously towards where I stood.
Being within fifty yards of them, I might have picked my
animal ; but as I felt sure that by following its blood-spoor I
should get the one I had already wounded, and as I could not
see a bull with a very fine pair of horns, I did not fire, but
waited until the herd again took to flight — about which they
were most expeditious. Then I went to look for the spoor of
my wounded cow. We soon found it, and as the blood was
flowing freely, had no difficulty in following it at a good round
pace. The wounded beast soon left the herd, and, as its track
was still bespattered with its gore, I had no doubt we should
very soon overhaul it ; in point of fact, a minute or two later
we saw it walking slowly along with lowered head. Not thinking
it had much strength left, I ran towards it without any attempt
at concealment. I had reckoned without my host, however,
for the buffalo turned and saw me before I was well within shot,
and, sorely wounded though she was, after eyeing me for a
second, the blood streaming from her nostrils, dashed off again
at a gallop, as if unhurt. I might have given her a shot from
behind, but I knew she was mine and determined not to waste
cartridges unnecessarily. After trotting along for another
quarter of a mile on her spoor we saw her again, walking very
slowly, and at the same instant sighted two old buffalo bulls
standing a little to one side of her. The wounded animal did
not pay any attention to them, but held slowly and dejectedly
on her way. The old bulls must, 1 fancy, have smelt the blood
46o TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
as she passed, for, stretching out their noses, they came trotting
straight towards where we stood.
Ever since a buffalo bull once killed a favourite horse of
mine 1 must confess to having nourished a spite against these
old fellows, and as I knew that the meat would be most
welcome to the Makubas living on the river, I prepared to give
the two patriarchs a warm reception. When they were about
eighty yards off they halted, and one of them, turning broad-
side to me, stood looking in the direction taken by the cow.
This was my opportunity, and in another instant a bullet from
my single i o-bore struck him fair in the shoulder, and brought
him to his knees. His comrade, after staring for a few
moments towards me, came running obliquely past at a heavy
lumbering gallop. I just got another cartridge in in time, and
firing when he was a little past mc, caught him on the ribs
high behind the shoulder. The one first hit had recovered his
legs, and made off for a short distance, but now stood beneath
a small thorn-tree, and I saw that his hours were numbered.
At this instant the death bellow — so well known to every
sportsman who has shot the African buffalo — of the second
bull greeted my ears, and, running towards the sound, I found
the great beast stretched upon the ground, and upon the point
of expiring. My bullet had struck him high up, about a foot
behind the shoulder, and gone through both lungs. He had
nevertheless managed to run nearly three hundred yards before
falling. Hastily cutting out his tongue and opening him, we
returned to the one first hit. He was still standing, but, just
as we neared him, he lay down and commenced to bellow.
Upon our approaching he tried to rise, but had not the strength
to do so, and we despatched him with assegais. Leaving two
of the Kafirs who were with me to cut out the tongue and
remove the intestines — in order that the meat should not go
bad during the night — I went on with the rest, and again took
up the spoor of the wounded cow, as I felt sure she had not
gone very far. Nor was I mistaken, for in less than five
minutes we came upon her lying down. She jumped up when
she saw us, but I was then close to her, and killed her with a
shot through the heart.
It was now quite late, the sun having been some time down,
XXVI FATHERS LAW AND IVEHL 461
so, after cutting out the tongue and stomach, as we had done
with the bulls, and trusting that the lions and hyaenas would
not smell out and devour the carcases during the night, I
hurried back to where I had left my friend. As he and his
Kafirs had already cut up his buffalo — a nice fat young cow —
and were only waiting for me to start for the river, we set off
at once, and reached our camp soon after dusk. The pot of
hippopotamus soup which we had put on the fire before
starting in the morning turned out a great success, and off it
and some fat juicy buffalo steaks we made a most excellent
supper.
Early next morning I sent one of my Kafirs to call the
Makubas from the neighbouring village, and show them where
the buffaloes lay. They turned out en masse — men, women,
and children — overjoyed at the prospect of such a feast. I
went with them, hoping I might find lions at one of the car-
cases. However, we found them untouched. I gave the
Makubas the two bulls, just as they were, and they also got all
but the choicest parts of the cow, which my boys and I kept
for ourselves.
Having in the foregoing pages given an account of a few
days' sport on the River Chobi, north of the Sunta outlet,
which will give an idea of what that part of the country was
like some fourteen years ago, let me now transport my
readers once more to the well-watered and well-wooded slopes
of North-Western Mashunaland.
Early in June 1880, in company with Collison, Jameson,
and Dr. Crook, I left Bulawayo. Our intention was to travel
steadily on to the River Umfuli (about three weeks' journey to
the north-west) and there form a central camp, from which we
could make hunting expeditions in various directions during
the continuance of the dry season.
At Inyati we were joined by Fathers Law and Wehl,
members of the Society of Jesus, who were on their way to
Umzila's country to found a mission station. These gentlemen
travelled with us as far as the River Umniati, where we
separated with mutual good wishes for one another's success,
their route lying to the south-east, whilst ours lay to the
north-east. Space will not allow me to do anything more
462 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
than briefly touch upon the disastrous result of the difficult
enterprise undertaken by the Jesuit fathers. Having crossed
the River Sabi, after a most arduous journey, they were obliged,
owing to the hostility of the natives, to abandon their waggon
and start on foot, with little more than the clothes they stood
in, for Umzila's kraal, which it took them, as far as I can
remember, thirteen days to reach. During this period they
subsisted upon the game they shot, which fortunately was very
plentiful. They do not seem to have been kindly or hospitably
received by Umzila, and poor Father Law, after dreadful
sufferings from fever and starvation, at last died early in
November. Father Wehl subsequently died at Sofala, and the
two lay brothers who accompanied the expedition were the
only survivors of the party.
Between Inyati and the Umniati river we did not find
very much game. Still, after the first two days, we always got
enough to keep all our large party — natives and dogs included^ —
in meat. Just after crossing the River Vungo, Jameson and I,
having taken a ride round, came upon a hen ostrich on her
nest. As she left it at full speed my friend fired both barrels
at her, but missed. We then went up to the nest, which was
just a large shallow hole scratched in the sandy soil, and
found that it contained twelve eggs. Thinking that either the
cock or the hen ostrich would put in an appearance just at
sunset, which is the time these birds relieve one another whilst
incubating, we cleared out a little place in the centre of a
small thick bush, about thirty yards from the nest, in which
my friend took up his position. I then took his horse, and
leaving him with one Kafir, rode on, having arranged to return
for him a little after dark. After a two hours' ride I reached
the River Gwelo, where I .shot a water-buck. Leaving the
Kafirs to cut it up, I rode down the river towards the drift,
where I knew I should find the waggons outspanned. On my
way I saw a great many more water-bucks, besides koodoos and
reed-bucks. At dusk I saddled up my own and my friend's horse,
and, leading the latter, rode back along the road to where I had
agreed to meet him, as the ostrich's nest was not very far away
from the waggon track. It was quite dark, though the night
was clear and starlit when I met him. He had shot the
XXVI KOODOOS CHASED BY A LION 463
hen bird as she was returning to the nest just at sunset. She
was in very good plumage, and worth about ^10, the feathers
of a fine cock being worth about £2 5 at that time. The next
day we sent some Kafirs back for the eggs, of which we
afterwards made some very good omelettes and pancakes.
After this something or other fell to our rifles almost
daily — water-bucks, koodoos, sable antelopes, tsessebes, and
zebras being the game most frequently met with. Our mode
of travelling was as follows : — At daylight every morning we
saddled up our horses, and, after having seen the bullocks in-
spanned, and the waggons started, rode out in search of game,
returning to the waggon track in three or four hours, by which
time we usually found the waggons outspanned and breakfast
ready. In the afternoon we made a second trek with the
waggons, and took another round on horseback, outspanning
sufficiently early to allow time to form a camp and give the
bullocks an opportunity of filling themselves before they were
tied up for the night. Collison, Jameson, and myself always
slept in an open " schcrm," in front of the bullocks, with a
roaring wood-fire at our feet, for the nights were very cold.
On 24th June, just before reaching the River Umgezi, I had
the luck to shoot a lion. On the morning of that day Jameson
and I had ridden out early as usual, and having made a round,
were nearing the River Umgezi, where we expected to find the
waggons already outspanned, when Jameson thought he caught
a glimpse of something running through the forest in front of
us. As we wanted meat we at once took our rifles and
cantered forwards, and almost immediately emerged upon a
narrow open glade. Seeing no sign of any game, I thought,
as we had lost so little time, that my friend had been mistaken ;
but, as he felt sure he had seen something, I proposed that we
should separate and gallop through the next patch of forest. I
had hardly entered the bush, my friend then being a couple of
hundred yards to my right, when I saw four koodoo cows
crossing obliquely in front of me, and making, it seemed, for
the opening I had just left. With a quick wrench of the
bridle I turned my horse's head and galloped at full speed
along the edge of the bush, so as to intercept them just as
they emerged from the forest. In this I succeeded perfectly,
464 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
and was just pulling in to jump off and have a shot, as the
beautiful beasts passed out into the open at a long springing
gallop, when I caught sight of an animal following hard in their
wake, and coming along at a great pace through the bushes. I
saw instantly that it was a lion, and in the same moment of time
the beast noticed me. He instantly stopped dead, glanced
towards me for just a second of time, and then, turning about,
took himself off through the bush at an astonishing rate. I
thought no more of the koodoos. All I wanted was to possess
myself of that lion's skin. Luckily I was very well mounted,
or he would have saved his hide. The forest was not the
easiest sort of country to gallop through, the large trees
growing pretty close together, though the underwood was
luckily not very thick. The grass, too, had not yet been
burned off, and here and there grew in large thick patches
higher than the back of a lion. For some distance I only just
managed to hold my own, sometimes indeed losing sight of
the faint-hearted king of beasts for a considerable time in
places where the grass was rather thick. But when I did so I
put the spurs into my nag, and let him out as hard as he could
go through bushes and over fallen timber until I caught sight
of the lion again.
At length I began to gain upon him. He was going along
at a heavy gallop, just like an immense dog, but did not
appear to be covering the ground so fast as was really the case.
When we now came to patches of grass I was rather afraid he
might crouch and either attack me as I passed or else break
back. However, keeping a sharp look-out, I rushed my horse
through such places at full speed. Coming suddenly to a more
open part of the forest, and when I was within fifty yards of
him, the lion pulled up, and, facing round, stood with lowered
head and open mouth, growling savagely and switching his tail
from side to side. So suddenly did he change his tactics that,
as I was galloping hard, I could not pull up quickly enough,
but had to swerve off and ride right past him. As I did so
he stood on the same spot, but turned as I passed him, always
keeping his head towards me. When I pulled my horse in
and was about to dismount for a shot he came walking
towards me, holding his head very low between his shoulders
A COWARDLY LION 465
and growling hoarsely. From my previous experiences with
lions I felt sure he was on the point of charging, so, as I was very
near him, I fired a quick shot from the saddle and struck him
nicely, just between the neck and the shoulder, bringing him
on to his head, roaring loudly. Quickly slipping in another
cartridge, I jumped to the ground and gave him another
shot, which smashed his shoulder and put him quite /wis de
combat.
At this moment Jameson came galloping up. The lion now
lay on the ground growling. When we came near him he
raised himself on his hind legs and threw his body towards us,
but seemed quite paralysed in the fore quarters. My friend
then gave him a shot, and another bullet behind the ear at once
ended his career. This was the smallest full-grown male lion
I have seen, but he was in good condition and in perfect hair.
Like the generality of wild lions, he had very little mane.
His skin, when pegged out to dry, though not unduly stretched,
measured 9 feet 7 inches. I have shot lionesses whose
pegged-out skins measured as much, though I do not think
they were so thick-set and heavy as this lion. Many people
may feel surprised at a lion hunting in broad daylight. It
is the only case of the sort that has come within my own
personal knowledge, but I do not think it in any way remark-
able, as it was still early in the morning, and a very cold, cloudy
day. This lion was the most cowardly of his species that I
have yet met with, and his conduct afforded me another proof
of how impossible it is to judge of the probable behaviour of
any dangerous animal by drawing conclusions from the attitude
shown by a single beast of the same kind previously shot.
Before a man asserts that, speaking generally, a certain animal
is dangerous or not, he should have had a large experience of
the beasts in question.
Just after I had shot the lion, and whilst we were out-
spanned at the River Umgezi, Jugu, the eldest son of a Mashuna
chief who was credited by the Amandibili with supernatural
powers, and held in great reverence accordingly, came up,
accompanied by a few followers. He was on his way to Lo
Bengula to ask him to send an army to attack several
Mashuna chiefs living beyond the Manyami river with whom
2 H
466 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
his father was at feud, and who, he said, possessed large herds
of cattle. He was only too successful in his mission, and a
few months later scores of villages, whose inhabitants had for
some years been living in peace and prosperity, were burnt to
the ground, the male inhabitants and the married women
either assegaied or dispersed over the country, their large
herds of cattle and goats driven off, and their children carried
away into captivity by a large army of the cruel and blood-
thirsty marauders who own allegiance to Lo Bengula. Jugu
expressed himself as very pleased at our having killed the
lion. He said he thought that it was one that had been
haunting the Umgezi river lately, and had killed several people
journeying backwards and forwards between his father's villages
and the Matabili country. These people had been dragged
off and killed at night whilst encamped on the banks of the
river.
Seeing that our Kafirs paid him great respect, Master Jugu
commenced to put on a lot of side, asking us if we did not
know that wc were in the country of the mighty wizard of
Situngweesa. When I told him that I only knew of one king,
Lo Bengula, from whom we had purchased the right to hunt
through the whole country westward of the Manyami river,
and further expressed my opinion that his father was a witch
(umtagati), he waxed very wroth, and, jumping up, poured
forth a torrent of prophetic warnings in his own language.
Presently after, having cooled down, he came and begged for
beads, calico, brass wire, anything and everything in fact for
which he knew the name in the Matabili language. He got
nothing from us, but each and every one of our boys reverently
placed a piece of meat beside him on the large rock on which
he was sitting.
One of my boys, who understood the Mashuna language,
told mc afterwards that Jugu, during his oration, had said that
his father would now show Lo Bengula that the country beyond
the Umniati river belonged to him, Chameluga ; that the
white men whom he had sent to hunt there should have no
sport, for he would cause the elephants and all other game to
retire before them wherever they went, so that they should
starve for want of meat ; and that finally, when in disgust they
XXVI RETURN TO CAMP ON UPPER UAIFULI 467
wanted to leave the country, he would cause the rains to fall
and the rivers to overflow their banks, so as to be impassable,
and that they would then die of fever and famine. Happily
for us these dire predictions were not altogether verified, though
we certainly had very bad luck with elephants.
The following day (25th June) Collison fell in with two
lionesses, the larger of which he killed ; her skin, when pegged
out, measured 9 feet 4 inches. The same morning I shot a
fine water-buck bull and two tsessebe antelopes, whilst Jameson
bagged a blue wildebeest and a tsessebe.
It was not until 30th June that we fell in with rhinoceroses,
though we had seen and followed without success the fresh
spoor of those animals on two occasions previously. On the
evening of the day in question, however, Jameson and I shot
two of those animals of the prehensile-lipped or so-called black
species. On the 31st of August Jameson and I returned to
our waggons on the Upper Umfuli, after a six weeks' hunting
expedition on foot, which we had made into the " fly " country
north of our camp.
The following morning, as we were short of meat, I saddled
up my best pony, who was fat and frisky after his long rest,
and rode out to look for a head of game. I had ridden for
about an hour towards the north-west, and had just emerged
from a belt of open forest upon a broad valley, when I per-
ceived two large animals standing in the shade of a single
small tree, about four hundred yards up the valley. " Impofo,
impofo ! " (Elands, elands !) cried my Kafir attendants excitedly,
visions of fat meat floating before their mind's eye. The beasts
looked so large and of such a deep gray colour that I, too, at
first thought they were elands, though I very soon found out
my mistake ; for one of them, noticing our approach, moved
clear of the small tree beneath which he had been standing
and gazed towards us, when his magnificent spiral horns at
once made me aware that I beheld a pair of old koodoo bulls,
which animals, in common with the eland, become, when aged,
of a deep bluish-gray colour, the thinness of their coats in both
cases allowing the dark colour of the hide beneath to show
through the scanty hairs.
Taking my little 450 Express from the hands of the
468 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Kafir who had been carrying it, I now cantered towards
them, on which they at once made across the open towards
a narrow belt of forest at the head of the valley. They
ran at a heavy gallop, carrying their splendid horns nearly
upright, but sloping slightly backwards. I saw at a glance
that they were two bulls of the largest size, magnificent
specimens of one of Africa's noblest game animals ; and
inwardly registering a vow that I would add at least one of
their heads to my collection of hunting trophies, I pressed my
stout little nag to his utmost speed, in order to get as near
them as possible before they gained the shelter of the forest.
They had, however, a long start, and entered the bush some
way ahead of me. For a short time I lost sight of them, but,
galloping hard in the direction they had taken, soon made up
the ground between us. My two bulls, I found, had joined a
large herd, of which they were no doubt the lords, and which
must have been lying just within the edge of the bush. When
I say large herd I mean a large herd for koodoos, more than a
dozen of which animals are seldom found together. Upon this
occasion there must have been at least twenty-five, besides the
two original patriarchs. Several were fine young bulls, with
horns measuring from two to nearly three feet in length. I
was very glad to see that the old bulls had joined a herd, as I
knew they would be more easily shot than if they had held on
by themselves. As the patch of forest through which the chase
led was, I knew, of small extent, I did not press my game,
but just kept about one hundred and fifty yards in their rear,
having determined not to fire until they left the bush and made
across the open country beyond.
They had scarcely left the shelter of the forest when the
foremost cows, which probably had never yet fully compre-
hended the cause of the disturbance of their mid-day slumbers,
came to a halt, and the whole herd following their example,
they all stood with their great ears cocked, looking back
towards the bush. One of the big bulls was on the outside
of the herd, and within one hundred yards of where I already
stood dismounted beside my pony, and still within the shelter
of the forest. What a magnificent beast he was, to be sure !
grandly and symmetrically proportioned in body and limbs,
XXVI SHOOT A FINE KOODOO BULL 469
the graceful head seeming almost too small for the mighty
horns by which it was surmounted. Beneath his throat and
reaching from the jaw to the chest, a long fawn-coloured beard
waved to and fro in the breeze, whilst a mane of white hair ran
all along his back almost to his quarters. As I raised my
rifle, taking a hasty though careful aim for his shoulder, a
feeling of exultation possessed me ; for I felt that he was mine.
Imagine, then, the intensity of my disgust when the hammer
descended on the cap without exploding it. The next instant
the koodoos again bolted. I hastily re-cocked the rifle, and for
the second time aimed at the bull as he was running a little to
one side of the herd, and at about a hundred and twenty yards'
distance. The cap, however, again failed to explode ; so,
throwing the cartridge out of the rifle, I pushed in a fresh one,
and remounting, again galloped in pursuit. One of the two
big bulls now left the herd, and went off by himself, making in
the direction of the river, which was about two miles distant.
I looked first at his horns, and then at those of the other old
patriarch that still kept with the cows ; but, as they appeared
equally fine in both, I pursued the latter, and very soon gave
him a shot obliquely from behind, which, entering just behind
his ribs, penetrated right into his chest. He at once left his
comrades, and cantering heavily to a small patch of bush stood
with lowered head beneath a small tree. I quickly gave him
another shot in the centre of the shoulder, and then galloped
away again at right angles, in the hope of catching sight of his
companion in one of the large openings through which I knew
he would have to pass.
I crossed in front of the herd, and galloped hard for about a
mile, edging towards the river ; but, seeing nothing of him,
turned and galloped back on the other tack, and, again coming
in sight of the herd, shot one of the young bulls. I then
returned to the big bull I had first killed, and, as my Kafirs
were already there before me, at once cut off his head, and
broke him up. We then bushed up the carcase of the young
bull, as my Kafirs could not carry all the meat, and returned to
camp. I was not very well pleased with my success, for I felt
sure that, had it not been for my cartridge missing fire, I should
have killed the other old bull with my first shot, and bagged
470 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
both of them. As it was, the horns of the one I did get were
a beautiful pair, very prettily twisted and perfectly even. They
measured in a straight line from point to base 3 feet 5 inches,
and round the spiral turn of the horn 5 feet 3 inches. I have
shot a koodoo bull with horns nearly five inches longer than
this, in a straight line, but never one with so much twist.
The following day I again rode out, taking a pack bullock
with me to carry the meat of the koodoo whose carcase I had
bushed up the preceding day. As lions were fairly numerous
about our camp, I cherished a hope that some of these car-
nivora might have smelt it out and uncovered it, in which case
there would have been a good chance of getting a shot at one,
as it was still very early. However, my caclic had been
quite undisturbed ; so, leaving a couple of boys with the pack
bullock to cut up the meat and get it back to camp, I rode on
with the rest. After a time I saw a herd of tsessebe antelopes,
but did not go after them, and a little later came across an
old wart-hog, routing up the ground in search of roots, and
got two shots at him, missing both times. I certainly ought
to have hit him, and probably should have done so, but that a
perfect hurricane of wind was blowing, which made it very
difficult to hold a light rifle steadily.
Not long after this I spied a little oribi antelope lying
down in the middle of a broad open valley from which the
grass had all been burned off. About one hundred and fifty
yards from where the graceful little animal lay stood a single
thorn-tree, beside which I dismounted, the oribi having all this
time lain quite still. I tried to rest my rifle against the trunk
of the tree to steady it, but it moved so much, owing to the
strong wind swaying the branches, that I could not avail my-
self of its support. When I did fire I missed, upon which the
pretty little antelope at once jumped up and took itself off,
but, after running for about fifty yards, again stopped and
stood looking at me. Having slipped in another cartridge, I
then fired a second shot, and this time struck it in the hind
quarters. Although the expanding bullet smashed one haunch
all to atoms, and the solid end tore right through its entrails,
the fragile-looking animal ran at least three hundred yards
before my Kafirs secured and killed it. The tenacity of life of
XXVI OSTRICH- SH0077AG 471
all the African antelopes with which I am acquainted is most
remarkable. As I wanted the skin of one of these antelopes I
off-saddled and flayed it carefully, and then, saddling up once
more, turned my face homewards, as the high wind made the
shooting very unsatisfactory. When about four miles from
camp I sighted two ostriches, a cock and a hen, running
leisurely along about half a mile in front of me. As the
country was perfectly open here, I hardly thought I should be
able to get within shot of them, but, as the feathers of a good
cock ostrich were at that time worth ;^2 0, I determined to
have a try. As, when I first saw them, the ostriches were
running at right angles to my course, I galloped obliquely
towards them, and was rather surprised to find that, upon my
nearing them, they did not increase their speed. When, however,
I had approached to within about three hundred yards I saw
that the reason of this was that they had a lot of chicks with
them, which their parental instincts prompted them not to
desert. As the grass had all been burnt off here, the ground
was as bare as a billiard table, and I could sec the young
ostriches quite plainly. It was astonishing how fast the little
creatures ran. The old cock was much bolder than the hen,
and kept much nearer to the chicks. I could easily have
galloped right up to the latter, but I was afraid that, if I did
so, the cock would run clean away and leave them to their
fate. I had six cartridges with mc, and missed him with the
first five ; these were, however, all rather long running shots, and
the wind was still blowing hard. With the si.xth and last shot
I struck the devoted bird just at the junction of the neck with
the body, killing him on the spot. I felt rather sorry to have
shot him ; however, ;6^20 is ;^20 all the world over, and I am
afraid I should have been less pleased if I had missed him
altogether.
When I shot the cock, the chicks were on the edge of
some long grass that had not been burnt off, and most of them
ran into it before I could intercept them. Three, however, lay
down outside in the open, with their little necks stretched along
the ground, and I kept guard over them until my Kafirs came
up, when we secured them. Two of them died from the cold
the first night, as, not understanding their requirements, I had
472 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
neglected to cover them with a blanket. The third lived for
two months and was doing well, when it met with an accident
and was killed. The old cock was a splendid bird, but
unfortunately the ends of the white and most valuable feathers
had been worn down and soiled during incubation. The black
and tail feathers were, however, very fine. Had this bird been
shot three months earlier in the season, he would have been
worth at least £2^^. As it was I got i^ 18 for him.
On 4th September I again rode out in the early morning
and shot two sable antelopes, the one a very fine bull with a
beautifully-curved pair of horns measuring forty-two inches over
the curve. The following day, there being now a fair supply
of meat in camp, Jameson and I started on a trip to Lo
Magondi's kraals, which lay amongst the hills about fifty miles
to the north-west of our camp, and just on the verge of the
" fly " country. As we expected to be a\\;ay from the waggons
for a fortnight or so, we took supplies of tea, flour, etc., for
ourselves, and maize for our horses, sufficient to last that time.
Late on the afternoon of the first day's ride we sighted three
sable antelopes and a herd of impalas, and giving chase to the
former, I shot one of them, a fine male.
Early on the morning of 6th September we came upon
the carcase of a white rhinoceros that our mutual friend
Collison had shot a few days previously. A little later we
saw a large herd of roan antelopes near the River
Umsengaisi, amongst them one old bull with a very fine pair
of horns. I did my best to get a shot at him, but he was very
wide awake, and always kept well in front of the herd ; so
that, although I might have shot one or two of the cows, I
could not get a chance at him, and finally lost sight of the
herd in a thick grove of mahobo-hobo trees. During the day
we saw the recent spoors of several rhinoceroses, both of the
black and white species, but nothing of the beasts themselves ;
nor indeed did we meet with any game whatever, with the
exception of three zebras (Burchell's), one of which I shot, as
our boys were without meat. Jameson also wounded one of
the others, but lost it in the bush.
That evening we slept on a Kafir footpath, not far from
Lo Magondi's kraals. About two hours after sunrise on the
LO MAGONDI 473
morrow, when we were quite close to the foot of the hills
amongst which the kraals are situated, we met a fine old
eland bull face to face, coming from the opposite direction,
upon which we at once shot him. As we had a little
business to transact with Lo Magondi, in whose charge we
had left several trophies of the chase in the previous July,
and from whom I expected to be able to buy some ivory, this
supply of meat, so near his town, was very opportune. We at
once sent two Kafirs on, to apprise the old fellow of our arrival,
and then off-saddling the horses (there was a beautiful running
stream of water in the valley just below us), set to work to cut
up the eland and make a camp.
In the afternoon our messengers returned, accompanied by
Lo Magondi and about twenty of his followers. We at once
presented the old fellow with a hind quarter and half of the
heart fat of the eland, whilst on his side he gave us a large
pot of beer, a basket of ground nuts, and some pogo meal.
That night there was great feasting and rejoicing in our camp,
our own boys, who had long been living upon meat and longed
for a little vegetable diet, buying large supplies of maize, beans,
meal, beer, and tobacco from the equally meat -hungry
Mashunas. Lo Magondi had brought with him all the
hippopotamus tusks, rhinoceros horns, etc., that we had left
in his charge, but no ivory. He, however, said that he would
send for two tusks tlie following day, upon which I showed
him my stock-in-trade, consisting of cotton shirts, beads,
coloured handkerchiefs, etc.
At the old man's request we rode out the next day under
the guidance of some of his people to try to shoot him some
more meat, he at the same time sending men to fetch his ivory.
VVe rode a long way without seeing any game at all, but at
last sighted a small herd of roan antelopes, one of which, a fine
bull with a remarkably handsome pair of horns, I shot. On
our way back to camp we crossed the spoor of some bull
elephants that had been about here not many days before us.
They had broken the trees down in all directions, and peeled
the bark off scores of machabel saplings, making the sur-
rounding forest look quite white.
Upon returning to camp I set to work to do a trade with
474 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA ciiAr.
Lo Magondi, but found him a terribly hard nail. He had
been accustomed to dealing in former years with Portuguese
traders from the Zambesi ; and as these men got their
merchandise by water carriage from Europe right up to Tete,
and then employed slave labour to have it carried up country,
they could afford to sell very cheap. It was quite late when I
at last concluded the purchase of the larger tusk, weighing
about 30 lbs., and I was then tired of haggling, and would
not bargain for the other.
As soon as day broke the following morning we saddled
up, and in spite of Lo Magondi's entreaties that we should
buy the other tusk, broke up our camp and rode away to the
eastward, intending to cross the Manyami river and look for
elephants amongst the machabel forest beyond. VVc had been
riding for about two hours, when wc crossed elephant spoor
that appeared quite fresh. A careful inspection showed us that
the tracks were those of a few old bulls, and that they must
have passed early the preceding night ; so, as elephant bulls
are at the present day exceedingly rarce aves in tcrris any-
where south of the Zambesi river, we at once followed them.
The country about here consisted of alternate open valleys,
from which the long grass had all been burnt off, and machabel
forests, in some of which the young saplings grew very close
together, rendering the riding rather awkward, though there
was no underwood. I was armed with a little double 1 2
smooth-bore by W. W. Greener, the cartridges being loaded
with 4 drams of powder and spherical bullets. Although
this was a very excellent and hard-shooting little weapon, it
did not take a sufficiently heavy charge for elephants ; but, as
a single lO-borc rifle which had been sent me from luigland
the preceding year, and upon which I had relied, had turned
out a very bad and unreliable weapon, it was the only breech-
loader I was able to get. After following the elephants for
about an hour, we came to a stream of water, a tributary of the
Manyami, where the mighty beasts had drunk. Here we off-
saddled, and whilst the horses were having a roll and -a drink,
boiled a kettle of tea and made a hasty breakfast off some
cold eland's breast which we were carrying with us ; then
again saddling up, and leaving all our baggage in charge of two
XXVI ELEPHANT- HUNTING 475
of our Kafirs, we once more took up the spoor, attended by all
the rest in light marching order.
The spoor was easy enough to follow, as the elephants had
broken the trees down in all directions and stripped the bark from
hundreds of saplings, so that we could often see their white,
freshly- peeled stems more than a hundred yards on ahead.
The giant beasts must have been undisturbed for some time,
and had evidently been feeding along very slowly, and utterly
inapprehensive of any danger. Notwithstanding the slow rate
at which they had been travelling, however, it took us another
three hours before we came up with them. At last we sighted
them standing quietly in the full enjoyment of their mid-day
sleep amongst a rather thick grove of machabel trees, not far
from the base of a range of small stony hills. Before we fired
at them they got our wind and ran. There were five of them,
all immense old bulls, and, as is usual in such cases, they at
once separated, each one taking his own course. I tried to
keep them together, but could not manage it, and as the
largest tusker was passing me for the third time, I jumped off
and gave him both barrels behind the shoulder, Jameson at the
same time saluting another monster. Suffice to say, we each
killed our animal, the other three having in the meantime
made their escape. I very nearly got a second elephant,
for he was in sight just before I despatched the first ; but
though I galloped hard in the direction he had taken,
in the hope of catching a glimpse of him as he was cross-
ing one of the numerous open glades, I never again set
eyes on him. I gave the elephant I killed twelve shots, and.
believe that the first two were both through his heart, as I saw
the blood running down behind his shoulder directly after I
fired, exactly in the right place ; and as he did not fall —
although he at once slackened his pace — I thought the bullet had
possibly not driven through the thick mass of flesh just behind
the shoulder, and so fired the next eight shots for his lungs,
which are the least protected vital part in any animal At the
tenth shot he turned and faced me, throwing the blood in
streams from his trunk. I then fired two more shots into his
chest, when he reeled backwards, shook his head, making his
huge ears rattle against his sides, and then fell heavily to the earth.
476 TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA chap.
Upon cutting out this elephant's heart I found that three
bullets had gone clean through it, and that a fourth was still in
it, whilst his lungs had been riddled. I laid the heart upon the
carcase, and made a drawing of it on the spot, showing the
position of the four bullet holes on the one side. This state-
ment will, I am afraid, be looked upon with suspicion by the
generality of my readers, though all those who have shot much
large game will probably be able to call to mind similar
experiences. There are, however, no animals with which I
am acquainted so extraordinarily tenacious of life, speaking
generally, as old elephant bulls, and it is quite a mistake to
suppose that they will succumb to body shots as quickly as
younger animals or females of their own species.
My elephant carried a fine even pair of tusks, weighing
exactly lOO lbs. the two, whilst those of the one shot by my
friend weighed 4 1 lbs. and 3 1 lbs. respectively, the one tusk being
broken. I took some measurements of these two elephants
very carefully with a tape-line, which were as follows : —
Elephant shot by Jameson — ^ Vertical height at shoulder,
10 feet 4 inches ; size of ear, 5 feet 6\ inches long, by 3 feet
4 inches broad ; girth of forefoot, 4 feet 7^ inches ; length ot
tusk beyond the lip, 3 feet i inch ; girth outside lip, i foot
3 inches. My elephant — Vertical height at shoulder, i o feet ;
size of ear, 5 feet 5 inches long, 3 feet 3 inches broad ; girth of
forefoot, 4 feet 4^ inches ; length of each tusk beyond the lip,
3 feet 8 inches ; girth outside lip, i foot 4 inches ; length of
whole tusk measured over the outside curve, 5 feet \o\ inches ;
weight, 50 lbs.
The measurements for vertical height represent the distance
in a straight line between two assegais held parallel to one
another, the one having been placed at the sole of the foot, the
other at the shoulder. In India, twice the girth of the forefoot
gives the height of an elephant ; but this measurement is
taken, I believe, from the living animal, when the foot is
expanded by the weight of the animal's body resting upon it,
which, of course, very much increases the size. These elephants
were both old bulls that had long attained their full stature ;
and, although it is possible that some animals attain to a much
greater size, I fear that it will not be easy to find one which.
MEASUREMENT OF ANIMALS
477
if honestly measured, would have stood eleven feet at the
shoulder. As Mr. Sanderson remarks in his most excellent
book upon the wild beasts of India, it is astonishing how the
length of horns, skins, etc., and the heights of animals shrink
before a tape-measure.
NATIVE STOOLS AND MEAT DISHES FROM THE BAROTSI VALLEY,
UPPER ZAMBESI.
INDEX
Abagaza, raids of, 345, 404
African Lalces Company, their station at
Vicenti, boat and native canoe hired
of, 270
Akelaphiis lichtensleini (see under Lic/i-
tenslein's hartebeest)
Alpuina, Senhor Alfredo, governor of
Tete, 275 ; receptionby letter of intro-
duction to, from Portuguese Consul
in Cape Town, 276 ; unpleasant in-
terview with, on return from gold-
prospecting expedition up the Mazoe,
304, 305
Amasiri (see Bushmen), Matabili name
for Bushmen, 106
Anderson, Mr. C. J., 359
Andrada, Colonel I'aiva d' , making
war on Motoko, south end of Mazoe
river, 277 ; his military movements
in Upper Mazoe river, 288 ; reason
for his expedition to Mashunaland,
309 ; his journey from Inyamwenda's
to Lo Magondi's kraal, 321 ; he
invades Umtasa's country, 389 ; is
arrested at Umtasa's and sent to Fort
Salisbury, 391
-Angoni country, ivory brought to Tete
olHained from, 275
Angoni, raids of, 345
Angwa river, a tributary of the Panyami,
breadth of, crossing the, 65
Ant-heap, size of a large, 178
Antelopes, line specimens shot, now in
museums, 44 ; tenacity of life of
African, 471
Antiquity of man in Southern Africa,
108, 109
Anwa, Mount, seen from to|) of Dombo,
329
"April," the Mangwato boy, 125, 126
Arabia, the builders of Zimbabwi sup-
posed by Mr. Bent to have come from
Southern, 331
Arabs settled on the coast of .South-East
Africa when Portuguese first arrived,
335
Armstrong, Mr. W. L. , nearly washed
down a fissure in the side of Dombo
Hill, 328 ; accompanies author to
Motoko's, 398 ; an interview with
Motoko, 401 ; works with author in
making road from Odzi river to .Salis-
bury, 406 ; escapes fever, ibid. ; ac-
companies author on journey to Umli-
wan, 409 ; with author during his
night's adventure with lions, 416-
425
Arnot, Mr. Frederick, meeting with, at
Klerksdorp, he journeys in author's
waggon with him to Bamangwato,
1 3 ; has a shot at cjocodile that had
bitten one of the oxen in Crocodile
river, 17 ; his letter from Garanganzi'
country read to author by .Mr. West-
beech, 197 ; preparations to visit,
198
Australia, a party of miners from, visit
the gold-fields of Mashunaland, 353
Ayres, Mr. Thomas, the ornithologist of
Potchefstroom, 64 ; attends to author
after his serious wound in face, 440
B , Mr., of Port Elizabeth, his
ostrich farm managed by Mr. Frank
Mandy, i ; proposes to start a farm
for cattle and donkey breeding, man-
agement of it accepted by author, his
losses and death, 2
48o
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
B , Professoi-, his exhibition of mes-
merism at Port Elizabeth, fight on the
stage, 3
Baal, evidence of former worship of, in
Mashunaland, 331, 340
Baboon, shooting an old, near River
Masheki, his immense size, 98
Baines, Mr. Thomas, never crossed the
Hanyani river, 47 ; quotation from
his Ijook referring to gold - mining
in Mashmialand, 338 ; foimd the
Mashunas extracting gold from quartz
in 1870, 352 ; his report of the gold
in Mashunaland induces a party of
Australians to go there, 353
Baird, Mr., in charge at Vicenti, on
Zambesi, assaulted liy Portuguese
officer, 307
Bakalahari, description of the, their
language, probable origin, weapons,
their progress in civilisation under the
rule of Khama, as they were in Dr.
Livingstone's time, their hard life, 1 1 2
Baker, Sir Samuel, referred to in con-
nection with rifles, shooting, etc.,
430- 431
Bamangwato, difilculties on the road to,
rough travelling, 13 ; visit to Khama
at, 23 ; start from, for the Zambesi in
April 1888, 196 ; messengers sent to,
with account of attack by Mashuku-
lumbwi, 244 ; arrival at, after journey
to the Barotsi country, 263
Bandari Clifif, Zambesi river, arrival at,
on boat journey with gold-prospecting
party, 272
Bantu family, races of Mashunaland
belong to the, 330 ; probable origin
of, and connection witli tlie builders
of Zimbabwi, 332
Baobab tree, the, 453
Barotsi country (or valley), proposed visit
to Lialui in the, difficulties in the way,
196, 197 ; Marancinyan's raid into
the, 212 ; propose to visit the chief
Lewanika in the, 244 ; monotonous
journey from Sesheki to, game scarce,
250 ; description of, scarcity of food,
unhealthiness, etc., 253 ; poor river
scenery of the, 254 ; game in tlie, ibid.
Barotsi tribe, their forjuer connection
with the people of Mashunaland, 332
Batauwani, Lo Bengula's expeditions
against the, loi
Batongas, threatening attitude of tlie,
their extortions, 203 - 205 ; their
barbed throwing spears, 203 ; change
for the worse in their character, tlie
cause, 206 ; visit of Drs. Livingstone
and Kirk, and Charles I^ivingstone
to, referred to, iliiti. ; their ill-treat-
ment of Father Teroede and the Jesuit
missionaries in 1880, Hid. ; JMr. D.
Thomas murdered by, 207 ; hired for
journey to the Kafukwi, their character,
208 ; shown the way to Marancinyan's
(Sikabenga's) by friendly, after flight
from Mashukulumbwi, 23^
Bavea, the wife of Chameluga, 1 14
Bechwanaland Border Police, several
companies of, placed at Macloutsie
camp at starting of pioneer expedition
to Mashunaland, 357
Bechwanas, Bakalahari people formerly
oppressed by the, 1 1 2
Beer, native brewed, presented by head-
man of village near Kanyemba's, 61
Beira, author's homeward journey to
England by way of, 426 ; l)uffaloes
shot near, 430
Bent, Mr. J. Theodore, his book, 7'/ie
Ruined Cities of Mashunaland, referred
to, his opinion as to the builders of
Zimbabwi, etc., 330; his remarks on
Providential Pass, 377
Beri-Rima, passing the Makal.aka kraals
of, on the way from the Mababi to
Tati, 154
Berlin, Museum of Natural History at,
specimens of Alcelaphus lichtensteini
in, 73
Bili river, hunting-camp formed on, 23
Biri river, a night at the, 55
Biscoe, Lieutenant, reaches Umtasa's
just at the time of the arrival of the
Portuguese force, 391
Black rhinoceros, in the neighbourhood
of the Kadzi, 55 ; shooting an old,
near Sabi river, 99 ;' author breaks
his collar-bone in chase after, 436 ;
shooting a, near the Cliobi, its size ,
455
Blantyre, overtaken by missionary party
going to, in Quaqua river, 269 ;
Scotch settlement at, 310
Blood river, so named in commemora-
tion of a fight between the early Dutch
trekkers and the Zulus, 8
lilucher, the watch-dog, 25 ; he is taken
by a lion, 27 ; returns to camp, having
been bitten and torn by the lion, 34
Boer, inhospitality of a, the one exception
INDEX
481
in the author's experience to the general
hospitality of the Boers, 5
Boers, remarks concerning their hospi-
tality and kindness, 5, 9 ; Mr. G.
Macall Theal's work, History of the
Boers in South Africa, referred to, 8 ;
Matabili attack on the, at Vechtkop
in 1836, 102
Bonga's stockade at Masangano, capture
of, by Portuguese, 316
Borius, a Transvaaler, of the pioneer
expedition, 375
Borrow, , overtakes author's party
on way to Umtali to take part with
British against Portuguese, 407
Botletli river, crocodiles in, 17 ; Batau-
wani women and children cross the,
in canoes wlien raided by Matabili,
loi ; Matabili trying to cross the,
on water-plants, are drowned, 103 ;
scarcity of water between the, and the
Mababi river, 449
British Museum, author starts to collect
large animals for the, 3
British South Africa Company (see also
under Mashntialand, etc.), author
terminates his engagement with, 426
Bruce, Lieutenant, author sent to assist
him in making roads, 405 ; making
waggon road from Manica to Umli-
wan's, 409
Buck-waggon, description and arrange-
ment of, 24
Buffalo, in the neighbourhood of the
Kadzi, 55 ; rifles used for shooting,
430 ; narrow escapes from wounded,
433> 434 ; difficult to kill with shot
in front of head when charging, ibid. ;
charged by one that had previously
been bitten by lion, 452 ; shooting,
near Chobi river, 459
Bukwela's town, guides procured from,
141
Bulawayo, captive Bushman children
brought to the king at, their escape,
1 10; visit Lo Bengula at, over the
"Sea-Cow Row," 135-138; journey
to, with Mr. W. Montagu Kerr, 139 ;
start from Tati for, after Inmting ex-
pedition to the Mababi, 155 ; visit to
Lo Bengula at, to confer with him
about pioneer expedition, 360 ; leave,
on shooting expedition with Messrs.
CoUison, Jameson, and Crook, 461
Bullets used in killing large game (see
under Rifle)
Burchell's zebras, shooting, near Golo-
daima's town, 183 ; plentiful north of
Zambesi on road to Monzi's, 2ii;
near Chobi river, 450
Burnett, Mr., one of the gold-prospecting
party to the head of the Mazoe river,
265 ; comes upon a party of lions
near Kansawa river, 279 ; he accom-
panies author on visit to sources of
the Mazoe, 292 ; lion and hippopo-
tamus shooting, 299 ; on pioneer
expedition to Mashunaland, 313
Bushman assegaied by Mataliili after
he had shown them the way to Panda-
ma-tenka, 104 ; Bushman woman and
child killed by Matabili warriors, 105
Bushman woman, old captive, her escape
from the Matabili, in
Bushmen (Masarwas or Amasiri) from
Khama's country, good at finding the
way, 88 ; murdered by Matabili raiders,
loi ; and Makalaka, Khama's man,
fleeing from Matabili raiders, well
received by, 104 ; origin, language
allied to Korana, physical charac-
teristics, weapons, etc., 106, 107 ;
probably allied to the Niam - niam
dwarfs of Schweinfurth, the pigmy
races, etc., 107 ; excellent as trackers
and assistants in the hunting veld,
109 ; their remarkable faculty for
finding their way through forests,
etc., 1 10, 186; children of, captured
by Matabili warriors, the escape of six
from the king's courtyard, 1 10
Butterflies, caught during travels, pre-
sented to .South African Museum,
Cape Town, 16 ; several supposed
new species caught, 54 ; catching, at
the Umsengaisi river, 55 ; catching,,
north of Zambesi river, 210
Buzi, attempt to find waggon road to
the coast, free from tse-tse fly, along the
watershed of the, and the Pungwi,
426
Campbell, Lieutenant Adair, with Mr.
C. Harrison and author, visits the
Portuguese at Massi Kessi, 385 ; joins
author to take part with British at
Umtali against Portuguese, 407
Canoe, upset by hippopotamus in the
Zambesi, 259 ; it is recovered, but
ivory tusk, etc. lost, 261
Cape Colony, " Klipspringer " antelopes
found in, 162
2 I
482
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
Cape Town, skull and skin of head of
white rhinoceros sent to museum at,
158; arrive at, from Mozambique,
after gold -prospecting expedition up
the Mazoe river, 308
Capper, Lieutenant, of the British South
Africa Company's Police, examines
hills between Macloutsie and Tuli for
suitable heliograph stations, 368
Caringwi river, outspanning near junc-
tion of the, with the Ruzarwi, 94
Caroera Hill, passing the, in boat journey
up Zambesi river, 273
Carrington, Colonel Sir Frederick, ap-
proves of the scheme for the British
occupation of Mashunaland, 312
Cartridges (see under Rifle)
Cauldron, for boiling down animals in
order to procure perfect skeletons, tiger
wolf boiled in, 181
Chabonga, on the Zambesi, arrival at,
56 ; friendly reception by the chief,
his travels, ibid,
Chaka's wars, 345
Chameleon attached to leg of owl, 249
Chameluga (see also Situngweesd)^
treacherous murder of, and people, by
Lo Bengula's warriors, his castle taken
and villages burnt, his wife Bavea,
114, 115
" Charley," the horse, low condition of,
181
Charley, one of the party who accom-
pany author on his journey to the
Mashukulumbwi country, 198 ; his
escape after the attack by the Mashu-
kulumbwi, 241
Charter, Fort, journey to the site of, with
Messrs. Jameson, Fountaine, and
Cooper, 196 ; route of pioneer ex-
pedition to Fort Salisbuiy passes,
313
Cherry, Mr., his visit to Mapondera's in
1889 referred to, 291
Chibi, the chief, author accompanies
Messrs. Rhodes, De Waal, and Jame-
son on diplomatic mission to, 426
Chilli's, road of pioneer expedition to
Mount Hampden between Matipi's
and, probable difticult section of road
beyond, on the plateau, 368 ; edge
of plateau of Mashunaland near,
Chibonga, passing the village of the chief
named, 282 ; arrive at his village on
return journey from source of Mazoe,
297 ; his enforced tribute to the Portu-
guese, 319
Chikasi, the Mashuna headman, his
friendliness, 52
Chikasi's hill, description of, difficulty
of ascending, climate and temperature
of neighbourhood, camp near, 51 ;
return to, after journey to Zambesi, 69
Chingi-Ka river, crossing the, 94
Chipadzi, ancient stronghold of Chitiketi
near Makoni's, said to have been built
W. 340
Chiswina, dialects of, understood by
Makalaka, 386
Chitiketi, ruins of ancient town, near
Makoni's, called, 340
Chobi river, buffalo-hunting near the,
in 1877, a narrow escape, 432 ; leech-
we antelopes near the, 450, 453 ;
character of country, 452 ; sable ante-
lope near the, 454
Chua, Portuguese attack on Captain
Heyman's camp near, 408
Chukuru, the Matabili Kafir, describes
lion met on way to Grant and Wey-
and's camp on Zweswi river, 122
Churchin, one of Lo Bengula's men be-
longing to village of, killed by wounded
antelope, 192
Clarkson, Mr., killed by lightning, 447
Cock, Mr., finds bucket and rope at
bottom of old gold -mining shaft at
Concession Hill, 335
Coillard, Mr., of the French Protestant
Mission in theBarotsi country, waggon
track to Lialui made by him, 196 ;
kindly received by members of his
mission at Sesheki, 249 ; his mission
station at Sefula, kind reception by,
and Mrs. Coillard, 251
Colenbrander, Mr. Johan, brings Lo
Bengula's ultimatum to Colonel Penne-
father in command of the pioneer
expedition, 379
Collar-bone, author breaks, in chase after
a black rhinoceros, 436
Collison, Mr. IL C, met by author at
Kimberley, 4 ; his " boys " left at
Klerksdorp engaged for journey into
interior, 13 ; lion-shooting with author,
in 1879, on the Mababi plain, 144 ;
the accident to his rifle, 147 ; return
to Matabililand with, in 1885, 184;
hunting with, in 1879, 449> 45' ! '"
1880, 461 ; shoots a lioness, size of
skin, 467
INDEX
483
Colquhoun, Mr. A. R., treaty concluded
between Umtasa and, 383
Concession Hill, Mr. Cock finds bucket
and rope at bottom of ancient gold-
mining shaft at, 335
Coope, Mr. Jesser, in command of
Matipi's post station, Mashunaland,
397 ; his assistance to author, 406
Cooper, F., accompanies author to
Mashunaland in 1887, 195
Cooper, Jameson, and Fountaine,
Messrs., lion-hunting with, 441-446
Cordon, Lieutenant, reported attack on,
by Matabili, 288
Courtois, Father, kindness received from
him at Tete, 274 ; breakfasting with,
at Tete, after return from gold-pro-
specting expedition up the Mazoe, 304 ;
copy of mineral concession made in
his presence for Governor of Tete, 305
Crampton, Mr. George, of Massi Kessi,
officers of British .South Africa Com-
pany kindly received by, 385
Crocodile, ox caught by, in Crocodile
river, 16; a large, shot near mouth
of Panyami river, 58
Crocodile river, hot weather on the, 1 6 ;
ox caught by crocodile in the, 16;
crocodiles, plentiful in, 17
Crocodiles, very savage at Sesheki, nuis-
ance to missionaries there, 249 ; on
mud bank of Quaqua river, 268 ; on
Lower Zambesi river, 271
Crook, Dr., author attended by, after
wounded in face by striking against
dead tree, 441 ; hunting with, 461
Cruickshank, John, offers jf5o for a
remarkable snake-stone, 14
Dandi River (a tributary of the Han-
yani) crossed, 53 ; guide deserts near,
66
Daniel, a Hottentot, one of author's
party on his journey to the Mashuku-
lumbwi country, 198 ; dies of fever
at Wankie's Town, 201
Darwin, Mount, named after Mr. Charles
Darwin, 286
Dasuru river, ascending the, en route to
Mount Hampden, 294
Dawson, Mr. James, return to Matabili-
land with, in 1885, ride into Emh-
langen with, 184
Degoza Peak, 57
De Lange, Friedrich, his farm, the
snake-stone possessed by him, 14
I "Diamond," found to be a splendid
shooting horse, he dies of "dik-kop
ziekte," 4, 16
Diary, passages quoted from, concerning
the physical features and healthy
climate of the Mashuna highlands,
79
" Dik-kop ziekte " (thick head sickness),
horse disease known as, "Diamond"
dies of it, 4, 16
"Din ziekte" (thin sickness), horse
disease known as, 4
Dishes for gold washing in Mazoe valley,
282
Dogs, killed and wounded by sable ante-
lope at bay, 191
Dombo Chena's, on the Umkaradzi
river, arrival at, 286 ; natives wash for
alluvial gold, ibid.
Dombo Hill, magnificent view from,
height of, 328 ; its form, 329
Donkey, killed by hyaena, 52 ; his import-
ance to travellers in Africa, his ability
to resist poison of tse-tse fly for some
time, 202
Donkeys, towed across the Zambesi near
Wankie's Town, 20I
Dorehill, Mr. George, arrives in the
country with his wife and children, on
a shooting trip, 44 ; author visits him,
47
Dos Santos, his visit to .South-East Africa
three centuries ago, 330
Doyle, Mr. Dennis, formerly the British
South Africa Company's agent at Bula-
wayo, letter expected at Palapye from,
358 ; his influence on the natives at
Umtasa's at the arrival of the Portu-
guese force, 390
Drought, effects of, in neighbourhood of.
Bamangwato, 15, 19
Dutch, their importance as a people in
South Africa, 9
Dutch patois spoken by the Boers, 7
Dutch East African trading company,
their station at Missongwi, 307
Dysentery, Batonga dies of, near the
Zongwi river, he is supposed by his
friends to be bewitched, 210
Edward and George Burnett, Messrs.,
the management of the waggons, etc.,
of the pioneer expedition to Mount
Hampden, under their charge, 374 .
Edwards, Mr. S. H. (" Far Interior
Sam"), old gold -mining shaft dis-
484
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
covered at Tati by, 336 ; his history,
358
" Ee-ja-ha," the Matabili word for young
soldier, 102
Eland, fine bull shot near River Chingi-
Ka, skin cut and destroyed by
Mashunas, 95 ; shooting near Umfuli
and Lundaza rivers, size of bull,
serious accident to author's face, 439,
440
Elands, an unsuccessful hunt for, 50 ;
hunting, 75 ; shooting near Sadza's
villages, one now in British Museum,
measurements of, 91
Elephant, author chased by cow, 175 ;
calf of, generally adopted by another
cow if its own motlier is killed, ibid. ;
adventure with a horse, and wounded,
177 ; the elephant is shot, 178; charged
by a young, 179; weight of tusks, ibid. ;
Laer's account of his last view of the
wounded bull near the Umfuli, 185 ;
he leads tlie way to its carcase, the
weight of its tusks, 187 ; difficult to
kill with shot in front of head when
charging, 434 ; hunting near the
Chobi river, 454
Elephants becoming scarcer every year
south of the Zambesi, i ; tracks of,
at Kadzi river, 55 ; reported plentiful
in Loangwa river region, 63 ; spoor
of large herd of, that had come through
the ^Iachabi hills to the Zweswi river,
166 ; start, with Laer, after a large herd
of, near the Lundaza river, 169 ; over-
take them, rifle and cartridges used in
shooting, 169, 173 ; chased by a cow
elephant, 172 ; six shot near Zweswi
river, 172-179 ; cutting off the tusks of,
180 ; hunting near Umfuli, charged
by one, 188; tuskless bulls rare, i8g ;
weight of short tusks of an, 190;
measurement of Indian, 477 ; scarcity
of, south of Zambesi river, shooting
with Jameson near the Manyami river,
475 ; large tusk, 476 ; dimensions of
two elephants shot near Manyami
river, ibid.
Elibi, Fort, meeting with Dr. Jameson
at, 367
Elliotts, entertained by the, and other
missionaries, at Emhlnngen, 157
El Massoudi, Zends spoken of by, 332
Emhlangen, untrimmed sjamboks brought
to M 's store at, waggons left at,
136; entertained by the Elliotts and
other missionaries at, 157 ; ride into,
with Mr. James Dawson, to get letters,
184
Engelbrecht, Jan, his experience at
elephant-sliooting with 500-bore rifle
by Holland and Holland, 430
England, author's return to, in 1 881, I ;
return to, in 1886, 195 ; return to, in
spring of 1889, 265 ; last arrival in,
427
Englishmen, the principal explorers in
Mashunaland, 321
Entakwasheki, Mashunaheadman named,
90
" Escalere," boats called, pass Mata-
kania's from Zumbo, how propelled, 60
Fairbairn, Mr. James, his visit with the
author to I.o Bengulaat the time of the
" Sea-Cow Row," 136 ; buck waggon
and live stock left with, at ISulawayo,
140 ; thirteen of his cattle struck dead
by lightning, 447
Fever, author attacked with, in neigh-
bourhood of Dandi river, 67 ; again
attacked at Unipingi river, 68 ; two
Kafirs down with, 69 ; recover from,
70 ; Laer down with, ibid. ; danger of,
to unacclimatised men in Zambesi
valley, Daniel, the boy, dies of, at
Wankie's Town, 201
Fiennes, Lieutenant the Hon. Eustace,
sent with " A " troop of British South
Africa Company's Police to Umtasa's
to meet Portuguese force, 388 ; he
arrives just in time, 390
Flight from the Mashukulumbwi, 224
Forbes, Major P. W., table of observa-
tions taken at Fort Salisbury by, 347 ;
assumes the command of tlie British
South Africa Company's forces in
Manica country, 388
Fortman, Antony, his da'Ughter who was
bitten by a snake cured by snake-
stone, 14
Fountaine, A. C, accompanies author
to Mashunaland in 1887, 195
Fountaine, Jameson, and Cooper, Messrs.,
lion-hunting with, 441-446
French, Mr., howling of hytvna on the
night of his being lost beyond the
Chol)i, 373 ; his death referred to, 447 ;
hunting expedition with, in 1879, 449
Fura hills, the, 286
Game, scarcity of, between Panda -nia-
tenka and the Zongwi river, 2o8_
INDEX
485
Garanga, the Mashuna headman, offers
to supply guides to the Portuguese on
the Zambesi, 54
Garanganzi country (Katanga), author,
at Mr. F. S. Arnot's invitation, pre-
pares to visit, for sport, 198
Gato, mass of rock called, 97
Gazuma, visit to cattle post at, before
starting for Barotsi valley, 244 ;
Matabili warriors arrive at, after their
return home from their disastrous
raiding expedition to Lake Ngami,
105
"Georos," Mr. Westbeech called, by
natives, 105
Gibbs of liristol, efficiency of 450-bore
rifle made by, 428
Giraffe-shooting near Horn's Vley, 151 ;
sighting a herd of, near the Chobi
river, 456
Godobgay river running through the
Inyaguzwi hills, 376
Gold, the former principal trade of
Zumbo, 63
Gold, alluvial, obtained by natives from
bed of Mazoe and its tributaries, 81 ;
quills of, bought of natives, 89
Gold dust brought to Tete obtained
from the Mazoe river and Makanga
country, 275
Gold-mining, ancient, in Mashunaland
and Manicaland, Arabs report gold
mines in interior to Portuguese on
their arrival in .Sou;h-East Africa, 335 ;
old gold-mining .shafts, etc., 336, 337 ;
in Mashunaland and Manicaland, in
the past and future, 352-354
Golodaima's town, visit to, to buy
maize, man-eating lion reported near,
183
Gonyi, Falls of, Zambesi river, 258
Gourinho, Senhor Joaquim Andre, enter-
tained at Zumbo by, his ivory, 62 ;
adieu to, 64
Gourlay, Mr., finds the lost mail-bag,
398.
Gouveia (see under Souza, Afanoel
Antonio de)
Graham, Lieutenant, sent from Fort
Salisbury to Umtasa's to meet Portu-
guese force, 338 ; .sent to Ma.ssi Kessi
with letters to Colonel P. d'Andrada,
389
Grant and Weyand, visit to their hunt-
ing camp on the Zwcswi river, 121,
128
Graphic, the, article written for, on
Mashunaland, 195 ; its fate, 196-
19S
Grass, burnt off, leaving the countiy
blackened and dreary until next rainy
season, 80
Greeffe, Mr. and Mrs., hospitably enter-
tained by, 156
Greener, \V. W., a little double 12
smooth-bore by, an excellent weapon,
474
Grey, Major, Bechwanaland Border
Police at Macloutsie under, 357
Gungunyan, chief of Gaza Zulus, stated
to have placed himself under Portu-
guese protection, 315
f^uns set for lions, 35
Giinther, Dr., gives author, before he
leaves England, a list of what large
animals are required for the British
Museum, 2
Gutu, the chief, pays tribute to Lo
Bengula, 382
Gwai river, crossing the, 140
Gwelo river, shooting near the, 462
Gwibi river, journey to, with Messrs.
Jameson, Fountaine, and Cooper, 196;
arrival at, near Mount Hampden,
294
Hampden, Mount, ostrich-hunting near,
87 ; visit to, after discovering source
of Mazoe river, the goal of the
British South Africa Company's
expedition in 1890, description of,
294 ; its name, 295 ; account of the
pioneer expedition to, 356-382;
pioneer expedition to Ma.shunaland
arrives safely at, 382
Hanyani river (see also Manyaini
river and Panyatni river), determina-
tion to cross tlie, on way to the
Zambesi, 44 ; crossing the, 47 ; before
1882 the " Ultima Thule " of travel-
lers, iliid. ; author's party on his
expedition from the, to the Zambesi,
ibid. ; scarcity of game in district of,
country in neighbourhood, devastated
by Matabili, 48
Harris, Ca)>tain (afterwards Sir) Corn-
wallis, his meeting with Umziligazi's
warriors after their defeat by the
Boers in 1836, 102
Harrison, Mr. Christopher, Providential
Pass named at his suggestion, 377 ;
with Lieutenant A. Campbell and
486
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE JN AFRICA
author visits the Portuguese at Massi
Kessi, 385
Harrison, Mr., of Massi Kessi, officers
of British Soutli Africa Company
kindly received by, 385
Heany and Harrow, Messrs., 362
Heany, Captain, "A" troop of pioneer
expedition under liis command, 374
Helm, Mrs., wife of the missionary,
liavea, afterwards Chameluga's wife,
.apprenticed to, 114
Henilcrson, Mr. and Mrs., entertained at
Mopea by, on return from Tete, 308
Henry, Mr. Alexander, skull of lion shot
with rifle made by, sent to him at
Edinburgh, 36
Heyman, Captain, Portuguese attack on
his camp in Manica, 384, 408 ; Massi
Kessi captured by, 384 ; his camp at
Umtali, 405
Hillier, Dr. A. P., his work. The An-
tiqttity of Man in South Africa,
referred to, 108
Hippopotami on the Zambesi, 58 ; in
Zambesi near Zumljo, 62 ; Matabili
superstition concerning the destruction
of, 135 ; travel high up rivers for food
in rainy season, 161 ; on Lower Zam-
besi river, 271 ; shooting near Kevui
river, 41 1
Hippopotamus shot near Matakania
town, 59 ; canoe sunk by, in Zambesi
river, 259; firing at the, 260; shot
near junction of Inyagui river with
Mazoe river, 296 ; shooting near the
junction of the Kuenya and Mazoe
rivers, 299 ; wounded, attacks the
carcase of one previously shot, 300 ;
shooting near the Chobi river, 45 1
Hokogazi, William, the Zulu servant,
accompanies author on visit to Motoko,
401
Holl.and and Holland, elephant and
other shooting with 500-bore rifle by,
430, 431 ; their new Paradox guns,
432
Holub, Dr., his camp looted by the
Mashukulumbwi, 207 ; this event
referred to by Sikabenga's men,
213
Horn Measurements of Great Game, Mr.
Ward's book on, 367
Horn's Vley, camping at, game in neigh-
bourhood, 148
Horse sickness, two forms of, known as
the "din ziekte,"and the "dik-kop,"4
Horse, adventures with a stallion whilst
elephant-shooting, 173 ; stallion lamed
through treading on sharp stone whilst
elephant-hunting, 181
Horses take fright at zebras, and go
into fly-infested forest, 246
Hoste, Captain, " B " troop of the
pioneers under, cut the first section
of the road beyond Tuli, 372 ; arrives
at Umtasa's at the time of the arrival
of the Portuguese force, 391
Hottentots, Buslimen probably allied to
the, 107; skull found in "kitchen
midden " on Buffalo river, resembles
that of a, 108
Hya:na, shooting a, which had run off
with an eland skin, 93 ; visits camp
at the Zweswi river, and is shot, 168 ;
shooting a, near Golodaima's town,
183 ; held by dogs until assegaied by
Kafirs, canine teeth and part of jaw
missing, 184, 185
Hy.-enas trouble the camp, 25 ; shot by
gun set for lions, 35, 43
Ignacio de Jesus Xavier, Colonel
Rusambo pays tribute to, 281 ; his ex-
pedition to the chief Mapondera to
persuade him to accept the Portuguese
flag, 317
Iguanas, on mud bank of (Juaqua river,
268
Impala antelopes seen in the neighbour-
hood of the Kadzi, two shot at the
Umsengaisi river, 55 ; one shot near
mouth of Panyami river, 58
Impali river, a tributary of tlie Sabi,
crossing the, Mashuna town on bank
of, description of natives near, tat-
tooing, 97
India, measurements of elephants in, 476
" Indoda," the Matabili word for full-
grown man, 102
Intelligence Department of pioneer
expedition, author at head of, 371
" Intembi," many lost on raiding ex-
pedition to Lake Ngami, 103
Inyachimi river, following down the,
:oo
Inyagui river (a tributary of the Mazoe),
its source, and junction with Mazoe,
hippopotamus shot near, 296 ; cross-
ing the, on journey to Motoko's,
399
Inyaguzwi range, exploring opening
through the, for road for pioneer
INDEX
487
expedition, afterwards called Provi-
dential Pass, 375
Inyakambiri river, crossing the, on
journey to Motoko's, 399
Inyama Mountains, seen from top of
Dombo, 328
Inyamashupa river, crossing tlie, on
journey to ilotoko's, 400
Inyamliari, a bare precipitous crag of
the Umvukwi range, 53 ; condition of
natives in neighbourhood, ibid.
Inyamwenda's people come to camp on
Manyami, to sell mealies, 181
In-yang-ombi river (see Yankombi river)
Inyarugwi, Mount, seen from top of
Dombo, 329
Inyati, meet with Fathers Law and
Wehl at, 461
Inya-tsu-tsu, arrival at, on Mazoe river,
gold-prospecting expedition, 280 ; prob-
ably the same as Vunge on Living-
stone's map, ibid.
Inyonangwa, headman of village on
Panyami, 65
Inyoti, arrival at, on Maroe river, gold-
prospecting expedition, 288 ; warlike
movements of Portuguese reported at,
ibid. ; signing mineral concession by
chiefs at, 291 ; return to, after visit to
sources of Mazoe, 295
Ivory, trade of Zumbo in, 63 ; that
brought to Tete, mostly obtained
from Angoni country, 275
Ivory tusk lost in Zambesi through canoe
being sunk by hippopotamus, 261
Jalla and Jeanmairet, Messrs., kindly
received by, at Sesheki, 249
Jameson, Cooper, and Fountaine,
Messrs., lion-hunting with, 441-446
Jameson, Dr., the Administrator of
Mashunaland, his suitability for the
post, 355 ; Lo Bengula gives his con-
sent to, to have a road cut to Mash-
unaland, 357 ; visits Lo Bengula
instead of Mr. Rhodes, to arrange
about pioneer expedition, 361
Jameson, Mr. J. A., accompanies author
to Mashunaland in 1887, 195 ; koo-
doo - hunting with, near Pondoro's,
437 ; hunting with, 461 ; size of ele-
phant shot by, near Manyami river,
475
Jasmine, wild, sweet perfume of, 64
Jeanmairet and Jalla, Messrs., kindly
received by, at Sesheki, 249
Joao's town (or Maramba), near junction
of Luia and Mazoe, well from which
water for the town is supplied, 297
John, a Hottentot boy, 375
"John Lee's Farm," arrive at place
known as, 156
Johnson, Mr. Frank, author at his re-
quest conducts gold-prospecting party
to the head of the JIazoe river, 264 ;
in command of the advance party of
pioneer expedition, 362
Johnston, Consul H. H., Makololo, near
the Ruo river, informed that they were
under the British piotection by,
313
Jugu, son of Mashuna chief, accredited
with supernatural powers, 465 ; his
prophetic denunciations, 466
Kabompo River, author proposes to hunt
in the unknown country to the north
of the, 244
Kachomba river, crossing the, on way
to Mashukulumbwi country, buffaloes
and impala antelopes plentiful near,
207 ; tse-tse fly in neighbourhood,
208
Kadzi river, pest of tse-tse in the neigh-
bourhood of, 55 ; game in the neigh-
bourhood of the, ibid.
Kafir information not to be relied on,
411
Kafirs, their inferiority as a race, 10
Kafukwi river, the hartebeest Alcela-
phus liclitcnsteini seen near the, 73 ;
crossed by Dr. Livingstone at Sem-
alembui's, 214
Kaiser Wilhelm Gold-Fields, named by
Mauch, in Motoko's country, 403
Kalahari (see also Horii^s Vley), heavy
thunderstorm and rain in the, 152
Kalangu's, attacked by fever at, on
journey to Barotsi valley, 250
Kali, rapid of, Zambesi river, 259
Kalimazondo, author conducted to Mo-
toko by, 401
Kalimazondo's town, arrival at, on jour-
ney to Motoko's, 400
Kalipi, Umziligazi's general, his attack
on the Boer camp at Vechtkop in
1836, 102
Kalumanuman cliff, in Lupata gorge,
Zambesi river, 273
Kandaya, arrive at his village, its poverty-
stricken condition, entertainment by
natives, 287
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
Kangiulzi liver, crossing the, on Mazoe
river gold-prospecting expedition, 279
Kansawa river, arrival at, on Mazoe
river gold -prospecting expedition,
279 ; lion-shooting near, ihiri.
Kanyemba, boat to cross the Zambesi to
Zumbo to be obtained from one of the
towns of, 60 ; arrival at his towns,
slaves building a new house for him,
61 ; entertained by, he supplies boat
and Kafirs for crossing the Zambesi to
Zumbo, 62
Karunduga-gongoma hill, reach the, after
flight from the Mashukulumbwi, 225
Kasaia river, travelling through mopani
forest near the, on way to Barotsi
country, 245 ; crossing the, iliiil.
Katanga (or Garanganzi country), mould
used in, for running copper into,
similar to the soapstone mould found
by Mr. Bent at Zimbabwi, 336
Kazungula, arrival at, on canoe journey
down Zambesi river from Lialui,
263
Kerr, Mr. W. Montagu, meeting with
him at Klerksdorp, he accompanies
author to Bulawayo to see Lo Bengula,
139; starts on his journey to Lake
Nyassa, a general favourite with all,
his death, 140 ; leather coat presented
by him to author, 174; his visit to
Mapondera's in 1888 referred to, 291
Khama, the chief, visit to, to obtain
permission to trek along the Limpopo,
etc., 20; his courtesy, 23; the im-
proved condition of the Bakalahari
under his rule, 112; assistance ren-
dered by, to pioneer expedition to
Mount Hampden, 368-370
Khama's country, under British protec-
tion, though claimed by Lo Bengula,
356
Khama's man, escape of, after being cap-
tured by Matabili raiders, 104
Kimberley, author arrives at, 4 ; author's
interview with Mr. Cecil Rhodes at,
respecting the British occupation of
Mashunaland, 311 ; author returns
from Bulawayo to, with message from
Lo Bengula to Mr. Rhodes at Cape
Town, 361
Kingfishers, three species of, seen, 54 ;
in valley of Panyami, 64
Kirk, Dr. (now .Sir John), his journey
down the Zambesi with Dr. Living-
stone, referred to, 6:
Klabala, condition of the Bakalahari of,
112
Klerksdorp, author starts for, 3 ; arrives
at, 13 ; return to, from Mashunaland
and Zambesi, natural history collec-
tions forwarded to Cape Town and
England from, start again from, for
interior, 71 ; return to, in January
1884, natural history specimens sent
to Europe from, meeting with Mr. W.
Montagu Kerr at, 139
" Klipspringer" antelopes, found along
courses of larger ri\ers in Northern
Mashunaland, 162 ; found in Cape
Colony, il'iii.
Koodoo shot near Masheki river, 98 ;
remains of a bull found, that had been
killed by a lion, 165 ; a fine specimen
shot in neighbourhood of Macloutsie
river, his large horns, 364
Koodoos, seen in Panyami valley, 65
"Kopje," description of a, 165; how
formed, 330
Koranas, language of the Bushmen allied
to that of the, 106
Koungyara, journey to, 140
"Lady of the Lake" steamer seized
by Portuguese, 314
Laer, a Griqua lad, taught to help in
preparing skins for museum specimens,
13 ; his narrow escape from a wounded
lion, 39 ; proves useful on account of
his knowledge of native languages,
etc., 47 ; meeting with, after journey
to Zumbo, 69 ; has fever, 70 ; de-
spatched to Grant and Weyand's
camp on Zweswi river to get wheel
for waggon, meets five lions on
the way, 121 ; shoots a lion near
the Umfuli river, 124; his ad-
venture with a lion that had seized
an ox on the Umniati river, 127 ;
his account of his last view of the
wounded bull-elephant near the Umfuli,
he leads the way to its carcase,
186
Landseer, Sir E. , the position of his
lions in Trafalgar .Square correct, 147
Law and Weld, Fathers, their ill-fated
journey to Umzila's kraal, 97 ; travel-
ling with, on their journey to Umzila's,
461
Leask, Mr. Thomas, of Klerksdorp, 4 ;
buck- waggon, oxen, etc., bought of,
for journey into interior, 13
INDEX
489
Leechwe antelopes, plentiful near Chobi
river, 450
Lemon-trees in tlie upper valley of the
Mazoe, their introduction into the
countr)', 291
Leopard shot whilst feeding on the re-
mains of a black rhinoceros, 47 ; shot
on way back to camp from Grant and
Weyand's camp on Zweswi river,
123
Lewanika, chief of Barotsi tribe, horse
sold to him l^y author, 1 6 ; proposed
visit to, at Lialui in the Barotsi valley,
196 ; his men carry off Monzi's cattle,
212; start to visit, 244; arrive at
his town, Lialui, kind reception, de-
scription of his dress, etc., Mr. Coil-
lard's influence over him, 252 ; sell
horses to, presents from, ibid.; how
he is saluted by strangers, 253 ; pro-
vides canoes to go down Zambesi,
254
Leydenberg (the hill of sorrow), 7
Lialui (Lewanika's town), in the Barotsi
valley, proposed journey to, 196 ;
situation of, 251 ; arrival at, 252;
reception by chief at, ibid. ; departure
from, 254
Lichtenstein's hartebeest {Aiceiaphtts
lichtensteini], first met with by Dr.
Peters, expedition in search of, 73 ;
reported near the Sabi river, 96 ; un-
successful hunt after, 98 ; five killed
by author in neighbourhood of the
Sabi in 1885, 190 ; plentiful north
of Zambesi on road to Monzi's, 211 ;
herd of, on banks of Ungwesi river,
north of Zambesi, 215 ; herd seen
near N'joko river, 250
Lightning, thirteen of Mr. Fairbairn's
cattle struck dead by, 447 ; Mat Clark-
son killed by, ibid.
Lion tracked and shot after Laer had
narrowly escaped him, 39 ; roaring of,
near camp south-east of Se-bum-bum's
Mountain, 99 ; Laer's adventure with
a, 124, 127 ; author's narrow escape
from a, near the Zweswi river, it is
afterwards shot, 129, 130, 133 ; Bush-
men and Makuba Kafirs killed by a,
141, 142 ; chased by a, on the Mababi
plain, 147 ; position of a lion when
on the alert, ibid.; hunt after, near
Umniati river, 160 ; gun set for, 161 ;
koodoo hunted in dayliglit by, 165 ;
fierce light from the eyes of a wounded.
166; man - eating, reported near
Golodaima's town, 182 ; attacks the
horses of the mail carrier, 397 ; shoot-
ing a cowardly, 464
Lioness, encounter with a, on road to
Bamangwato, 22
Lions, visit the camp and carry off
Blucher the dog, and skins, 27 ; they
escape to the river, 32 ; two shot in
one day, an extraordinary instance of
good luck, 43 ; subsequent scarcity
of, ibid. ; Laer meets five, on way to
Grant and Weyand's camp, 121 ; Laer
shoots a, near Umfuli river, 124;
Laer's adventure with a, at the Umniati
river, 127 ; twelve shot in 1887,
while on hunting expedition with
Messrs. Jameson, Fountaine, and
Cooper, 195 ; shooting, near Kansawa
river, 279 ; ox killed by, near Um-
liwan's, 412; unsuccessful hunt for,
415 ; a night's adventure with, whilst
waiting for waggons from Umliwan's,
unique experience, 416-425 ; weight
of large, 444, 445 ; Dr. Livingstone's
depreciative remarks concerning size
of, 445
Livingstone, Dr., Jose Miguel Lobo,
chief of Chabonga, states that he met
him, in the land of Cazembi, 56 ; the
mouth of the Panyami wrongly placed
on his maps, 61 ; his journey from the
Makololo country to the Lower Zam-
besi referred to, 210; his visit to
Monzi's referred to, 211 ; his deprecia-
tive remarks concerning the size of
lions, 445
Livingstone, Mrs., her grave at Shu-
panga, on Zambesi river, 270
Loangwa river, its junction with the
Zambesi, ivory from the neighbourhood
of the, 62
Loanja river, a night on the banks of
the, tse-tse fly in neighbourhood,
250
Lo Bengula, the king, horse lent by him
to author, 35 ; his expeditions against
the Batauwani, Lake Ngami, loi ;
the disasters that befell it, 103 ; his
treacherous murder of Chameluga,
114; author called before him over
the "Sea-Cow Row," and unjustly
fined ^60, 135-138 ; he gives per-
mission to Mr. \V. Montagu Kerr to
travel through his country, 139 ; he
demands a salted horse for right to
■
490
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
shoot in Mashunaland, 156 ; his atti-
tude towards the pioneer expedition
to Mashunaland, 357, 358, 360 ;
gives his consent to Dr. Jameson to
cut a road to Masliunaland, 357 ;
autlior's visit to arrange about road for
pioneer expedition, 359 ; he wishes
to see Mr. Cecil Rhodes, 360 ; his
letter refusing to allow the pioneer
expedition to cross the Tuli, 370 ;
his ultimatum sent to Colonel Penne-
father in command of the pioneer
expedition to Mashunaland, author's
opinion of his attitude towards the
pioneer expedition, 379 ; prepara-
tions to attack pioneer expedition,
380 ; his warriors have never raided
the Mabudja, 404
Lobo, Jose Miguel (Chimbuna), the chief
of Chabonga, friendly reception by,
his travels, states that he had met Dr.
Livingstone, 56 ; adieu to, 57
Loch, Sir Henry, approves of scheme for
British occupation of Mashunaland,
312
Lokoloko, on the Quaqua riv«r, boat
journey of gold-prospecting party from
Mozambique to, 267-269 ; arrival at,
269 ; eleven hours' fast walking from,
to Mazaro on Zambesi, ibid.
Lo Magondi, hunting expedition with
Mr. Jameson near his kraals, 472 ;
interview with, a feat, 473 ; purchas-
ing tusks of, 474
Lo Magondi's Mashunas, maize for
horses bought of, 23
Lost on the veld, 87
Loyola, Ignatius, enterprise of the zealous
disciples of, in Africa, 320
Lufua river, Mr. D. Thomas murdered
by the Batongas on an island in the
Zambesi, near the junction of the,
207
Luia river, crossing the, on Mazoe
river gold - prospecting expedition,
281
Luisa country, Matakania's slave-trading
and elephant-hunting expedition into,
59 .
Lumbi river, arrival at, on journey to
the Barotsi valley, character of country
after crossing the, 25 1
Lundaza river (a tributary of the
Umfuli), crossing the, after elephants,
170; accident to author's eye whilst
eland-hunting near, 441
Lunti river, pioneer expedition arrives
at, 374
Lupata gorge, breadth of, Zambesi
river below, 271 ; arrival at the,
description of, 273
Lusu rapids, Zambesi river, passing the,
in canoe, 262
M , fined ^300 for shooting hippo-
potami at, the " Sea-Cow Row," 135
Mababi country, journey from Bulawayo
to the, III; start from Bulawayo
on hunting expedition to the, 140 ;
arrival at the Mababi flat, 141
Mababi plain, lion - shooting on the,
144 ; chased by a lion on the,
147 _
Mababi river, scarcity of water between
the, and the Botletli river, 449
Mabari river, walk to, with fever,
69
Mabudja (see also Motoko's), description
of, they beat off force under Manoel
A. de Souza, 400 ; description of the
people, Abagaza raids, never raided
by Lo Bengula's warriors, 404
Machabi hills, elephants come through
the, 166
Macloutsie, companies of the Bechwana-
land Border Police stationed at, at
starting of pioneer expedition to
Mashunaland, 357 ; reinforcements at,
361 ; author arrives at, 363
Magoi-ee river (Makoe), reach the, on
journey to the Kafukwi river, north
of Zambesi, zebra shot near, 214 ;
game and tse-tse fly on route near,
ibid. ; Ungwesi river runs into the,
and not into the Kafukwi, as shown
on Mr. Ravenstein's map, 215 ; cross-
ing the, 216 ; swimming across the,
at night, after attack by Mashuku-
lumbwi, 224
Mahabi river, Matabili. raiding expedi-
tion from Lake Ngami, surprise one of
Khama's men near the, 104
Mahobo-hobo forests, journey through
thick, 48; propose elephant -hunting
through the, 185
Majili river, a tributary of the Kasaia,
game near the, 245, 246
Makalaka, understand the Chiswina dia-
lects, 386
Makamana, Khama's headman, 368
Makanga country, gold dust brought to
Tete from, 275
INDEX
491
Makololo, near Ruo river, attacked by
Colonel Serpa Pinto's force, 313
Makololo country. Dr. Livingstone's
journey from, to the Lower Zambesi,
referred to, 211
Makombi, chief of Barui country, com-
pelled to submit to Portuguese by
Manoel Antonio de Souza, 315
Makoni, the chief, 344
Makoni's country, remains of walls in, that
will compare with those of Zimbabwi
for style of building, 340 ; travelling
through, on way to Umtali, 405
Makoni's town, its present fdthy condi-
tion, 338 ; ruins near, 339
Makubas, a feast for the, near the Cliobi
river, 461
Ma-kwaykwi, the head enduna of Bula-
wayo, and the " Sea - Cow Row,"
13s
Malmesbury district, near Cape Town,
no English or Scotch farmers in, 9
Mambova village, sleep at, on way to
Barolsi valley, 245
Alanckester Guardian^ text of article by
the author in the, on events in Manica
after the occupation of Mashunaland
by British South Africa Company, 387-
394
Mandy, Mr. Frank, ostrich farm managed
by. I
Mangwendi, the chief, 344
Mangwendi's country, passing through,
on way to Umtali, 405
Manica country, journey to, with Messrs.
Jameson, Fountaine, and Cooper, 196 ;
early activity of Jesuit priests in, 320 ;
future of gold-mining industry in,
Portuguese driven from, in 1832, 352 ;
author conducts Mr. A. R. Colquhoun
to, treaty with Umtasa, 383 ; Portu-
guese claim to, ihid. ; the attack on
Captain Pleyman's position, boundary
between British and Portuguese pos-
sessions in, 384 ; text of article by the
author in the Manchester Guardian,
on events in Manica after the occupa-
tion of Mashunaland by British South
Africa Company, 387-394 ; start for,
in company with Lieutenant A. Camp-
bell, to take part with British force
against Portuguese, 407
Manikos and his Zulus, Mashunaland
continually ravaged by, 338 ; Portu-
guese driven from Manica by, in 1832,
352
Manyami river (see also Hanyani river
and Panyami river), arrive at, from
Klerksdorp, 7 ; crossing the mouth of
the, 60 ; return to camp beyond the,
after journey to Zumbo, 69 ; prepare
for a journey across the, to the Mazoe
and Sabi, 73 ; sources of the, 79 ;
crossed on way to Mazoe and Sabi,
ibid. ; passing through country near
the, lately devastated by the Matibili,
arrive at camp on the, after hunting
expedition to the Sabi river, 100 ;
breaking up camp on the, in Novem-
ber 1883, 118 ; camp formed on the,
159 ; permanent camp formed on the,
181 ; camp on the Upper, 196
Manyanga's, night spent at, 47
Ma-ovi river (a tributary of the Kadzi),
crossing the, 55
Map, from compass survey made by
author, 395
Mapondera, chief of the Makori-kori
tribe, arrive at his residence at Inyota,
288 ; he signs paper making mineral
concessions, 291 ; expedition of Colonel
Ignacio de Jesus Xavier to, 317
Maramba (steJo3o^s town)
Marancinyan (Sikabenga or Jllakiinguni),
rival claimant to the Barotsi chieftain-
ship, his raid on Sesheki, Lewanika
goes to exterminate his party, 197 ;
he raids Lewanika's countiy, after his
flight lives near the Nyandabanji hills
with his followers, 212; unpleasant
visit from his men after leaving Monzi's,
213 ; author finds his way to his town
after flight from the Mashukulumbwi,
234, 235 ; description of the chief,
compelled to leave his town, 236 ; he
promises to send men to show way to
Panda-ma-tenka, 238; Mat.-ibili attack
on villages of, his people leaders in
the attack on camp, 242 ; his conduct
towards author, when he took refuge
at his town, explained, 243
Marico river, arrival at, 15
Martini-IIenry rifles, of the Government
pattern, elephants killed with, 429 ;
Iniffaloes killed with 450 -bore, near
.Beira, 430
Martins, Senhor, Capitao Mor of Tete,
assistance received from, 276 ; enter-
tained by, at Tete, on return from ex-
pedition up the Mazoe, 306
Masarwas, the Bamangwato name for
Bushmen, 105 (see Bushmen)
492
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
Mashapatan villages, boys recruited
at, on journey to Mashukulumbwi
country, 203
Mashukulumbwi, the (see also Minenga),
Levvanika reported capturing cattle of
the, 197 ; Dr. llolub's camp looted
and Oswald Zoldner murdered by the,
207 ; men wear no clothing, 212 ; in
a district thickly peopled by, near
Magoi-ee river, 216; apparent friendly
reception by, 217 ; description of,
remarkable head-dress, 220 ; suspicion
aroused, night attack by, 222-225 '•
have to flee from, alone, 225 ; rest at
the last village of the, after flight, a
narrow escape, 231, 232 ; the reason
for the attack, 242, 243
Mashimaland, start again for Manyami
river in, 71 ; plateau of, game plenti-
ful on the, 1 59 ; J'ortuguese claim to,
Lord Salisbury proclaims it to be
within the British sphere of influence,
necessity for active steps on part of
British, 309 ; resources of, 3 10 ; scheme
for the occupation of, 312 ; letter to
the Times on, 313-325 ; Englishmen
the principal explorers of, 321 ; inhos-
pitable country between the Zambesi
and the high plateau of, 323 ; its
natural capabilities, 324 ; origin of
the name uncertain, 327 ; ancient and
modern inhabitants of, 330-342; no
remains of ancient city built of stone
in, 334 ; the origin of the present in-
habitants of, 341 ; history of, in modern
times, 344, 345 ; dateof commencement
of Zulu raids, 345 ; climate and
health in, 346 ; table of meteorologi-
cal observations made at Fort Salis-
buiy by Major P. W. Forl)es, 347 ;
the rainy season, 348 ; rapid progress
of, ibid. ; future of gold-mining industry
in, 352 ; Dr. Jameson the Administra-
tor, author's visit to the chiefs living on
the eastern border of, after the occupa-
tion by the British .South Africa Com-
pany, 386 ; compass survey of, made
by author, 395 ; postal service between
Tuli and Salisbury, 396
MasUutialand Herald^ the, the first news-
paper printed in Mashun.iland, fac-
simile of, 351
Mashunas, live in constant state of
fear owing to Matabili raiders, 48,
49 ; timidity of the, 50 ; formerly
inhabiting plateau near sources of
Mazoe and Manyami rivers, raided by
Matabili, 81 ; their eagerness for meat,
96 ; Matabili raids on, 97 ; their mode
of life, tattooing, etc., near River Im-
pali, ibid. ; occupation of the country
by British possibly saved them from
utter destruction, 346
Massi Kessi captured by Captain Hey-
man's men, 384, 408 ; author's visit
to, in company with Mr. C. Harrison
and Lieutenant A. Campbell, 385 ;
taken possession of by British South
Africa Company's men, description of,
392
Matabili, their superstition concerning
the destruction of hippopotami, 135 ;
" impi " scare amongst the Batongas,
203
Matabili raids, limit of, in Hanyani river
district, 53 ; pass through country near
Manyami recently devastated by, 100 ;
on the Batauwani of Lake Ngami,
loi ; the fate of the raiders, 103 ;
dale of commencement of, on Mash-
unaland, 345
Matabili warrior, a hardy, 102
Matabili warriors cross the Zambesi near
Mwcmba's, 242
Matakania's daughter, a visit from,
59
Matakania's town, arrival at, situation
of, 58 ; visit from the people of, night
spent at, 59
Matandi tribe, 65
Matietsi river, difficult road for donkeys
along the, 201
Matipi's, planning out section of road for
pioneer expedition between Tuli and,
368 ; Thomas, the mail-carrier, arrives
at, after liis adventure with the lion,
397
Matoli, John, with Sir John Swinburne
as waggon driver, accompanies Mata-
bili warriors at the dastruction of Musi-
gaguva's kraals, 117
Matopi, the chief, passing the village of,
282
Mattos, Messrs. Teixeira de, their house
of business at Tete, 274
Mauch, Carl, his explorations in Mash-
unaland, 321 ; Inyama Mountains,
possibly his Mount Bismarck, 329
Mazaro, on Zambesi river, eleven hours'
fast walking from Lokoloko on Quaqua
river to, description of countiy be-
tween these places, 270
INDEX
493
Maziwa, arrival at his village on gold-
prospecting expedition, 282 ; poverty
of the people, difficulty with the chief
about porters, 283 ; compelled to
destroy trade goods, 284
Mazoe river, visited by George Phillips,
47 ; journey from Tete to Mashuna
country via the, preferred, 57 ; prepare
for a journey from the Manyami to the,
after white rhinoceros and Lichten-
stein's hartebeest, 73 ; sources of the,
79, 82 ; natives obtain alluvial gold
from bed of, 81 ; author conducts gold-
prospecting party to head of, 265 ; tlie
start from Mozambique, ibid. ; gold
dust brought to Tete from, question as
to its sources, 275 ; profusion of wild-
flowers in the valley of the Upper, 292 ;
discovery of the source of, 292, 295 ;
following down the, on return journey
to Tete, 296 ; navigability of the, 298 ;
lions near the junction of the Ruenya,
299 ; a fresh-water shark caught at
the junction of the, with the Ruenya,
299 ; crocodiles in, 300 ; quills full of
alluvial gold brought from, 353 ; tribes
in neighbourhood of, have a " Lion-
God," 400
Mesheki river, crossing the, 98
Metford rifle, used for shooting elephants
and other large animals, 169, 170;
one by Gibbs of Bristol, 431
Methuen, Lieutenant-General the Hon.
{now General Lord), his visit to in-
spect pioneer expedition before start-
ing on their journey to Mashunaland,
,367, 369
Miller, Mr., a travelling companion of
the author, 10 ; meeting with, near the
Chobi river, 449
Minenga, Masiiukulumbwi chief {see also
A/ashiikuliimlnui), guided to, 215 ;
arrival at his village, 216 ; form a
camp, 217; entertained by his people,
a jovial evening, i/iid. ; refuse his
invitatiim to go and drink beer with
him, Paul goes, he is questioned by
chief, 218 ; probable plot, iljiii. ; shoot-
ing zebra and hartebeest for, 219;
night attack by his people, 222-225 !
flight from, alone, 225 ; reason for tlie
attack, 242, 243
Missongwi {a Dutch East African trading
company's station), stay with Mr. Van
Yssom at, on boat journey down
Zambesi, 307
Moffat, Rev. Mr., his visit to Umziligazi,
359
"Mondoro" or "Lion-God," his power
in Motoko's country, prayers offered
to, 400
" Monomotapa, the Emperor of," con-
verted to Roman Catholicism, 320
Montgomery, Sergeant-Major, sent with
men from Fort Salisbury to meet Portu-
guese force at Umtasa's, 388
Monyokwi river, crossing the, on journey
to Motoko's, 399
Monzi's {village of a Batonga chief), guide
hired for journey to, 210 ; game plenti-
ful, and pleasant travelling on road
to, description of, author first white
man who has visited, since Dr. Living-
stone, 211 ; arrive at, idid. ; good
time at, 212 ; guide from, reports
that Mashukulumbwi intend attack-
ing camp at Minenga's, 222 ; decide
to make for, after attack by Mashuku-
lumbwi, 224 ; arrive at, friendly
reception, but compelled to leave
hurriedly, 233
Monzi's sister refuses to order her people
to assegai author, 243
Moore, Mr. Peter, of the African Lakes
Company at Vicenti, kindly received
by him, 270 ; his letter to Mr. Ross
at Mozambique informing him that
the Portuguese had seized the steamer
Lady of the Lake, 314
Mopani forests, 55 ; a walk through
parched-up, 64
Mopea, on Quaqua river, Blantyre
missionary party travel by boat to,
270 ; walk from Vicenti on Zambesi to,
on journey from Tete, entertained by
Mr. and Mrs. Henderson there, 308
Moruling, large " vley " of, 21
Moshidi (M'siri), king of Garanganzi
country, author starts on a visit to his
country at the invitation of Mr. F. ,S.
Arnot, 198
Mosqui, Lewanika's sister, arrival at her
town, Naiolo, 254
Motoko, chief, near Mazoe river, Portu-
guese at war with, 277 ; difficulty of
arranging treaty with, 386 ; letter by
autlior giving an account of journey
to, to obtain mineral concession for
British South Africa Company, 398-
404 ; interview with, his great age,
401, 402 ; extent of gold-fields of his
country, 403
494
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
Mozambique, depart for Cape Town
from, after gold-prospecting expedition
up the Mazoe, 308
Mozambique, Isle of, at Lupata gorge,
Zambesi river, 273
Mufa river, following the course of the,
278
Muga river, arrival at, on way to
Mashukulumbwi country, buffalo spoor
near, timidity of natives near, 207
Musigaguva and Madabuga people, for
a long time under protection of Mata-
bill, destruction of their kraals by
Matabili warriors, 1 1 7
Mussagi, Vallji, an Indian, trading in
gold dust at Inyota, 288 ; mining
concession signed in his house, 291 ;
he goes to Tete and informs the
governor of the signing of the treaty,
291, 304 ; his account of the move-
ments of the Portuguese in Manica
and Mashunaland, 317
Muti-a-shiri river, crossing the, 97
Muliki river, 53
Mutondo river, arrive at, on journey to
the ISarotsi valley, 251
Mwedzia and Zongwi rivers, small
Batonga villages at the junction of
the, 208
Mwemba, the liatonga headman, his bad
character, 205 ; his ill-treatment of
the Jesuit missionaries under Father
Teroede in 1880, 206; Matabili
warriors cross the Zambesi near his
town, 242
Nalolo, in the Barotsi valley, a night
at, 254
Namalindi, on the Shiri river, Blantyre
mission party proceeding to, 270
Nambwi, rapids of, Zambesi river,
passing the, in canoe, 262
Nangombi river (Zambesi tributary),
pookoo antelope shot near camp at
mouth of, 259
" Nelson," the shooting horse, wounded
by a kick by the horse "Moscow,"
159
Newspaper, facsimile of the first, printed
in MashunaIan<I, the Mashiinalainl
If emit/, 351
Ngami, Lake, Lo Bengula's expeditions
against the Batauwani near, loi,
103
Nicholson, Lieutenant, on pioneer ex-
pedition to Mashunaland, 313, 375
Niemand, Berns, killed by a crocodile,
in Crocodile river, 17
N'joko river, herd of Lichtenstein's
hartebeest seen near, 250 ; arrive at
the, in canoe journey down the Zam-
besi, 261 ; game plentiful near, tse-
tse fly, 262
Nola river, crossing the, on journey to
Motoko's, 399
Nonambing, a former Barotsi chief, visit
to his grave, headman prays to, his
offering, 257
Norris, the waggon-driver, 13
Notwani, junction of the, with the
Limpopo river, 19
Nunes, Senhor Anakulete, hiring a boat
and crew of, on leaving Tete, 307
Nyandabanji hills, Marancinyan, an
aspirant to the Barotsi chieftainshi]),
living with his followers near the, 212 ;
view of, 233
Nyassa, Lake, Mr. W. Montagu Kerr's
journey through Matabililand to,
140
Odzi River, reach the, with Messrs.
Jameson, Fountaine, and Cooper,
196; its source, 329 ; impassable for
waggons in February, 405 ; making
road from, to Salisbury, 406
Oribi antelope, one secured as specimen,
74
Ostenhuisen, Piet, gets into trouble with
Lo Bengula for shooting hippo-
potami, 136
Ostrich, farming in South Africa, 1 ;
shooting an, nest discovered, shooting
the male, which escapes, 87 ; feathers
of, burnt through hut getting alight,
89 ; shooting on way to Panda-
ma-tenka in 1888, 197 ; shooting
near Vungo river, 462 ; value of
feathers, 463 ; shooting an, near the
Upper Umfuli, 470 ; value of, iliid.
Ox, caught by crocodile, in Crocodile
river, 16 ; wounded by lion, and
accidentally shot in leg, near Umfuli
river, 126; killed by lion near
Umliwau's, 412
Oxen, Khama's, taken by Matabili
raiders, 104
Owl, chameleon attached to leg of,
249
Pai.apve, author visits, with instructions
INDEX
495
to get men from Khama and make
waggon load for pioneer expedition
through his country, 357
Panda-ma-tenka, Bushman compelled to
guide Matabili warriors to, 104; game
fairly plentiful between Matabililand
and.
105 ; journey to, on way to
Barotsi valley, character of country,
game, shooting ostrich on way to,
arrive at, 197 ; departure from, on
proposed visit to Garanganzi country,
198 ; boys hired at, prove unreliable,
and return home, 202 ; author making
for, after the attack by the Mashuku-
lumbwi, 238 ; arrival at, with survivors
of party, a quick walk, 241
Panyami (Manyami river), decided to
ascend the, from Zumbo, and return
to waggons, 57 ; Matakania's town at
the mouth of the, 58 ; crossing the
mouth of the, error in maps as to
position of the mouth, 60 ; cause of
this error, 61 ; journey up the valley
of, from the Zambesi, 64
Paradox guns, Holland and Holland,
new 10 and 8-bore, 432
Parrorpiets, in valley of Panyami, 64
Paul, a Natal Zulu, starts with author
on his expedition to the Mashuku-
lumbwi country, 198 ; narrow escape
of, after the attack by the Mashuku-
lumbwi, 241 ; arrive at the town
of his wife, kindly received there,
ibid.
Pennefather, Lieutenant - Colonel, in
command of the pioneer expedition to
Mashunaland, 362
Perizengi, his town on Zambesi, his
slave-trading and hunting expedition
to Senga country, 57
Peters, Dr., the hartebeest, Alcelaphus
lichlensleini, tirst met with by him, 73
Phallic worship, evidence of early, in
Mashunaland, 331, 340, 341
Phillips, George, his journey with Mata-
bili army to Wata's mountain and
Mazoe river, 47
Pimental, Senhor de Serpa, his resolution
in the Portuguese Chamber of Peers
respecting the rights of Portugal in'
Central and Eastern Africa, 318
Pioneer expedition to occupy Mashuna-
land conducted by author, route
followed, 313; some of its members
return disheartened after the first
rainy season, 353 ; account of the
journey to Mount Hampden, 356-382 ;
start of the, arrive at the Tuli river,
369 ; probability of attack by Matabili
army, 380 ; alteration in the route of
the, out of deference to Lo Bengula's
feelings, 382
Pitfall, horse breaks his back by falling
into, 438
Plantain-eater, the scarlet-winged [Cory-
thaix porphyreolopha), 54
Plantain-eaters, seen in Panyami valley,
65
Plateau of Mashunaland (see also A/ash-
mialand), description of physical
features and healthy climate, 79 ;
thickly inhabited before Matabili raids,
80, 81
Pookoo antelope, shot at the mouth
of the Nangombi, 259
Porters (see also Shakumia carriers),
difficulties with, 282, 283
Portuguese, girl on " escalere," passes
Matakania's town, 60 ; in South-East
Africa, natives being destroyed by their
" vile drink," 266; kindness received
from the, 306 ; their recent activity in
South-East Africa, 316, 317; the
foundation to their claims to Central
and South-East Africa, the extent of
their influence there, 318, 319 ;
military strength of, in South - East
Africa, 324 ; " Capitaos Mors " slave-
dealers rule their districts for the, 325 ;
gold-mining carried on by, after their
arrival in South - East Africa, 335 ;
driven from Manica in 1832 by
Manikos and his Zulus, 352 ; their
attack on Captain Heyman's position
in Manica, 384, 408
Postal service in Mashunaland after
the occupation by British South Africa
Company, 396
' ' Proceedings " of Royal Geographical
Society, account of discovery of Sinoia
caves published in, 195
Providential Pass, why so named, Mr.
Bent's opinion of, 377 ; pioneer ex-
pedition pass through, 378
Pulinglela, Lo Bengula's brother, shot
on raiding expedition to Lake Ngami,
103
Punch, the dog, accidentally shot whilst
lion-hunting, 445
Pungwi river, necessity for railway be-
tween Massi Kessi and, 323 ; attempt
to find waggon road to the coast free
496
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
from tse-tse fly along the watershed
of the Buzi and, 426 ; buffaloes shot
near Beira on the, with 450- bore
Martini-Henry rifles, 430
QuABEET, killed by a tuskless bull
elephant, 189
Quaqua river, boat journey up the, froin
Mozainbique, with gold - prospecting
party, 267-269 ; little game near the,
birds seen on boat journey up the, 269 ;
overtaken by missionary party going
to Blantyre in the, ibid.
Quillimani, arrive at, on gold - pro-
specting journey to head of Mazoe
river, description of the town,
265
Radi-Ki.adi (brother of Khama), sent
by the chief with two hundred men to
assist pioneer expedition at Tuli river,
370
Rains, winter, in plateau country near
sources of Mazoe, 82
Ramakutzan, his account of a Makuba
Katir being killed by a lion, 142
Ravenstein, Mr. E. G., his map of
Eastern Equatorial Africa referred to,
210, 211, 214
Rebecca, the servant hired at Mozam-
bique, his limited knowledge of Eng-
lish, 266 ; the coffee incident, 268
Reid, Mr. Percy, compass given by
him to replace the one lost in the
Mashukulumbwi country, 245
Retief, I'ieter, his treacherous murder by
Dingan referred to, 8
Revui river, horses attacked by tse-tse
flies near, 410
Rezende, Baronde.visit of the British South
Africa Company's officials to, at Massi
Kessi, 385 ; the relations with Umtasa,
387 ; liis arrest at Umtasa's, 392 ;
he bases the claims of Portugal to
Umtasa's on the assumption that the
country formed part of Gungunyan's
dominions, 393
Rhinoceros (see White Rhiitoaros and
Black Rhinoceros)
Rhodes, Mr. Cecil, author's interview
with, at Kimberley, 311; his far-
seeing policy regarding the imme-
diate occupation of Mashunaland
by British, 312 ; Lo Bengula sends a
message by author to him to visit him
at Bulawayo, 360
Rhodesia, the name proposed for the
whole of the British South Africa
Company's territories, 327
Rhodesia Herald^ the principal paper in
Mashunaland, 327
Riem, tlie thong used in South Africa
for tying up cattle, ox with a broken,
124
Rifles, used for killing lions and other big
game, 27, 32 ; used in killing lioness
near the Umgezi river, 166; used in
killing elephants, 169, 170, 173, 187;
carried by members of party on jour-
ney to the Mashukulumbwi country,
198; remarks on the relative merits
of different, 428-432 ; for elephant
shooting, 429, 430 ; for buffalo, 430 ;
for African shooting should be care-
fully sighted up to 400 yards, 432 ;
lion shot dead, by Cooper, with 500-
bore Winchester, 446
Roan antelope-shooting, 90
Rocky, servant named, hired at Mozam-
bique, 266
Rolker, Mr. (the American mining ex-
pert), judging from the debris at the
mouths of shafts, believes that the
gold -mining industry of Mashuna-
land has not been long abandoned,
336
Rollers {Coracias spatulatus), a pair of
beautiful, 48
Ronkesley, Mr., attends to author after
serious wound to his face, 440
Rooyen, Cornells van, 500-bore rifle, by
Holland and Holland, used by him,
431
Ross, Mr., English Consul at Mozam-
bique, 266 ; pleasant evening with
him and Mrs. Ross at Mozambique,
308
Rowles, Mr. W., his goats seized by
crocodiles, 17
"Ruby," dog named, wounded by a
sable antelope at bay, 191 ; bitten by
lion, 446
Ruenya (In-yang-ombi or Vankombi)
river, passing the mouth of, in boat
journey up Zambesi with gold-pro-
specting party, sand brought down by
the, 273 ; junction of the, with the
Mazoe river, lions near the, 299 ;
fall in the, fishing a fresh-water shark,
304 ; its source, its upper course called
the Iniyang-ombi, seen from top of
Dombo, 329
INDEX
497
Ruins, Zimbabwi (see also Zimbalnui,
etc.), 330-342; ruins near Makoni's
town, 339
Kukwi kwi Hills, ride to the Sabi river
near the, 99
Ruo river. Colonel Serpa Pinto's attack
on the Makololo near the, 307
Rusambo, guide secured of, on Mazoe
river gold - prospecting expedition,
280 ; arrival at his town, 281 ; pays
tribute to Portuguese, ibid.; departure
from, 282 ; return to, and dismiss
carriers, 285 ; start again from, with
fresh porters, 286 ; return to his town
after visit to Mazoe source, join re-
mainder of party there, 297 ; his
enforced tribute to the Portuguese,
319
Rusapi river, masses of granite in dis-
trict of, sources of, 328
Rusungwi hill, arrive at, on journey to
Motoko's, 399
Ruwa river, crossing the, 90
Sabi River, prepare for a journey to
the, after white rhinoceros and Licht-
enstein's hartebeest, 73; arrival at,
breadth of, 96 ; journey parallel with
the, the crossing of, by Fathers Law and
Wehl referred to, 97 ; crossing the, 99 ;
five specimens of Lichtenstein's harte-
beest secured in neighbourhood of, in
1885, 190
Sable antelope, shot for meat, 50 ; shoot-
ing a, near Umniati and Sebakwi
rivers, it kills and wounds several
dogs when at bay, 191 ; man of
Churchin village killed by wounded,
192
Sable antelopes, seen on way to Mazoe,
74 ; near the Chobi river, 454
Sadza, villages of the petty chief named,
stay at, shooting elands in neighbour-
hood, 91 ; return to the, after hunting
expedition in Sabi river district, 100
Sakalolo, the court language of the
Barotsi, 252
Salisbury (or Fort Salisbury), trekking
over the ground now occupied by, with
Messrs. Jameson, Fountaine, and
Cooper, 196; fine tract of country
between Umtali and, 328 ; table of
meteorological observations made at,
by Major P. W. Forbes, 347 ; tele-
graph to, 348 ; sale of land, news-
papers started, farming, 351 ; pioneer
expedition to Mashunaland arrives
safely at, 382 ; cutting road from the
Odzi river to, 406 ; completing road
between Umtali and, 426
Samuel, the Griqua, capable of mending
broken wheel of waggon, 1 18
Sanderson, Mr., his book on the wild
beasts of India referred to, 477
Sanyara, visit to her town on Mazoe
river, kind reception, her little girls,
298
Sarua river, wheel of waggon breaks
whilst crossing the, 118
Sasarwa, the language of the Masarwas
(Bushmen), easily learned by Griquas,
106
Sasuto, Sakalolo, the court language of
the Barotsi, a corrupted form of,
252
Savakaranga stream, a night at, tse-tse
fly said to be here, 54
Sawi river, crossing the, on journey
from Mount Hampden to Inyota, 295
Schlichter, Dr., his historical researches
in connection with the Zimbabwi
ruins, 331
" .Sea-Cow Row," account of the, 135-
i3«
Sebakwi river, lion - hunting near the
source of, with Messrs. Jameson,
Fountaine, and Cooper, 441
Se-bum-bum's Mountain, camp south-
east of, 99
See-kwanka's, a night at, scarcity of
game near, 90
Sefula, Mr. Coillard's mission station at,
kind reception, temperature at, 252
Se-fu-pi, scarcity of game near, 53
Sekkosi's (or Katongo), arrive at, on
canoe journey down Zambesi river,
262
" Selous Syndicate," in Cape Town,
letter written by author to, advocating
the immediate occupation of Mashuna-
land, 310, 311
Semalembui's, propose crossing the
Kafukwi river near, where Dr.
Livingstone crossed it, but dissuaded
by guides, 214
Sena, on Zambesi river, French trading
station opposite, 271 ; passing, on
boat journey down Zambesi, 307
Senga country, Perizengi's slave-trading
and hunting expedition into the, 57
Sepopo, natives executed for witchcraft
and thrown into the Zambesi for
2 K
498
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
crocodiles in his time, liis treatment
of an old beggar, 249
Sesheki, butterfly-hunting along the path
to, 246 ; arrival al, kind reception by
members of Mr. Coillard's mission,
249 ; savage crocodiles at, ibid. ;
arrival at, on canoe journey down
Zambesi from Lialui, 263
Shabanoghwi river, crossing the, on
journey to Motoko's, 399
Shakunda carriers hired at Tete, 277 ;
difficulty with, at starting from Tete,
278 ; desertion of, 282 ; further
difficulties with, 284
Shamedza, a Batonga headman, visit to,
extortions of, he agrees to supply
guides, 205
Shampondo, a Batonga headman, visit
to his village, presents given to, 203 ;
unpleasant affair with him and his
men, ihiii.
Shangwi, headman of village in Panyami
valley, 65
Shankopi, a Batonga headman, welcome
meeting with remnant of party at his
town after the attack by the Mashu-
kulumbwi, 238 ; kindly treated by,
241
Shashi and Tuli rivers, author examines
the country near, to find good waggon
road for pioneer expedition, 363
Shepslone, Sub-Lieutenant, sent to Um-
tasa's with Lieutenant Graham to meet
Portuguese force, 388
Shippard, Sir Sidney, approves of the
scheme for the British occupation of
Mashunaland, 312
Shipurero, the headman, halt at villages
of, 67 ; his men break their agreement
to carry author when ill with fever, 68
Shiri river, passing the mouth of the, on
boat journey up the Zambesi river with
gold-prospecting party, 271 ; passing
the mouth of the, on boat journey
down Zambesi from Tete, 307
Shoma, village of, arrival at, after the
attack by the Mashukulumbwi, Maran-
cinyan's men turn back at, 238
Shupanga, passing Mrs. Livingstone's
grave at, 270
Sikabenga (see Afaraiiciiiyan)
Sikadoro's hill, arrive near, on journey
to Motoko's, 399
Sikadoro's town, magnificent country
between Fort Salisbury and, 398
Sinanga, arrive at, at the end of Barotsi
valley, after visit to Lewanika, 254 ;
scenery, game near, 257
Sinoia, discovery of the limestone caves
of, 19s . .
Sioma, arrival at, in canoes from Lialui,
25S
Sipiro, the interpreter at interview with
Motoko, 402
Siteo, eldest son of Motoko, 401
Silungweesa (see also Chameluga),
Chameluga's villages, raided by Mata-
bili warriors at Lo Bengula's orders,
116; the wizard of, 460
.Skull found in "kitchen midden" on
Bufi'alo river, Dr. A. P. Hillier's
remarks on, 108
Slaipstein, John, trouble caused with Lo
Bengula over his shooting a hippo-
potamus, 135-138
Slaves, three tied together at Perizengi's
town, 57 ; at work building a house
for Kanyemba, 61
Slave - dealers, countries governed by
these (" Capitaos Mors") for the Por-
tuguese, 325
Slave-trade, Matakania's raiding expedi-
tion into Luisa country, 59
Slave-trading, Perizengi's expedition to
.Scnga country, 57 ; continuance of,
though illegal according to Portuguese
law, ibid.
Snake -stone possessed by Friedrich de
Lange, Mr. Cruickshank offered £<^o
for it but was refused, its wonderful
virtues, 14
Sode Gara, following the road from
Koungyara to, 141 ; return to, from
the Mababi, 148
Sofala, Father Wehl's death at, 462
Sosi, the chief, 344
Souza, Augusto Melitao de, the inter-
preter, engaged at Tete, 276
Souza, Manoel Antonio de (Gouveia),
chiefs compelled to submit to Portu-
guese claims by, 315; Umtasa's fear of,
387 ; he, with Colonel P. d'Andrada,
invades Umtasa's country, 389 ; he is
arrested and sent lo Fort Salisbury, 391
Stanley, Sergeant, left in charge of
waggons by Lieutenant Bruce at Umli-
wan's, 409
Storm, heavy, in the Kalahari, near
Horn's Vley, 152
" Steeks," horse liable to the, 157
Sungwi, near Lupata gorge, Zambesi
river, Portuguese fort at, 273
INDEX
499
Swan, Mr. R., his opinion of the builders
of the Zimbabwi ruins, 331
Swart, Pieter, with Berns Niemand
when he was killed by crocodile, 18
Taba Insimbi (the hill of iron), hippo-
potamus spoor in neighbourhood of,
161
" Tampans" (a ground bug), unpleasant
night at Lialui through, 252
Tataguru river, arrive at the junction of
the, with the Mazoe river, 292
Tati, arrival at, from hunting expedition
to the Mababi, 154; inspecting an
old gold-mining shaft at, 336, 337 ;
author rides into, en route to Bula-
wayo, to see Lo Bengula, 358 ; Gold-
Mining Company, 359
Tchakari hill, named Mount Thackeray,
Teixeira, Mr., arrange with, at Mozam-
bique, to provide a boat to take pro-
specting party to Lokoloko on Quaqua,
266 ; he acts as interpreter at un-
pleasant interview with governor of
Tete, 304
Temaringa, arrival at the village of,
on Mazoe river gold-prospecting ex-
pedition, he accompanies party to
Inyota, 288 ; he signs paper making
mineral concessions at Inyoti, 291
Temwa, granite cone of, seen from top
of Dombo, 328
Teroede, Father, ill-treatment of, and
party by the Batongas, his death, 206
Tete (or In-yung-wi), Chabonga four
days' walk from, 57 ; arrival at, on
boat journey up the Zambesi river
with gold • prospecting party, 273 ;
when founded, Europeans there, alti-
tude of, breadth of Zambesi at, build-
ings, country in neighbourhood, cattle
and pigs at, trade of, 274 ; Govern-
ment system of letting out land in
neighbourhood, the governor, 275 ;
difficulties of obtaining carriers at,
276 ; return to, after gold-prospecting
expedition up the Mazoe river,
stormy interview with the governor,
304 ; conduct of carriers reported to
.Senhor Martins, 306 ; the drunken
schoolmaster, ibid. ; departure from,
307 ; date of establishment of military
post at, 320
Theal, Mr. Macall, his work. History of
the Boers in South Africa, referred to, 8
Thomas, the mail-carrier, his adventure
with the lion, 397
Thomas, Mr. , one of the gold-prospecting
party to the head of the Alazoe river,
265 ; the coffee incident, his past
history, 268
Thomas, Mr. David, his murder by the
Batongas, 207
Thomas, Mrs., accompanies her husband
on shooting expedition to the interior
of South Africa, 245
Thunderstorm, a terrific, 442, 447
Time, natives, owing to their mode of
life, have very little idea of, 2i i
Times, the, author's letter to, on the
proposed British occupation of
Mashunaland, the Portuguese claims
to the country, etc., 313-325
Tipwi cliff, Lupata gorge, Zambesi river,
273
Transvaal, return to, with Messrs. Jame-
son, Fountaine, and Cooper, 196 ;
compelled to return to, after attack by
Mashukulumbwi, 242 ; author's visit
to, previous to his last return to
England, 427
Trek, the great Boer, of 1836, 7
Trevor, Mr., left in charge at Umtasa's
after the treaty between that chief and
the British South Africa Company had
been signed, 386
Triraen, Mr. Rowland, curator of South
African >ruseum, Cape Town, his
extensive knowledge of natural history,
16; butterflies collected at Zumbo
sent to, 63
Tsessebe antelope - shooting, 35; one
shot on way to Mazoe and Sabi, 73 ;
shooting, 159; near Umniati river,
161 ; plentiful near Cliobi river, 450
Tse-tse fly, pest of, in the Zambesi
valley, Kadzi river and neighbour-
hood, 55 ; in Sabi river region, 99-;
donkeys able to resist the poison of,
for some time, 202 ; numerous near
the Kachomba river, 207 ; the Loanja
river infested by, 250 ; cattle at
Tete brought through the fly-infested
district from Mashunaland, and escape
the, 274 ; horses attacked by the, near
Revui river, 410
Tukwan river, view of, from Zamamba
hill, 375
Tukwi river, view of, from Zamamba
hill, 375
Tuli, Fort, site of, 363 ; cutting the first
500
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
piece of new road from Macloulsie
camp to, for pioneer expedition, 368 ;
author sent from Salisbury to, to
inspect " weigh bills" of waggons on
the road, 426
Tuli river, pioneer expedition arrives
at, 369
Tusks, weight of elephants', shot near
the Zweswi and Umfuli rivers, 178,
179, 186, 189; cutting off, dead
elephants', 180; value of, 187
U-Kesa-Kesa (Kesi-Kesi) hill, Monzi
living near, at the time of Dr. Living-
stone's visit, 211 ; survivors of party
after the attack by the Mashukulumbvvi
cut into author's trail beyond the, 241
Umbayu's kraal, 410
Umfan-ee-chee-ha, the Mashuna head-
man, 49
Umfuli river, crossing the, 124 ; ele-
phant-hunting near the, 172-179,
188; eland -shooting near, in 1880,
439 ; koodoo-shooting near the, 469
Umfuri river (a tributary of the Luia),
crossing the, 287
Umgezi river, sleep at the, formerly a
favourite resort of hippopotami, 162 ;
lion-shooting near the, 165 ; journey
to, with Messrs. Jameson, Fountaine,
and Cooper, 196 ; shooting a cowardly
lion near the, 464
Umkaradzi river, arrival at Dombo
Chena's on the, quartz reefs on the
Upper, native gold-washing, 286
Umkwasi river (a tributary of the
Ilanyani), crossing the, 50
Umliwan, journey to his town, the chief
refuses to admit Portuguese claim to
his country, 408 ; British South Africa
Company's treaty with, 409 ; his un-
reliable information regarding tse-tse
fly, 41 1 ; a night's adventure with lions
between his town and Umtali, 416-
425
Umniati river, red buck shot near the,
hunt after lion near, 160 ; ford of the,
impassable for waggons on account of
heavy summer rains, 161 ; crossing the,
ihid. ; travel to, with Fathers Law and
Wehl, 461
Umpingi river, a night at, down with
fever, 68
Umrodzi river, crossing the, 291 ; follow-
ing down the, profusion of wildflowers,
295
Umsa-washa, country of, near head
waters of Mazoe, raided by Matabili
warriors, 116
Umsengaisi river, crossing the, breadth,
depth of water, etc., 55; tse-tse
flies at the, ibid. ; following down the,
56 ; arrival at its junction with Zam-
besi on journey from Chabonga to
Zumbo, 57
Umshabetsi river, road for pioneer
expedition reaches, elephants at,
372 ; double road cut from, to Fort
Salisbury, 374
Umtali, building going on at, 351 ;
journey to the British South Africa
Company's camp at, after arranging
treaty with Motoko, 405 ; fight be-
tween British and Portuguese near,
408 ; completing road between, and
.Salisbury, 426
Umtali river, journey to, with Messrs.
Jameson, Fountaine, and Cooper, 196
Umtasa, chief of Manica, author accom-
panies Mr. A. R. Colquhoun to inter-
view, 313 ; treaty concluded between
Mr. A. R. Colquhoun as representative
of the British South Africa Company
and, 383 ; his connections with the
Portuguese, 387
Umtasa's, Gouveia and Colonel P.
d'Andrada arrive at, with force of
armed men, they are arrested, and
sent to Fort Salisbury, 391
Umligeza, the chief, pays tribute to Lo
Bengula, 382
Umvukwi Hills, the watershed between
the Hanyani and Mazoe, condition of
natives in neiglibourhood, 53
Umzila, Mashunaland ravaged by his
Zulu hordes, 97, 338
Umzila's, Fathers Wehl and Law's
mission to, 461 ; its disastrous ter-
mination, 462
Umziligazi, the chief of. the Amandibili,
driven beyond the Transvaal, 8 ; date
of his great raid on Mashunaland,
345 ; Mr. S. H. Edwards' visit
with Rev. Mr. Moffat to, 359
Umzingwan river, road for pioneer
expeditiim reaches, 372
Ungurughwi river, crossing the, on
journey to Motoko's, 399
Ungwesi river, camp in neighbourhood
of Maslnikulumbwi villages near, good-
natured headman, warlike appearance
of natives, crossed by Dr. Livingstone,
INDEX
501
wrongly laid down on Mr. Raven-
stein's map, 215; roan antelopes at
the, 245
" Unkwila mondo," native name for
Lichtenstein's haitebeest {which see)
Ushamba hill, encampment at foot of, 49
Van Rooyen, Cornelis, return to
Matabililand with, in 1885, 184; his
valuable dog killed by wounded
sable antelope, 191 ; respected by the
natives in Mashunaland, 332
Vechtkop, Matabili attack on the Boer
camp of, in 1 836, 102
" Veldschoon," repairing worn-out,
before starting for Zumbo, 57
Vermaak, Solomon, with Berns Niemand
when he was killed by crocodile, 81
Vicenti, on Zambesi, African Lakes
Company's station at, 270 ; arrive at,
on boat journey down Zambesi, 307
Victoria, building going on at, 351 ; site
of the township of, 378
Victoria Falls, the main range of hills
running from, to the Kafukwi, 210;
visit to the, 263 ; dark-foliaged ever-
greens on the brink of, 452
Vultures, large number in neighbour-
hood of elephants that had been shot,
180
Vunga hills, arrive at Inya-tsu-tsu near
the, 280
Vunge on Livingstone's map, probably
the present Inya-tsu-tsu, 280
Wahi.bero, Professor, killed by an
elephant, 359
Wainji river, its junction with the
Umrodzi, 291 ; crossing the, on
journey from Mount Hampden to
Inyota, 295
Wallace, Mr. A. R., his theory of the
origin of the primitive races of men
in Africa, 108
Wankie's Town, arrival at, when en-
deavouring to reach the Garanganzi
country, 201 ; breadth of Zambesi
near, ibid. ; character of country near,
ibid. ; return to, with survivors of
party, after the flight from the
Mashukulumbwi, 241
Ward, Mr. Rowland, his book, Horn
Measiireinenls of Great Came, 367 ;
referred to, 441
Warden, Mr., of Mr. Coillard's Barotsi
Valley mission, 251
Ware, Mr. Harry, meeting with, 245
Wart-hog seen near Umvukwi Mountains,
53 ; chased by " Punch," the dog, is
shot after wounding " Punch," and
sent to Cape Town Museum, flesh of
a fat, good eating, 79
Wata and his people driven by Matabili
from hill near Gurumapudzi river in
i868, 295
Water, party suffering from want of, 66
Water-plants, Matabili trying to cross
the Botletli river on, are drowned,
103
Watson, Mr. Frank, pleasant meeting
with, at Horn's Vley, 153
W^edza, peaks of, seen from top of
Dombo hill, 328
Wehl and Law, Fathers, their ill-fated
journey to Umzila's kraal, 97 ; travel-
ling with, on their journey to Umzila's,
461
Weinen (the place of weeping), 7
Westbeech, George ("Georos"), his
travels in the Hanyani river district
referred to, 47 ; Matabili warriors
visit his man "Africa's" camp at
Gazuma, 105 ; meeting with l^Ir.
Frank Watson at Horn's Vley, who is
taking goods to, at the Zambesi, 153 ;
meet him at Gazuma, discussion with
him on prospect of getting into the
Barotsi valley, he shows Mr. F. Arnot's
letter written in Garanganzi country,
198 ; Marancinyan, a friend of,
243
Weyand, Karl, and Jan Engelbrecht,
white rhinoceroses killed by, 158
Weyers, John, meeting with at Panda-
ma-tenka in 1888, 197 ; accompanies
author to Wankie's Town on his pro-
posed journey to Garanganzi country,
198
Wheel of waggon breaks whilst crossing
the Sarua river, 118
White rhinoceros, on the verge of extinc-
tion, where found, 58 ; prepare for a
journey to the Mazoe and Sabi in
search of, 73 ; probably not to be
obtained outside the fly country, 100;
shooting a pair of, referred to, speedy
extinction of, 1 58 ; ten killed by
Weyand and Engelbrecht in 1886,
and five others by natives, ibid. ; shot
by Mr. CoUison near the Umsengaisi
river, 472
Wild Beasts and their Ways, Sir Samuel
502
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IN AFRICA
Baker's book of this title referred to,
431
Wildebeests, near Chobi river, 450
Wildflowers, profusion of, 51
Willoughby, Sir John, with the pioneer
expedition to Mashunaland, his
energy, etc., 379
Winchester rifle (see under Rijte)
Winton, Sir Francis de, approves of the
scheme for the British occupation of
Mashunaland, 312
Witchcraft, execution of natives for, at
Sesheki, 249
Wood, Mr. G., reference to him in con-
nection with gold-mining in Mashuna-
land, 336
Wood, piece of, driven into author's face
whilst eland-hunting, 441
Xavier, Francis, enterprise of the
zealous disciples of, in Africa, 320
YssoM, Mr. Van, stay with him at
Missongwi, 307
Yankombi river (see Riienya river)
Zamamba Hill, view of Mashunaland
from, 375
Zambesi river, descending into the
valley of the, from the Ilanyani, 54 ;
journey along the valley of the, from
Chabonga to Zumbo, hippopotami on
the, 58 ; crossing the, to Zumbo, de-
scription of the river here, 62 ; great
heat in valley of, 66 ; author proposes
to cross, at Wankie's Town, on endeav-
our to reach Garanganzi country, 198 ;
character of country in neighbourhood
of, near Wankie's Town, 201 ; author
compelled to abandon idea of follow-
ing down the, to the Kafukwi, owing
to the extortions of the Batongas, 205 ;
Mr. D. Thomas murdered by the
Batongas on an island in the, 207 ;
recross the, on the way to Panda-ma-
tenka, with survivors of party, after
the attack by the Mashukulumbwi,
241 ; crossing the, on journey to
Barotsi valley to visit Lewanika, 245 ;
journey from Lialui down the, in
canoes supplied by Lewanika, 254-
263 ; scenery of, below Sinanga, 257 ;
fishing in the, 258 ; canoe upset by
hippopotamus in, 259 ; arrive, with
gold-prospecting party, at Mazaro on
the, from Lokoloko on Quaqua river,
269 ; description of, at this point,
270 ; difficult navigation of the Lower,
in dry weather, 271 ; monotonous
travelling on Lower, shooting on, list
of game, ibid. ; its channel narrowed
near the mouth of the Ruenya, on
account of the sand brought down by
that river, 273 ; arrival at the, after
gold -prospecting expedition up the
Mazoe river, 304 ; previous extent of
Portuguese influence on the, 320 ; ele-
phants now scarce south of the, 474
Zambesia, one of the names proposed
for the whole of the British South
Africa Company's territories, 327
Zebra, wounding a, near the Lundaza
river, 168 ; shooting a, near the
junction of the Mwedzia and Zongwi
rivers, 208 ; shot for Minenga, 219
Zebras, a small herd of, seen near
Umvukwi Mountains, 53 ; herds of,
seen in the neighbourhood of the
Kadzi, 55 ; herd of, seen on way to
Mazoe river, 74 (see under Burcheirs
zebra)
Zends, referred to by EI Massoudi, 332
Zimbabwi ruins, visited by author, 326 ;
Mr. Bent's book on, his opinion re-
garding the builders, 330, 331 ; the
builders a highly-civilised race accord-
ing to Mr. Sw.an, 331 ; author's
theory concerning the, and the early
inhabitants of the district, 331, 342 ;
relics found at, no writing, 333 ; no
remains of ancient city built of stones,
334 ; origin of the name, 340 ; evi-
dence of Phallic worship at, 341 ;
place where " Lion-God " lives called,
meaning of word, 400
Zither, the, played by author to family
of Boers, 10
Zoldner, Oswald, his murder by the
Mashukulumbwi, 207
Zomba, hill named, near head waters of
Inyazuri river, 329
Zongoro (or Diwa), arrive at, on journey
down the Mazoe, 297
Zongwi river, rough country in the
neighbourhood of, 209 ; Batonga dies
of dysentery near the, vegetation of
country, three days' march from, 210
Zoutpansberg, opinion of the Boers of,
regarding the pioneer expedition to
Mashunaland, 357
Zulu migrations northwards through
Mashunaland, the cause of the aban-
donment of native gold-mining, 334
INDEX
503
Zulu raids on Mashunaland (see also
Maiabili raids, etc.), date of com-
mencement of, 345
Zumbo, journey on foot to, 43 ; Cha-
bonga four days' walk from, 56 ; on
the way to, from Chabonga, 57, 58 ;
boat to cross the Zambesi to, to be
obtained at one of the towns of Kan-
yemba, 60 ; crossing the Zambesi to,
arrival at, hospitably entertained at,
the Portuguese at, ivory trade of, 62 ;
tse-tse flies at, vegetables, etc. , grown
at, butterfly-collecting at, ruins of old,
former gold-dust trade of, 63 ; depart-
ure from, 64
Zwartland, the interpreter, a Makalaka
subject of Khama's, 386
Zweswi river, two white hunters. Grant
and Weyand, camped on the, 121,
128; author's narrow escape from a
lion, which is afterwards shot, near,
129, 130, 133 ; five days' stay at the,
large herd of elephants near, 166 ; the
hyaena shot at, 186
thf; end
Prinlecily R. & K. Clahk, Ei{Murs:h,
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and the Thibet and Pallah antelopes."— /VV/^.
" Both the sporting and zoological world owe a large debt of gratitude to Mr. Rowland Ward for
this handsomely-got-up volume, and he deserves the best thanks of all those interested in the subject
of Big Game, for the thorough and conscientious manner in which he has completed a very laborious
task, and we only hope that his efforts will be rewarded by the book having such a rapid sale that a
new edition will be called for at no very distant date." — Land and Water.
GUIDE TO THE KILLING
OF
PESTILENT AND DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS.
By ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FOR RECOGNITION OF
THE PRINCIPAL SPECIES.
ROWLAND WARD & CO, Limited,
"THE JUNGLE," i66 PICCADILLY, LONDON.
OBSERVATIONS ON
THE PRESERVATION OF HOOFS
AND THE
DESIGNING OF HOOF-TROPHIES.
By ROWLAND WARD, F.Z.S.
ROWLAND WARD & CO., Limited,
"THE JUNGLE," i66 PICCADILLY, LONDON.
278
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PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
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